丹巴腮扁叶蜂检疫

丹巴腮扁叶蜂主要分布四川、青海、甘肃武威（天祝）,该虫属膜翅目、广腰亚目、广背叶蜂总科、扁叶蜂科,于1989年在甘肃省天祝县乌鞘岭林区青海云杉人工幼林地上初次发现,危害面积850亩。1991年扩展到天然幼龄林分和林间苗圃,受害面积3000亩。2005年其种群数量不断扩大,发生面积1万余亩,平均有虫株率17．5％,严重区域达100％。     

中国广义金合欢属植物亲缘关系的分子分析

通过ITS-rpl16序列和mat K序列的分子分析,对中国现有金合欢属的各亚属间的亲缘关系进行了研究,结果表明:我国现有广义金合欢属的14个种大致被聚为相思亚属、皮刺亚属和金合欢亚属3大类,原产中国的3种皮刺亚属的种聚成1支,表明印度金合欢和羽叶金合欢关系更近,二者再与儿茶形成姐妹类群。基于选自美洲、非洲、澳大利亚和中国乡土种(印度金合欢、羽叶金合欢和儿茶)共40个金合欢属种和1个外类群的mat K序列建立的系统发育树表明:皮刺亚属和相思亚属的亲缘性关系比与金合欢亚属的亲缘关系更近,相思亚属和金合欢亚属均是单系类群,而皮刺亚属属于并系类群;中国的几个乡土种都与非洲一些种的亲缘关系较近,聚为1支。     

胶蚧属7种紫胶虫的支序系统学分析

用支序分析方法讨论了7种紫胶虫之间的系统发育关系,选择肛突长度、膊背高度等22个形态性状,进行支序分析,得出7种紫胶虫系统发育关系图.结果显示:中华紫胶虫的形态较为特殊,与其它6种差异较大,最先从群体中分化出来,是最原始的种类;其它6种紫胶虫稳定地分化为两大支系:信德紫胶虫与紫胶蚧构成一个支系,二者在外部形态结构上有许多相似的地方,形成紧密的姐妹群关系,主要分布在印度次大陆热带地区,属于较原始的种类;在另一支系中,尼泊尔紫胶虫首先分化出来,也属于比较原始的种类;普萨紫胶虫紧随其后分化出来;田紫胶虫与云南紫胶虫最后分化出来,是最进化的物种,同时它们在形态结构上相似,形成姐妹群关系,这4种紫胶虫主要分布在欧亚板块的热带、亚热带地区.紫胶虫的外部形态与其地理分布及生境有着密切的关系.     

危害短梗稠李的中国丑锤角叶蜂属(膜翅目:锤角叶蜂科)一新种

记述采自中国浙江天目山危害短梗稠李的丑锤角叶蜂属(膜翅目:锤角叶蜂科)一新种:萌萌丑锤角叶蜂。该种幼虫取食短梗稠李叶片,当幼虫数量较多时,可将寄主植物的叶片蚕食殆尽,严重影响其生长,继而影响果树产量,导致林木经济效益严重下降。萌萌丑锤角叶蜂在中国浙江天目山1年1代发生,以预蛹形态越冬。新种与木通丑锤角叶蜂十分相似,主要区别是:新种后胸背板及腹部第1背板全部黄白色;各足胫节、跗节深褐色;中胸前侧片腹面表面光滑,具稀疏刻点。采用DNA试剂盒法提取新种基因组DNA,测序获得包括新种在内的锤角叶蜂科12条COⅠ基因序列,长度为850 bp。另外,从Gen Bank数据库中下载锤角叶蜂科的丑锤角叶蜂属、丽锤角叶蜂属、东锤角叶蜂属等近缘属的已知种类COⅠ序列23条,与新种序列构成COⅠ序列数据集(共35个样本)。分析丽锤角叶蜂亚科内的遗传距离,结果显示,新种2样本遗传距离为0. 005。基于贝叶斯法构建了COⅠ基因系统发育树,树图结果显示:丑锤角叶蜂属、丽锤角叶蜂属、东锤角叶蜂属的属内种分别形成一支,构成单系群,支持丑锤角叶蜂属与东锤角叶蜂属的有效性。新种分子分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致,均支持新种成立。     

Two New Genera and Species of Blennocampinae from Sichuan and Yunnan (Hymenoptera:Blennocampidae)

