Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Korean Endemic Species: V. Corylopsis coreana (Hamameliaceae)

The allozyme diversity of ten Korean populations of Corylopsis coreana Nakai, a shrub endemic to Korea, were examined. Although Korean populations are isolated, they maintain moderate levels of allozyme variation (average percent of loci polymorphic=22.4%, mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus=3.97, mean expected heterozygosity=0.109) compared to the means of 26 woody endemic species. A high level of heterozygote deficiency was observed in populations of C. coreana (mean F _IS=0.232). Significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies were detected between populations at all polymorphic loci (p<0.001), among-population genetic differentiation accounted for 12.3% of the total variation. Indirect estimates of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) (1.77, calculated from G _ST) indicate that gene flow is moderate among populations of C. coreana. The allozyme diversity and population structure in C. coreana may be attributed to relatively long-distance flight of pollinators in early spring, gravity seed dispersal, restricted distribution, and high density in the standing populations of the species.     

遗传标记在杨属植物遗传进化及分类研究中的应用

本文系统地综述了不同遗传标记在杨属植物遗传进化、分类系统、基因流、杂种鉴定及遗传多样性等方面的研究进展。同工酶的研究主要用于杨属植物遗传变异及无性系的特征和分化等方面的研究,DNA分子标记的研究很多,根据研究的目的选择RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR(SSLP)和SNP等不同的方法进行分析,综合国内外的研究现状提出今后工作的展望。     

湿地松在江苏地理变异及优良种源的研究

在江苏3个试验点连续9年(1981～1989)对美国39个湿地松种源(包括2个不同树种)研究表明:不同种原、树种间生长、形态性状变异显著.但变异与种源产地地理、气候因子相关不显著而与造林地的土壤条件密切相关.变异主要来源于林分和单株.7年生时优良种源高、径生长量遗传增益为19.14～85.38%.初选优良种源4个(S_(14)、S_(11)、S_(17)、S_1).分布于佛罗里达州北部、德克萨斯州东部和北卡州南部.     

Allozyme Variation of Picea abies in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the levels and patterns of allozyme variation among 29 populations of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from Poland. Thirteen investigated isoenzyme systems were encoded by 27 gene loci and, on average, 71% of the loci per population were polymorphic. The average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 2.17 and 1.26, respectively, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.156. A relatively low allozyme differentiation among populations from north-eastern and southern Poland was observed ( F ST = 0.028, mean genetic distance D = 0.005). The results suggest that historical events and extensive gene flow played an important role in the distribution of the observed allozyme differentiation of Norway spruce in Poland.     

几种木兰科植物遗传多样性研究进展

生物多样性的研究和保护是当今世界普遍关注的问题,遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。在被子植物中木兰科植物受到严重威胁的种类最多,且部分是中国濒危稀有植物,研究其遗传多样性具有重要意义。文章综述了木兰科重要属、种的遗传多样性研究进展,并根据国内的研究现状,对今后木兰科植物的保护工作提出建议。     

Genetic bottlenecks in agroforestry systems: results of tree nursery surveys in East Africa

Seedlings sourced through tree nurseries are expected to form an important component of future tree cover on farms. As such, the genetic composition of nursery seedlings is expected to impact on the productivity and sustainability of agroforestry ecosystems. By surveying current practices of nursery managers in five areas from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, we quantified parameters associated with the collection, production and distribution of tree germplasm in East Africa. Considerable variation for seed-propagated nursery species was observed in the number of maternal parents (mother trees) sampled to establish nursery lots, the quantity of seedlings raised in nursery lots and the projected number of clients for nursery lots. Current seed collection practice was the most obvious limiting bottleneck in delivering high levels of genetic diversity to farmers. In the 143 cases analysed, seed to establish nursery lots was collected from a mean of only 6.4 maternal parents. In 22% of cases, ursery lots were established from a single maternal parent. On average, each maternal parent produced sufficient progeny to provide all the seedlings received by an individual nursery client. Consequently, the potential impact on farm and landscape genetic diversity of possible non-randomisation of progeny within nurseries is serious. In two instances, pair-wise analysis of transformed data suggested significant differences between geographic areas in the projected number of clients for nursery lots. We discuss improved nursery practices likely to promote genetic diversity, in particular increased maternal parent sampling and germplasm exchange.     

