Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia (NE Spain)

Although some studies have observed significant correlations between latitude and climate gradients and tree leaf nutrient concentration and stoichiometry, others have not. This study examined the nutrient concentrations of tree leaves in 3530 plots of the Catalonian Forest Inventory. Catalonia is a Mediterranean region located in NE Iberian Peninsula. It has a long land-use history and includes the large industrial-urban area of Barcelona but still contains a large forest area (42%). In the forests of Catalonia, leaf nutrient concentration increased and leaf C:nutrient ratios decreased from south to north, which paralleled the increase in MAP (mean annual precipitation) and the decrease in MAT (mean annual temperature), which was expected in a Mediterranean climate where the availability of water is the most limiting factor for plant nutrient uptake. In addition, the availability of water, which influences productivity, was associated with low leaf N:P content ratios, which is consistent with the Growth Rate Hypothesis. At a regional scale, the results support the Soil-Age Hypothesis because the youngest soils in the Pyrenees had the lowest leaf N:P ratios. Furthermore, the type of forest (evergreen, deciduous, or coniferous) explained some of the variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry. Nutrient concentrations were highest in deciduous trees and lowest in coniferous trees. Leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry were mainly correlated with climate, but other factors such as the chemical properties of soil and rock, phylogenetics, and different ecological histories and anthropogenic factors such as pollution, had an effect.     

我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统生态化学计量学研究

喀斯特森林生态系统作为喀斯特生态系统的重要组成部分,其生态化学计量特征是喀斯特生态系统研究的热点。对比其他森林生态系统,我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统的植物具有较高的C含量和较低的N、P含量,植物生长一般会受到N、P的限制;凋落物和土壤N、P含量较高,不同植被类型土壤P含量有很大差异;随着植被正向演替的进行,土壤N含量和凋落物N、P含量有逐渐增加的趋势;喀斯特森林生态系统化学计量特征主要受到植物个体差异、气候、地形和人类活动的影响。文中系统总结了我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统的研究概况、生态化学计量特征、影响因素及研究方向,并针对我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统生态化学计量学研究亟待解决的科学问题从4个方面进行了研究展望。     

尖峰岭热带林的植物化学特征

根据63种植叶片及25种木材的化学的化学分析结果，应用数值分析方法，探讨尖峰岭热带林植物及不同植被类型的化学特征和主要元素含量水平，从化学角度揭示了热带林的结构、功能和空间分布节律，为热带林生态系统的深入研究提供基础的背景材料。     

Impact of vegetation succession on leaf-litter-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their intrinsic relationship in the Ziwuling Area of China's Loess Plateau

Long-term natural vegetation succession plays a substantial role in the accumulation and distribution of plant and soil C:N:P stoichiometry.However,how plant and soil C:N:P relationships or ratios change along with successional stages over a century in the severely eroded areas remain unclear.These were measured over a 100-year natural succession in five successional stages from annual grasses to climax forests.The results show that natural succession had significant effects on carbon(C),nitrogen(N) and phosphorous(P) concentrations in leaf-litter-soil and their ratios in severely eroded areas.Nitrogen concentrations and N:P ratios in leaf and litter increased from annual grasses to the shrub stage and then decreased in the late successional forest stages.Leaf P levels decreased from annual grasses to shrub stages and did not significantly change during late successional stages.Litter P concentration decreased in the early successional stages and increased during late successional stages,with no overall significant change.Soil C and N concentrations and C:N,C:P and N:P ratios increased with successional stages.Soil C and N concentrations decreased with the increasing soil depth.Both were significantly different between any successional stages and controls(cropland) in the upper 10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers.Leaf N:P ratios may be used to indicate nutrient limitations and this study suggests that plant growth during the grass stages was limited by N,during the shrub stage,by P,and during the forest stages,by both of N and P.In addition,there were close correlations between litter and leaf C:N:P ratios,soil and litter C and N levels,and C:P and N:P ratios.These results show that long-term natural vegetation succession is effective in restoring degraded soil properties and improving soil fertility,and provide insights into C:N:P relationships of leaf,litter and soil influenced by vegetation succession stage.     