本文记述川滇地区蔺叶蜂科蔺叶蜂亚科两新属新种：亮背卜氏叶蜂Ｂｕａｍｅｔａｌｉｃａｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新属新种，红胸滇片叶蜂Ｄｉａｎｓｔｅｔｈｕｓｒｕｆｉｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃｕｓｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新属新种，两新属均隶属于等节叶蜂族Ｐｈｙｍａｔｏｃｅｒｉｎｉ．卜氏叶蜂属与ＰｈｙｍａｔｏｃｅｒｏｐｓｉｓＲｏｈｗｅｒ和ＤｉｃｒｏｓｔｅｍａＢｅｎｓｏｎ二属近似，区别为：新属虫体瘦长，前胸背板侧叶无斜脊前沟，前翅２Ｒｓ室长于１Ｒ１和１Ｒｓ室之和，后翅臀室具长柄，锯背片无节缝刺列．此外，新属与Ｄｉｃｒｏｓｔｅｍａ的区别还有２Ａ＋３Ａ脉端部上曲，颚眼距较狭窄；与Ｐｈｙｍａｔｏｃｅｒｏｐｓｉｓ的区别还有后翅Ｍ室封闭，唇基端部截形．滇片叶蜂属与ＰｈｙｍａｔｏｃｅｒｏｐｓｉｓＲｏｈｗｅｒ最接近，其区别为新属爪具显著基片、后颊脊缺、后翅具封闭的Ｍ室和锯背片具节缝刺等．     

危害白榆的中国突瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目:叶蜂科)一新种

记述采自中国境内危害白榆的突瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目:叶蜂科)一新种:白榆突瓣叶蜂 Nematus pumila Liu,Li & Wei,sp.nov.。该种幼虫取食白榆的叶片,当虫口密度较大时,可将寄主叶片蚕食殆尽,对寄主产生严重危害。本研究对林业有害生物的鉴定、监测与防治工作奠定了基础。新种与申氏突瓣叶蜂 N.sheni Wei,1999十分相似,二者的主要区别是:新种上唇、前胸背板和翅基片完全黑色;前足胫节、中足胫节基部3/4和后足胫节基部3/5白色;单眼后区宽长比为1.9;前翅无Rs脉;锯腹片15锯刃,锯刃内侧亚基齿明显,外侧亚基齿粗大;1-11节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约2/3于锯节宽;锯根0.7倍于锯端;申氏突瓣叶蜂上唇黄白色;前胸背板后缘、翅基片基小部黄褐色;前中足胫节腹侧大部和背侧基部1/4、后足胫节基部1/3黄白色;单眼后区宽长比约等于3;前翅Rs脉痕状;锯腹片23锯刃,内齿亚基齿不明显,外侧亚基齿细小;2-15节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约1/3于锯节宽;锯根0.4倍于锯端。采用DNA试剂盒法提取了新种基因组DNA,测序获得COⅠ基因序列,长度为810 bp。另外,从GenBank数据库中下载突瓣叶蜂属、槌缘叶蜂属、厚爪叶蜂属已知种类COⅠ序列10条,与新种序列构成COⅠ序列数据集,分析其碱基组成,结果显示: A+T含量均大于G+C含量,且均高于65%;基于贝叶斯法构建了COⅠ基因系统发育树,树图结果显示:白榆突瓣叶蜂与突瓣叶蜂属内其他6个已知种聚为一支,构成单系群。分子分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致,均支持新种成立。新种模式标本保存于湖南长沙中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室。     

木瓜榕和对叶榕上昆虫群落结构

在西双版纳热带雨林中的木瓜榕和对叶榕两个种群内共采集昆虫标本20088号，其中访问木瓜榕的昆虫有8目21科33属，共40种，在对叶榕上采集到37种昆虫，隶属于7目21科32属。两种榕树的昆虫群落组成特点表现为：害虫种类多，种类达群落总种数的94．6％－97．0％，但个体数量少，主要是鳞翅目、鞘翅目及同翅目等类群的昆虫；许多昆虫既喜食榕果又可危害叶片，部分种类仅取食叶片和蛀干；这些类群中在隐头花果内外活动的昆虫种类最多，达54％，数量上占到93．1％－94．3％。益虫种类少，则个体数量多，尤其是传粉榕小蜂和群数量占绝对优势（86．4％－90．2％），它的成功传粉影响着榕树群落的构建和稳定。     