Molecular evidence for natural interspecific hybridization in Prosopis

Interspecific hybridization can occur under natural conditions among species of the Prosopis genus, potentially giving rise to hybrid individuals with increased adaptation values. A study was conducted to assess the occurrence of interspecific hybridization among Prosopis in the Argentinian Chaco region and the species involved. The survey included seven hybrid individuals and their potential parents. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out based on 16 morphological characters. The molecular marker study was carried out by the comparison of RAPD patterns of amplification using six primers. A total of 91 RAPD fragments were analysed, yielding 33 species-specific markers, 24 bands that were common to two or three parental lines, and 22 bands of unknown origin. The dendrograms arising from Nei’s genetic distances derived from the molecular data showed a clustering pattern in agreement with the grouping obtained by the PCA of the morphological traits. The results demonstrate the occurrence of interspecific hybridization involving Prosopis alba, P. nigra and P. hassleri in the Argentinian Chaco.     

Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of natural Pinus koraiensis population

Genetic diversities and genetic differentiations of the four Pinus koraiensis populations （Gaofeng Forestry Farm at Tangwanghe in Yichun City, Erdaobaihe Town in the Changbai Mountains, Shcngshan Forestry Farm in Heihe City, in China, and the suburb of Vladivostok City in Russia） were analyzed by using ISSR PCR technique. The results of 15 primers amplification showed that the ratio of polymorphic site of P koralensis population was 60.7%. Euch primer had 3.6 polymorphic sites, The diversity levels of the four P. koraiensis populations were rather higher compared with those of other Pinaceae species. The genetic diversity levels of t： koraiensis populations grown in the center region were higher than those grown in the edge zone. The genetic diversity of r3 koraiensis mainly came from the interiot of the population, accounting for 73% of total genetic diversity. There were no positive correlation between genetic distances and geographical distances for the four P koraiensis populations. The gradual decrease of natural distribution region of P. koraiensis was due to anthropic destroy and environmental factors （i.e. fire and wind throw）, rather than the lower genetic diversity.     

蓝桉、直干桉重要材性性状的遗传参数和预期增益

在种子园育种区4个区组内,从蓝按和直干按中各抽30个家系对它们的纤维长度、木材密度的遗传力、遗传相关和遗传增益作了估算.蓝按纤维长度和木材密度的单株遗传力分别为,0.6745±0.0746和0.3546±0.1010;直干按两性状的遗传力分别为0.3416±0.1011和0.0670±0.0850.两树种的纤维长度与木材密度、树高和胸径的遗传相关系数均为正值,而木材密度与树高和胸径的遗传相关系数都是负数.为这两树种提出了选择的主要性状、选择方法和标准,还为高世代育种应注意的事项作了建议.     

石蒜和忽地笑ISSR分子鉴别及其遗传多样性研究

本文应用6条ISSR引物对石蒜和忽地笑11个种群共279个样本进行试验,欲从分子水平上研究其遗传差异,并对其遗传多样性和遗传结构等方面进行研究。6条引物共扩增出62个条带,其中多样性条带为60条,多态性可达96.8%。其中有5条引物可以扩增出鉴别石蒜和忽地笑的特异性扩增条带,共计11条,其中4条为石蒜种群特有,7条为忽地笑种群特有,从而将二者鉴别出来。另外石蒜和忽地笑种群多态位点百分率(PPB)分别为95.2%和58.1%,Nei’s基因多样性(H)分别为0.297和0.157,Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.454和0.248。石蒜和忽地笑种群的基因分化系数Gst分别为0.374和0.457,说明其天然种群的大部分变异(62.6%和54.3%)存在于种群内。石蒜和忽地笑种群的基因流Nm分别为0.836和0.593,比较小。UPGMA聚类结果显示,8个石蒜种群聚为一类,然后与3个忽地笑种群最后聚在一起。     

Analysis of genetic relationship in 12 species of Section Strobus with ISSR markers

Genetic relationship of 12 species of Section Strobus was analyzed with ISSR markers. 117 loci were detected with 12 ISSR primers. Percentage of polymorphic bands （PPB） varied from 5.93% to 19.92%. P. pumila had the highest levels of genetic differentiation and P. flexilis had lowest. Total genetic diversity （Hr） of 12 species in Section Strobus was 26.21%, of which intraspecific genetic diversity （Hs） was 7.66%, and interspecific genetic diversity （DST） was 18.55%, and the genetic variation in interspecies accounted for 70.78% of the total genetic diversity. According to the cluster results of genetic distance, the 12 species were classified into two groups. The first group included P. griffithii, P.armandi, P. fenzeliana, P. kwangtungensis, P. strobus, P. monticola and P. wangii. The second group included P. albicaulis, P pumila, P. flexilis, P. sibirica and P koraiensis.     

