马尾松吉松叶峰的研究

马尾松吉松叶蜂属松叶蜂科Ｄｉｐｒｉｏｎｉｄａｅ，是危害马尾松的一种新害虫，近年来在安徽滁县沙河集林业总场发生相当严重。经研究，此虫一年发生２代，以预蛹越冬。该幼虫的空间分型为聚集分布，我们编制了“马尾松吉松叶蜂地面茧数”查定表；制定了防治指标；其防治适期为２－３龄幼虫出现高峰期；第１代为５月１５－３０日；第２代为１０月１０－２５日。以２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油等加柴油配成油烟剂进行喷烟防治，效果在９６％     

月季叶蜂的生物学特性及防治

月季叶蜂在余姚市每年发生３－４代，以老熟幼虫于土中结茧越冬、幼虫期喷洒８０％敌敌畏乳油、４０％氧化乐果乳油、５０％甲胺磷乳油及２．５％溴氰菊酯，均有良好的防治效果。     

丰宁新松叶蜂生物学特性及化学防治试验

丰宁新松叶蜂ＮｅｏｄｉｐｒｉｏｎｆｅｎｇｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＸｉａｏｅｔＺｈｏｕ系甘肃新记录，在甘肃哈思山林区１年１代，以老熟幼虫吐丝结茧变为预蛹在土壤腐殖质层或枯枝落叶层内超冬，翌年６月中旬为羽化盛期，６月下旬为孵化盛期，８月中旬结茧化蛹，幼虫６龄，３龄前食量小，抗性弱，是防治的最佳时机，用２．５％功夫乳油２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油８０００倍液喷雾，用２５％灭幼脲胶悬液２０～４０ｍｍｏｌ喷雾，防治效果均     

垂柳瘿叶蜂生物学特性和防治方法的研究

垂柳瘿叶蜂Ｐｏｎｔａｎｉａｓｐ．在沈阳严重为害柳树。该虫在沈阳１年发生１代,以老熟幼虫于表土中结茧越冬。成虫于５月上旬开始出现;幼虫生活于无毛、闪现着红色近卵形或近豌豆形虫瘿中;虫瘿表面具瘤状颗粒,着生于叶背中脉上。已知其寄生天敌２种,即啮小蜂Ｔｅｔｒｏｓｔｉｃｈｕｓｓｐ．和沈阳宽唇姬蜂ＬａｔｈｒｏｓｔｉｚｕｓｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＸｕｅｔＳｈｅｎｇ。以２．５％溴氰菊酯（敌杀死）乳油３０００倍液于５月上旬至中旬喷洒成虫效果很好。     

抚顺市松阿扁叶蜂防治技术研究初报

根据松阿扁叶蜂的生物学、生态学特性，在松阿扁叶蜂成虫和幼虫期应用化学药剂、释放赤眼蜂、人工破坏预蛹及老熟幼虫越冬环境等措施，进行了对比防治试验，结果表明：人工破坏松阿扁叶蜂老熟幼虫和预蛹的栖息环境，杀虫效果可达85％以上；地面施用1．8％阿维菌素乳油8000倍液、1．2％苦参烟碱1000倍液杀幼虫效果均为100％；阿维菌素烟剂、苦参烟碱烟剂(含乳油)杀灭成虫．效果均达93％以上。     

浙江黑松叶蜂生物学特性研究

浙江黑松叶蜂是福建省马尾松的一种新害虫,该虫在福建南平地区１年发生３代,以老熟幼虫在松针叶上结茧越冬,翌年５月上旬成虫开始羽化,幼虫５龄,少数６龄,蛹期越冬代１６８～１７９ｄ,其余各代８～１０ｄ,已知天敌有青蜂及两种姬蜂。试验结果表明,２．５％敌杀死１００００倍稀释液、４０％水胺硫磷或９０％敌百虫１０００倍稀释液,对幼虫均有良好防治效果     

南华松叶蜂的发生与防治

南华松叶蜂（Diprion nanhuaensis Xiao）属膜翅目、叶蜂总科、松叶蜂科。主要是以幼虫取食针叶，一头幼虫一生可取食针叶700cm左右，危害云南松、华山松、马尾松。通过10多年的观察与防治试验研究，基本摸清了南华松叶蜂的生活史、生物学特性、发生规律及综合防治技术．为南华松叶蜂的防治提供了科学依据。     