闽北闽粤栲天然林主要树种幼树器官碳氮磷化学计量特征分析

[目的]选取4种主要优势树种幼树为研究对象,分析其不同器官中C、N、P的生态化学计量特征,为闽粤栲天然林的更新与保护提供理论参考。[方法]应用碳氮分析仪与HNO3-HCl O4消煮法分别测定幼树的干、根、枝、叶中的C、N、P含量的质量分数,在不同器官C、N、P含量差异分析的基础上,通过化学计量比变化的对比分析研究幼树不同器官的C、N、P化学计量特征。[结果]闽北闽粤栲天然林主要优势树种幼树叶片中各元素的含量均高于其他器官,而根与干中的营养元素含量较低;不同器官的C∶P远高于C∶N与N∶P,其中,N∶P最小且因树种不同而有所变化,不同器官的C、N、P含量及化学计量特征均差异极显著。[结论]闽北闽粤栲天然林主要优势树种不同器官对C、N、P的选择与吸收存在差异,其叶片C含量最高且高于全球尺度和全国尺度,但N、P含量较低;幼树不同器官的C∶N、C∶P高于平均水平,而N∶P16;闽粤栲天然林主要优势树种幼树对养分的利用效率与生长速率均较低,幼树的生长更新主要受N、P元素含量的影响,并可能受到P元素缺失的制约。     

亚热带不同植被恢复林地凋落物层碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

【目的】探究不同植被恢复阶段林地凋落物层现存量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量的差异,为亚热带地区退化林地的植被恢复和管理提供科学依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间的方法,在位于亚热带丘陵区的湖南省长沙县选取地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的4种处于不同植被恢复阶段林地:檵木-南烛-杜鹃灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-柯(又名石栎)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为一个恢复序列,设置固定样地,按未分解层、半分解层和已分解层采集凋落物层分析样品,测定凋落物层现存量以及不同分解层凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比。【结果】1)凋落物层及其各分解层凋落物的现存量总体上随着植被恢复而增加,同一林地不同分解层表现为:已分解层>半分解层>未分解层,不同分解层之间的差异随着植被恢复而增大。2)凋落物层C含量以PLL最高,LCQ最低,而N、P含量总体上随着植被恢复而增高;C、N、P含量随着凋落物的分解而下降。3)无论是整个凋落物层C储量还是各分解层凋落物C储量,均以PLL最高,其次是LAG,LVR最低,而N、P储量随着植被恢复而增高。4)整个凋落物层以及各分解层凋落物的C/N比值均表现为:PLL>LVR>LCQ>LAG,而C/P、N/P比值总体上随着植被恢复呈下降趋势;C/N、C/P、N/P比值基本上随着凋落物的分解而下降。【结论】随着植被恢复,凋落物层现存量及其N、P含量增加,C/N、C/P、N/P比值下降,体现了生态系统物质循环随着植被恢复逐渐优化。     

Does inorganic nitrogen limit plant growth 3–5 years after fire in a Wyoming,USA, lodgepole pine forest?

Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting plant growth and production in terrestrial ecosystems around the world. However, nutrient limitation is spatially variable, and different species within the same ecosystem may be limited by different nutrients. N constraints on plant growth have been investigated via fertilization experiments in a variety of ecosystems; however, recently burned coniferous forests are notably under-studied. Given the recent increase in fire activity across western North America, it is important to understand what limits plant growth and carbon sequestration in coniferous forests recovering from wildfire. We evaluated potential inorganic N limitation in four common native plant species, 3–5 years after stand-replacing wildfire in a lodgepole pine forest (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in Wyoming, USA. Granular reagent grade ammonium nitrate was added around individual plants at a rate equal to the natural background rate of net N mineralization and at 10× this rate. The grass Calamagrostis rubescens exhibited clear evidence of inorganic N limitation: above-ground biomass and shoot:root ratio increased with the high-fertilizer treatment. Nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio in un-fertilized C. rubescens plants was <14, also consistent with N limitation, but N:P ratio shifted to >16 in the high-fertilizer treatment, suggesting the onset of P limitation. The upland sedge Carex rossii and seedlings of lodgepole pine were not limited by inorganic N: neither species showed any growth response to N fertilization; N:P ratios were only slightly <14; and foliar N concentrations were greater than critical values reported for mature lodgepole pine. The N-fixing forb Lupinus argenteus was not limited by N, for it showed no growth response to fertilization; rather its N:P ratio of 21 indicated P limitation. In this study, to our knowledge the first experimental evaluation of N limitation in subalpine coniferous forests following wildfire, N limitation was seen in only one of four species tested.     