马尾松古松叶蜂的研究

马尾松吉松叶蜂（ＧｉｌｐｉｎｉａｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａＸｉａｏ）属松叶蜂科Ｄｉｐｒｉｏｎｉｄａｅ，是危害马尾松的一种新害虫，近年来在安徽滁县沙河集林业总场发生相当严重。经研究，此虫一年发生２代，以预蛹越冬。该幼虫的空间分布型为聚集分布，我们编制了“马尾松吉松叶蜂地面茧数”查定表；制定了防治指标；其防治适期为２—３龄幼虫出现高峰期：第１代为５月１５－３０日；第２代为１０月１０—２５日。以２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油２０００—５０００倍液等进行喷雾防治，效果均在９４％以上；以２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油等加柴油配成油烟剂进行喷烟防治，效果在９６％以上。     

云南油杉与油杉吉松叶蜂两种群的相关性研究

在油杉吉松叶蜂(Gilpiniadisa)虫害常发区设标准地，通过观测云南油杉(Keteleeriaevelyniana)受害植株的生长情况，寄主植物食源量对幼虫发育的影响，以探索两种群之间的相关性。其结果表明云南油杉从食源上制约着油杉吉松叶蜂幼虫的发育，当油杉吉松叶蜂4龄幼虫在食源紧缺时(寄主失叶量≥5/6)，仅有2．5％的能正常发育；当云南油杉失叶量小于1/3时，其高、径、材积呈增效生长；云南油杉具有极强的抗虫性，当它连续3年(每年失叶1次)严重受害失叶后，仍能存活，但如果1年内连续两次严重受害失叶后，植株就会死亡；云南油杉受害失叶量≥1/3时，其高、径生长量、材积生长率随着受害程度增强而减小。     

湖南保靖县白云山木本植物区系的研究

保靖白云山地区植物属我国华中植物区系的武陵山、巫山植物亚区；有木本植物９９科，２８４属，６３１种，木本植物区系具有丰富性、古老性、过渡性和地带特有性的特点．其起源为第三纪古热带植物区系基础上发育而来．因地质、地形和气候等因素的影响，白云山植物有明显的石灰岩山地特有种和一定数量的华南植物区系成分．该地区木本植物很有保护和利用价值．     

Orussus abietinus Scop. (Hym., Orussoidea) als Parasit der Larve des WellenbockesSemanotus undatus L. (Col., Cerambycidae)

Eight percent of larvae ofSemanotus undatus in a heavyly attacked fir trunk were parasitized byOrussus abietinus. Only few host species are known of the rare Orussidae, which had formerly been wrongly allocated to the wood wasps (Siricidae). The Orussidae form part of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta), although they are their only family not to have vegetarian habits; instead they have parasitarian habits similar to the parasitical wasps.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with naturally regenerating Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. seedlings on exposed granite slopes along woodland paths

We investigated the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal community of naturally regenerating Pinus densiflora seedlings on exposed decomposed granite (DG) slopes along woodland paths in the Republic of Korea. We sampled three- to five-year-old seedlings from slopes where DG was exposed (habitat S) and from the surrounding forest edge or gaps (habitat F). We classified EcMs into morphological groups and counted the number of root tips. The fungal taxa were determined by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of their nuclear rDNA. We observed a total of 27 EcM fungal taxa. Atheliaceae and Rhizopogon were the dominant taxa on exposed DG slopes. The fungal species compositions were similar between habitats (0.59 as calculated by the Morishita–Horn index). Fourteen fungal taxa were common to both habitats, and these accounted for more than 90% of the relative abundance in each habitat. There were no significant differences in relative abundance and colonization frequency of each EcM fungal taxon between the habitats, except for Russula sp. 2, which was significantly more frequent in habitat F than in habitat S. Our results indicated that P. densiflora seedlings on exposed DG slopes associated with EcM fungi that were common in forests and not specific to the exposed DG slopes.     

An assessment of potential of hybrid poplar for planting in the Virginia Piedmont

Poplar species grow well across the temperate zone, but hybrid varieties have not previously been evaluated for planting in the Virginia Piedmont region. The top 12 clones in height growth and rust resistance from a screening trial involving 98 hybrid poplar varieties of three taxa (Populus deltoides × P. maximowiczii, DxM; P. deltoides × P. nigra, DxN; P. deltoides × P. trichocarpa, DxT) were selected for planting in replicated yield trials at two locations in the Virginia Piedmont. Results through the first four growing seasons showed that the DxM taxon had the most rapid height development. It was, however, the taxon most affected by a late spring frost at the Appomattox-Buckingham State Forest site and by Septoria stem canker at the Reynolds Homestead site. Analysis of variance of clonal and location effects showed highly significant differences among replicates within location and among clones within taxon. Among seven clones within the DxM taxon, pairwise comparison tests of height growth identified two groups: a group of four better clones that were significantly different (p = 0.05) from a second group of three. These early results suggest that multi-selection criteria, including growth, disease and frost resistance, are important when developing hybrid poplar clones for planting in the Piedmont region.     