浙江黑松叶蜂生活史调查及防治技术

2000年2月至2001年3月在贵州省凤冈县何坝乡对马尾松食叶浙江黑松叶蜂（Nesodipron zhejiangensis Zhou＆xiao）进行生活史调查和防治试验．结果表明：浙江黑松叶蜂在该县1年发生2代．以20％氰戊菊酯、25％马拉硫磷、2．5％溴氰菊酯的防治效果均在80％以上．     

垂柳瘿叶蜂生物学特性和防治方法的研究

垂柳瘿叶蜂在沈阳严重为害柳树。该虫在沈阳１年发生１代，以老熟幼虫于表土中结茧越冬。成虫于５月上旬开始出现；幼虫生活于无毛，闪现着红色近卵形或近豌豆形虫瘿中；虫瘿表面具瘤状颗粒，着生于叶背中脉上。已知其寄生天敌２种，即啮小蜂和沈阳宽唇姬蜂。经２．５％溴拟菊酯（敌杀死）乳油３０００倍液于５月上旬至中间喷洒成虫效果很好。     

花椒跳甲生物学特性及防治初步研究

花椒跳甲Ｐｏｄａｇｒｉｃｏｍｅｌａｓｈｉｒａｈａｔａｉ（Ｃｈａｊｏ）在河南林州一年发生２代，以成虫在土壤内越冬，翌年４月上旬开始出土，５月下旬产卵，６月上旬第１代幼虫开始危害，危害期１３一２０天。９月中旬出现第２代幼虫，１０月上旬第２代成虫羽化，取食１０一１５天，于１０月中下旬开始入土越冬。化学防治在成虫产卵盛期进行，用溴氰菊酯、杀灭菊酯、水胺硫磷喷雾效果可达９０％以上。     

Population Characteristics of Dendrolims Superans in Daxing'an Mountains

CollectionofdataFiveI1tlndredf1eadsofD..`IIl,L;l-I;(Ilt`crecoIlectedilltIletbrest.oraroul1dtbrestarcadtIril1gtl1epeakofap-pearancetYol11I99lloI992.TI1el1tlInberoftb111aIca11dlllaIeaduItst`ererecorded.T``/ostal1dardpIotsucrecI10seninYol1gqingandHa[1jiayuan…     

Population characteristics ofDendrolims superans in Daxing’an Mountains

Dendrolims superans produced one generation every two years. Large larvae and small larvae exist at the same time. It broke out in Daxiang an Mountains in 1990, and seriously destroyed growth ofLarix gmelini Rupr. In order to controlD superans, the population properties ofD superans were studied from 1991 to 1992, including sexratio, age distribution, pattern etc.. The sex ratio ofD. superans population is ♀∶♂ − 1.06:L. The larvae age distribution indicates that larvae over 5 instar is less than younger larvae under 4 instar in Yongqing forest farm, but the younger larvae under 4 instar is more than larvae over 5 instar in Hanjiayuanzi Forest Farm. The population ofD. superans in Yongqing Farm has been declining. and mereasing in Hanjiayuanzi. Pupae and eggs are mainly distributed in middle and lower crowns layer of trees respeetively account for 66% and 59.5% of total individuals. The pupae in higher crown layer is lightly regular distribution and clumping distribution middle and lower crowns layer of trees. The eggs in higher crown is light clumping distribution and random in middle and low crown of tree. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