峨眉山常绿阔叶林常绿和落叶物种叶片C、N、P研究

采用常规方法对峨眉山常绿阔叶林的常绿和落叶物种植物C、N、P含量及其之间的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明:①峨眉山常绿阔叶林常绿物种叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为42.30%、1.46%、0.10%;落叶物种叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为41.078%、1.59%和 0.12%.常绿和落叶物种植物叶片N-P成极显著的乘幂关系,而C-N和C-P关系不显著;②峨眉山地区常绿阔叶林常绿物种叶片N/P比平均值为14.48,落叶物种的N/P比平均值为13.61,其对生态环境的适应性较低;③在峨眉山海拔700、1 100和1 500 m处,植物叶片N-P亦成显著的关系,而植物叶片C-N和C-P关系不显著.     

坡位对杉木×闽粤栲混交林和杉木纯林养分积累的影响

选择福建省建阳范桥国有林场16年生杉木×闽粤栲混交林与杉木纯林为研究对象,对不同坡位不同林分养分积累量进行分析对比。结果表明:上坡立地条件下,杉木纯林乔木层N、P、K养分积累量均大于杉木×闽粤栲混交林。中坡和下坡林分乔木层养分积累量则表现为混交林大于杉木纯林。不同林分乔木层养分积累量均占整个林分养分积累总量的90%以上,且表现为N>K>P和下坡>中坡>上坡。上坡杉木纯林的灌木层和草本层N、P积累量均大于混交林,下坡林分的灌木层N、P、K养分积累量均表现为杉木×闽粤栲混交林大于杉木纯林。不同林分凋落物的N和P的积累量均大大超过草本层和灌木层的积累量。     

长白山阔叶红松林群落的细根现存量及养分内循环

细根(直径≤2mm)是植物吸收水分和养分的重要器官,细根通过呼吸作用和周转过程向土壤输送有机质(Jackson et al.,1997;王政权等,2008)。细根生物量虽然仅占植物体总生物量的5%左右,但由于细根生长和周转迅速,其生长量可占森林初级生产力的50%～75%(Nadelhoffer et al.,1992),每     

南岭自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片中11种化学元素含量特征

为探讨南岭自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片营养特征及重金属含量水平,测定了保护区16个优势树种叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Al、Na、Mg、Mn、Ni、Cu和Pb共11种化学元素的含量,并分析了其在叶片中的变异特征和相关性。结果表明：该地区植物叶片N、P含量均低于我国陆生植物叶片含量的平均值,叶片Ca、K、Mg含量处于陆地植物叶片的正常范围,叶片Mn含量与广东植物叶片含量接近;16个优势树种叶片重金属含量均处于正常范围;南岭自然保护区优势树种受P限制强烈;尽管16个优势树种叶片暂未受到重金属和Al毒危害,但因华南地区酸沉降引发土壤重金属活化的风险仍存在,应加强对该地区森林土壤化学性质和树木叶片化学元素含量的定期监测研究。     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

Fluxes,stocks and availability of nitrogen in evergreen broadleaf and fir forests: similarities and differences