Structure of aquatic insect communities in tank-bromeliads in a East-Amazonian rainforest in French Guiana

Tank-bromeliads are discrete habitats which contain distinct aquatic communities, and which commonly occur in the neotropics. Because they span a broad range of ecological gradients in terms of habitat structure and amount of resources, researchers study the associations between the biodiversity of communities and these gradients in rainforests, where the very high species richness and densities within other continuous habitats makes it difficult to quantify animal communities. We analysed the diversity of aquatic insect communities in relation to different tank-bromeliad species in a primary rainforest (French Guiana) using artificial intelligence and complex optimization techniques to classify communities and model their determinants. First, the self-organizing map (neural network) was used to classify 158 bromeliads according to the quantitative structure of the insect communities. Catopsis berteroniana and Guzmania lingulata formed separate clusters of plants on the virtual map, while Vriesea splendens, Vriesea pleiosticha and Aechmea melinonii were grouped together in the remaining clusters. Some insect taxa occurred in all bromeliads, while other taxa were specific to a given species. Second, general linear modelling allowed us to specify the influence of the bromeliad species; water volume and volume of fine particulate organic matter inside of the tank; elevation above the ground; and sampling site on taxonomic richness and insect abundance. The number of taxa and individuals per plant increased with greater water volume, but the slope of the relationships depended on the bromeliad species. The significant influence of bromeliad species suggested that at similar water volumes different plant species had different taxon richness and insect abundance. Greater amounts of fine particulate organic matter were detrimental to community diversity in the tanks, probably because they decreased available space by clogging it and/or affected oxygen concentrations. The influence of tank-bromeliad species on the aquatic insect community was primarily related to their physical (and probably chemical) features rather than to species-specific associations sensu stricto. The classification of bromeliads with respect to animal species is likely to provide referential schemes for those biodiversity patterns to be expected under certain conditions, and may help to target model communities for subsequent experimental research.     

叶蜂科甘肃新记录种名录(膜翅目:叶蜂科:叶蜂亚科)

通过多年的系统调查和分类研究,发现记录膜翅目,广腰亚目,叶蜂科,叶蜂亚科甘肃新记录种名录11属120种.提供了各种在中国的地理分布信息.     

Pathogenicity to alder of Phytophthora species from riparian ecosystems in western Oregon

Described as one of the most destructive pathogens of agricultural crops and forest trees, Phytophthora is a genus of microorganisms containing over 100 known species. Phytophthora alni has caused collar and root disease in alders throughout Europe, and a subspecies has recently been isolated in North America. Reports of canopy dieback in red alder, Alnus rubra, prompted a survey of their overall health and to determine whether P. alni was present in western Oregon riparian ecosystems. Over 1100 Phytophthora isolates were recovered, representing 20 species and 2 taxa. Phytophthora‐type cankers were observed in many trees, and their incidence was positively correlated with canopy dieback. High levels of mortality for red alder were not observed, which suggests these Phytophthora species are not aggressive pathogens. To test this hypothesis, three stem wound inoculations and one root dip were conducted on red alder seedlings using 13 Phytophthora species recovered from the riparian survey. Ten of the 13 Phytophthora species produced significant lesions in at least one pathogenicity test. Phytophthora siskiyouensis produced the largest lesions on red alder from the two stem wound inoculation tests conducted under summer conditions, while P. taxon Pgchlamydo caused the largest lesions during the winter stem wound inoculation test. Phytophthora gonapodyides, P. taxon Pgchlamydo and P. siskiyouensis have previously been found associated with necrotic alder roots and bole cankers in the field, and with the pathogenicity results reported here, we have established these species as causes of Phytophthora root disease and Phytophthora bole canker of alder in Oregon. While none of the Phytophthora species were especially aggressive towards red alder in the pathogenicity tests, they did cause localized disease symptoms. By weakening the root systems or boles of alders, the Phytophthoras could be leaving alders more susceptible to other insects and pathogens.     