国外云杉遗传改良现状和粗枝云杉育种策略

综述国外云杉遗传改良现状和育种策略。讨论“种子园危机”缘由。介绍德国、瑞典、丹麦、挪威和芬兰等国欧洲云杉无性系林业研究方法、技术路线、生产规模、应用前景及可能障碍。世界云杉遗传改良正沿着高效益、低成本的方向快速发展。提出粗枝云杉近期改良策略。     

天然红松种群遗传多样性和遗传分化的研究

ISSR是一种特异性较强、稳定性较高的分子标记方法。本研究采用ISSR-PCR技术,检测了红松(PinuskoraiensisSieb.etZucc)在伊春市汤旺河高峰林场、长白山二道白河、黑河胜山林场和俄罗斯海参崴市郊的四个种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。15个引物的扩增结果表明:红松群体的多态位点比率是60.70%,平均每个引物3.6个多态位点,多样性水平在松科植物中是较高的;红松分布中心区的遗传多样性要高于边界区;和大多数木本植物一致,红松群体的基因多样性主要来自种群内部,占总基因多样性的73%;红松四个种群的遗传距离和地理距离之间无正相关性。根据研究结果推测,天然红松分布区逐渐缩小的原因不是由于遗传多样性水平过低引起的,而是由于人类的破坏作用,再加上火灾和风倒等因素造成的。     

江西主要造林树种遗传改良的回顾与展望

回顾了江西省主要造林树种遗传改良工作，将其划分为针叶树种遗传改良，阔叶树种遗传改良及工业原料原料林定向培育，细胞工程和基因工程在林木育种上的应用3个阶段，对每个阶段的研究工作进行了综述。同时展望了林木育种的发展前景，提出了江西省林木育种工作近一二十年的主要研究方向。     

生物技术在簕竹属植物中的应用及研究进展

综述了现代生物技术手段在筋竹属植物的组织培养,遗传多样性分析、指纹图谱构建,以及在基因工程如核酸提取、cDNA文库构建和目的基因的分离及鉴定研究等方面的应用,探讨了目前生物技术应用于筋竹属育种研究中取得的成绩和存在的问题,并提出了今后发展的重点和方向.     

云南的桉树引种及遗传改良

桉树是云南引种利用较早的一类树种资源，已产生了可观的社会、经济及生态效益。为了今后更好地引种和发展桉树种质资源，加快其遗传改良进程，本文在概述了云南桉树引种及遗传改良情况的基础上，指出存在的问题并提出相应的对策。     

Genetic Variance and Covariance Patterns of Growth and Survival in Northern Pinus sylvestris

The amount of additive genetic and environmental variance for tree height and field survival, and the genetic relationship between the traits were estimated using data from half-sib progenies of Swedish and Finnish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plus-trees, assessed in 18 single-tree plot progeny trials. The progeny trials were established in northern Sweden and comprised 9-13-yr-old, Finnish polycross progenies or Swedish open-pollinated progenies. In total across the trials, 71?630 individual trees from 888 families were included in the study. At the overall level, the additive genetic coefficient of variation ranged between 3.1 and 16.3% for height and between 0 and 27.9% for survival, with averages of 9.5% and 14.2%, respectively. Narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate to low, with averages across trials of 0.11 for height and 0.06 for survival. At the within-population level, estimates of genetic correlation between height and survival were mostly large and positive, with an arithmetic mean and standard error across trials of 0.47±0.39.     

刚竹属14个品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记手段,研究刚竹属部分竹子品种的遗传多样性。实验从50条ISSR引物中筛选出10条重复性好、条带清晰的引物进行PCR扩增。通过对75条谱带进行相似系数的聚类分析,结果同形态学分类结果基本吻合;运用特殊谱带,建立竹子品种的分子检索表,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性。     

利用ISSR标记对12种五针松亲缘关系的研究

采用ISSR 标记技术,对12 种五针松的亲缘关系进行分析。利用筛选出的12 个ISSR 引物共检测到117 个位点,多态条带比率(PPB)在9.40%～33.33 %之间,遗传分化最高的是偃松,最低的是柔枝松。12 种五针松的基因多样性(Ht)为26.21%,其中种内基因多样性(Hs)为7.66%,种间基因多样性(Dst)为18.55%,五针松种间变异占总变异的70.78%。遗传距离聚类,将12 种五针松分为2 个类群,第一类群包括乔松、华山松、海南五针松、华南五针松、北美乔松、山白松和云南五针松;第二类群包括美国白皮松、偃松、、柔枝松、西伯利亚红松和红松。图1 表3 参6。