In this study,nitrogen fluxes or flows in litterfall,nitrogen stocks and available nitrogen in soils of two plots representing evergreen broadleaf and Bulgarian fir forests were assessed.Both plots are in good quality sites and for this reason,the litterfall quantities and nitrogen fluxes were relatively high.The woody litterfall flux of nitrogen was significantly higher in the fir forest than in the evergreen broadleaf one.The total nitrogen stock was higher in the soil under the fir forest.However,the percentage of the available nitrogen(ammonium+nitrates) was significantly higher in the upper 20 cm soil layer of the evergreen broadleaf forest in spite of the higher average C/N ratios in the foliar litterfall of the broadleaf forest and insignificant difference of the C/N ratios in all soil layers of the two ecosystems.The microclimatic conditions(higher soil temperatures in the evergreen broadleaf forest) is probable possible cause for this difference.The available nitrogen in the soils and its retranslocation from senescing leaves cover the nitrogen requirements of trees.It is hypothesized that trees may also take up nitrogen from deeper soil layers.     

不同坡位6年生杉木木荷混交林生物量分布格局分析

对不同坡位6年生杉木木荷混交林林分生长及生物量进行分析研究。研究结果表明,杉木木荷混交林平均胸径、平均树高生长量以及地上部分和地下部分各个器官生物量均体现为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位;杉木各器官生物量表现为树干>树叶>树枝,木荷各器官生物量表现为树干>树枝>树叶;就杉木及木荷不同径级根生物量差异而言,杉木各径级根表现为骨骼根>中根>大根>粗根>小根>细根,木荷则表现为骨骼根>中根>大根>小根>细根。     

Allometry, biomass, and chemical content of Novel African Tulip Tree (Spathodea campanulata) Forests in Puerto Rico

The African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata, the most common tree in Puerto Rico, forms novel forest types with mixtures of native and other introduced tree species. Novel forests increase in area in response to human activity and there is no information about their biomass accumulation and nutrient cycling. We established allometric relationships and chemically analyzed plant parts of African tulip trees to determine the concentration and standing stock of chemical elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Al, Fe, Na), and ash. Trees ranged in diameter at breast height from 8 to 85 cm and in height from 8.8 to 28 m. The concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca in leaves of the African tulip tree were similar to those of the native pioneer Cecropia schreberiana and higher than those of mature forest tree species in Puerto Rico. The over bark wood volume of African tulip trees in nine forest stands where it was dominant ranged from 163 to 849 m³/ha. Aboveground biomass ranged from 60 to 296 Mg/ha, and N and P stocks ranged from 190 to 988 and 32 to 137 kg/ha, respectively. Novel forests on abandoned agricultural lands can store more biomass and elements than native and plantation forest stands of similar age.     

不同林龄油松人工林叶凋落物分解特性

2005年在北京市延庆县营盘村附近中山采用网袋法,比较21、29、36年生油松叶凋落物分解动态、分解速率、基质质量的差异.结果表明:在所观测的14个月内,不同林龄油松叶凋落物分解动态差异较小,均呈快椔龡快的规律,翌年5至7月份凋落物分解速率低于2005年同期的分解速率.21 a、29 a、36 a油松叶凋落物分解速率分别为26.97％、26.10％和23.96％,半分解周期分别为2.21 a、2.29 a和2.54 a,周转期分别为9.54 a、9.91 a和10.94 a.凋落物分解速率、半周转期、周转期失重率仅在0.1水平上差异显著.林龄对叶凋落物N影响最大(P=0.004),对粗灰分(P=0.028)影响显著.林龄对纤维素、木质素、粗脂肪、粗蛋白影响不显著.不同林龄叶凋落物C/N(P=0.009)、木质素/N(P=0.048)显著差异,C/N、木质素/N与叶凋落物分解速率相关系数均为-0.333.     