Effects of single-tree selection harvesting on hymenopteran and saproxylic insect assemblages in the canopy and understory of northern temperate forests

Insects respond to changes in microhabitat caused by canopy disturbance, and thus can be used to examine the ecological impacts of harvesting. Single-tree selection harvesting is the most common silvicultural system used to emulate local small-scale natural disturbance and maintain uneven-aged forest structure in temperate forests. Here, we test for differences in richness, abundance, and composition of hymenopteran and saproxylic insect assemblages at four different taxon levels (selected insect orders; and all hymenopteran families, and braconid subfamilies and morphospecies) between the canopy and understory of unharvested and single-tree selection harvested sites in a northern temperate forest from central Canada. Harvesting had no effect on insect assemblage richness, composition or abundance at the three highest taxon levels (order, family and subfamily). Similarly, richness and abundance at the lowest-taxon level (braconid morphospecies) were similar, although composition differed slightly between unharvested and harvested stands. Insect assemblages were vertically stratified, with generally higher abundance (for Diptera, Hymenoptera, some hymenopteran families and braconid subfamilies) and richness (for braconid morphospecies) in the understory than the canopy. In particular, composition of the braconid morphospecies assemblage showed relatively low similarity between the understory and canopy. Single-tree selection harvesting appears to influ-ence wood-associated insect taxa only subtly through small changes in community composition at the lowest taxon level, and thus is recommended as a conservative approach for managing these northern temperate forests.     

Identification of Phytophthora species baited and isolated from forest soil and streams in northwestern Yunnan province,China

Phytophthora species were surveyed by collecting soil samples and placing bait leaves in selected streams during June–October in the years 2005, 2006 and 2010 at three sites in oak forests in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of NW Yunnan province, China. Seventy‐three isolates of Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 135 baited leaf samples and 81 soil samples. Eight Phytophthora species were identified by observation of morphological features and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 rDNA sequence analysis. The eight taxa included two well‐known species P. gonapodyides and P. cryptogea, two recently described species P. gregata and P. plurivora, two named but as yet undescribed taxa, P. taxon PgChlamydo and P. taxon Salixsoil, and two previously unrecognized species, Phytophthora sp.1 and P. sp.2. The most numerous species, P. taxon PgChlamydo, and the second most abundant species, P. taxon Salixsoil, were recovered at all three sites. Phytophthora cryptogea was detected only once at site Nixi. Phytophthora gregata and P. sp.2 were isolated from a stream only at site Bitahai, while the other three species were each found at two sites. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to three ITS clades, one species including six isolates in clade 2, six species including 66 isolates in clade 6 and one species in clade 8. There was a relatively rich species and genetic diversity of Phytophthora detected in the investigated regions where the forest biotic and abiotic factors affecting the growth and evolution of Phytophthora populations were diverse.     

Arambarria the pathogen involved in canker rot of Eucalyptus,native trees wood rots and grapevine diseases in the Southern Hemisphere

Arambarria (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) is a monotypic genus recently described to accommodate specimens from the Patagonian forests of Argentina wrongly assigned in the past to Inocutis jamaicensis. On the basis of a wide sampling of strains and phylogenetic analysis inferred from combined sequences including the nuc rDNA ITS1‐5.8‐ITS2 region, 28S rDNA D1‐D2 domains and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1‐a (tef1‐α), we demonstrate that this genus is associated with an important canker rot of eucalypt plantations in Uruguay, to wood rots of many native and exotic hosts, and to “hoja de malvón” and chlorotic leafroll of grapevines diseases in Central Chile, Central Argentina and Uruguay, formerly assigned to I. jamaicensis and/or Fomitiporella sp. The combined phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of three closely related clades that corresponded to (1) the Pampas of Uruguay and Argentina (“uruguay” clade), (2) the Monte, Chaco Serrano and Yungas forests of Argentina (“cognata” clade) and (3) the Patagonian Andes forests and Chilean Province (“destruens” clade). Lack of morphological differences between taxa from the three clades, their occurrence in both native and exotic hosts, previous results showing interfertility between isolates from Uruguay and Argentina, and the lack of full support in the concatenated ITS + 28S + tef1‐α analysis, prevents us to distinguish and describe three different taxa; the proper name of the taxon being Arambarria cognata comb. nov. A fourth, distinctly separated clade corresponded to South African strains isolated from vineyards representing an undescribed taxon associated with Esca grapevine disease in that country. Arambarria is shown to be unrelated to Inocutis, with which it was confused in the past and, so far, remains restricted to the Northern Hemisphere in America (Mexico, Jamaica and the USA).