滇中高原森林凋落物不同分解阶段C、N、P的化学计量特征及种间差异

【目的】为了解滇中高原磨盘山典型森林凋落物在不同分解阶段的化学计量特征,揭示滇中高原森林不同分解阶段凋落物的质量特征,为更好地促进滇中高原森林生态系统的凋落物分解进程和养分循环提供理论依据。【方法】以滇中高原的华山松Pinus armandii林、云南松Pinus yunnanensis林、高山栎Quercus semecarpifolia林、滇油杉Keteleeria evelyniana林、常绿阔叶林5种林地为试验区,人为地将自然状态下的森林凋落物分为未分解层、半分解层、已分解层,用以模拟凋落物的不同分解阶段,对不同分解层凋落物的碳氮磷(C、N、P)含量、化学计量比及元素释放率进行分析。【结果】1)随着凋落物分解程度的加剧,5种森林凋落物的C含量不断减少,P、N含量大体呈增加趋势,其中云南松林及华山松林的N含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,常绿阔叶林P含量为先减少后增加,且C、N、P含量在同一分解层中不同森林之间差异显著;2)5种森林凋落物的C∶N、C∶P随着凋落物分解程度的不断降低,云南松林的二者比值最高,N∶P在云南松林、华山松林和常绿阔叶林中先升高后降低,在高山栎林中先降低后升高,在滇油杉林中逐渐降低,且滇中高原森林凋落物C∶P和N∶P均显著小于全球平均水平;3)森林凋落物中C、N、P的总释放率均为滇油杉林>华山松林>高山栎林>云南松林>常绿阔叶林,常绿阔叶林前期元素释放效率快,后期减弱,华山松林和云南松林则相反,滇中磨盘山5种森林凋落物的化学元素易富集难释放。【结论】根据碳、氮、磷的化学计量特征表明,森林种间差异及不同的分解阶段会显著影响凋落物分解过程中的碳氮磷含量、化学计量比及其释放效率。     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区 3 种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤（0~20 cm）为对象,测定了土壤pH 值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结 果表明：（1）山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH 值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;（2）森林土壤有机质、 全氮（N）、全磷（P）、速效N、有效P 含量在不同森林类型间差异显著：山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、 全 N、全P 显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效 N 含量最高,但有效 P 含量最 低;（ 3）3 种森林土壤全N 与全P 含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异, 表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

乌拉山自然保护区不同森林群落土壤化学性质的比较研究

对乌拉山自然保护区的3个森林类型(天然油松林、人工油松林、白桦林)不同层次(O～5 cm,5～10cm,10～20 cm,20～40 cm)土壤的化学性质进行了测定、分析与对比.结果表明:(1)不同森林类型土壤化学性质存在明显的差异.土壤有机质、全N、全P含量在不同森林类型下表现出相对一致的规律,即其含量大小顺序为:白...     

Fine root respiration in the mangrove Rhizophora mangle over variation in forest stature and nutrient availability

Root respiration uses a significant proportion of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) and is a globally important source of C liberated from soils. Mangroves, which are an important and productive forest resource in many tropical and subtropical countries, sustain a high ratio of root to shoot biomass which may indicate that root respiration is a particularly important component in mangrove forest carbon budgets. Mangroves are often exposed to nutrient pollution from coastal waters. Here we assessed the magnitude of fine root respiration in mangrove forests in Belize and investigated how root respiration is influenced by nutrient additions. Respiration rates of excised fine roots of the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., were low (4.01 +/- 0.16 nmol CO(2) g(-1) s(-1)) compared to those measured in temperate tree species at similar temperatures. In an experiment where trees where fertilized with nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) in low productivity dwarf forests (1-2 m height) and more productive, taller (4- 7 m height) seaward fringing forests, respiration of fine roots did not vary consistently with fertilization treatments or with forest stature. Fine roots of taller fringe trees had higher concentrations of both N and P compared to dwarf trees. Fertilization with P enhanced fine root P concentrations in both dwarf and fringe trees, but reduced root N concentrations compared to controls. Fertilization with N had no effect on root N or P concentrations. Unlike photosynthetic C gain and growth, which is strongly limited by P availability in dwarf forests at this site, fine root respiration (expressed on a mass basis) was variable, but showed no significant enhancements with nutrient additions. Variation in fine root production and standing biomass are, therefore, likely to be more important factors determining C efflux from mangrove sediments than variations in fine root respiration per unit mass.