昆嵛山赤松纯林赤枯病特征及与林分因子的关系

【目的】解析和定量评价林分因子对赤松赤枯病发生(发病率和病情指数)的影响,为昆嵛山赤松纯林的营林措施和赤枯病的预防提供理论指导。【方法】在昆嵛山区域选取林龄相对一致(约34年)的赤松纯林为研究对象,调查林分密度、郁闭度、树高、枝下高、胸径和冠幅6个林分因子及赤枯病的发病率和病情指数,采用方差分析、相关性分析和多重比较分析各项林分因子与赤松赤枯病之间的关系,并通过冗余分析得影响赤枯病发生的关键因子。【结果】赤枯病在赤松林中普遍发生,发病样地占调查样地的96.3%。整体上,高密度林( 2 956 ~4 089株·hm -2 )的发病率和病情指数显著高于低密度林(688~1 822株·hm -2 )和中密度林(1 823~2 955株·hm -2 )的发病率和病情指数;疏林(郁闭度<30%)的发病率和病情指数显著低于中疏林(郁闭度30%~70%)和密林(郁闭度> 70%)的发病率和病情指数;在不同的树高、枝下高、冠幅和胸径分组中,发病率和病情指数均随着分组值的增大而减小。相关性分析表明:林分密度对赤枯病发病率和病情指数的影响均达到极显著正相关水平( r =0.761, P < 0.01;r =0.748, P < 0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数也均受到郁闭度的极显著影响( r =0.509, P < 0.01;r =0.442, P < 0.01);二者与树高均呈极显著正相关( r =-0.443, P < 0.01;r =-0.362, P < 0.01);赤枯病的发病率和病情指数均随枝下高的增大而极显著减小( r =-0.460, P < 0.01;r =-0.419, P < 0.01);二者与胸径均呈负相关关系,且相关性极显著( r =-0.425, P < 0.01;r =-0.373, P < 0.01);随着冠幅的增大,林木发病率和病情指数均极显著降低( r =-0.345, P < 0.01;r =-0.381, P < 0.01)。冗余分析证明林分密度和枝下高对赤枯病发生的贡献最大。【结论】松赤枯病在昆嵛山区域发生较普遍但不严重,其发病率和病情指数在不同林分因子分组中均有差异,且均受各林分因子极显著影响。RDA分析证明,林分密度和枝下高对松赤枯病影响最显著,建议对昆嵛山区域赤松纯林赤枯病的防治工作要以重要因子为主要调控对象,进行合理修剪和间伐。     

Patterns in aboveground carbon allocation and tree architecture that favor stem growth in young Scots pine from high latitudes

The production and allocation of aboveground biomass and the characteristics of tree architecture were examined in eight-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Considerable among-tree variation existed in tree architecture, total aboveground dry mass production, and dry mass partitioning among tree parts. A linear relationship existed between needle and branch mass. Stem mass was directly proportional to tree height, which in turn was directly proportional to the allocation ratio between stem mass and total needle + branch mass production. The architectural characteristics that were related to a high proportional allocation to stem and high stemwood production were a large mean shoot volume, large mean number of branches per whorl, long needle retention and a high crown length/crown width ratio. Individual trees were found that combined high stemwood production with both high harvest index and high stemwood specific gravity.     

Rapid living crown reduction caused by Gremmeniella abietina affects foliar nutrient concentrations of Scots pine

The foliar chemistry of diseased and healthy trees was studied one growing season after severe reduction in living crown caused by Gremmeniella abietina in four young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands. Sample trees were chosen pairwise on the basis of the living crown length: a diseased tree with about 50% live crown reduction and a healthy tree in each pair. Fifteen elements were determined in the youngest healthy needles on the lateral top shoots of each sample tree. Diseased trees had higher foliar boron, manganese and sodium concentrations and lower magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, potassium, nitrogen and sulphur concentrations compared to the healthy trees. Foliar calcium, aluminium, phosphorus, carbon and hydrogen concentrations did not differ between the diseased and healthy trees, except for P and A1 in two of the stands when the stands were analysed separately. Significant correlations between the needle element concentrations and crown ratio (length of the living crown/tree height) were found especially for B (increasing B with decreasing crown ratio) and for Mg, Fe and Zn (decreasing concentrations with decreasing crown ratio). The effect of G. abietina-induced living crown reduction on tree nutrient status and the role of these mineral nutrients in the susceptibility are discussed.     

萧氏松茎象幼虫食性、危害及防治技术

萧氏松茎象幼虫在南岳衡山主要危害华山松，在寄主树干基部皮层和裸露的根皮层蛀食，造成大量流脂，导致生长衰弱，引起松墨天牛暴发；同时取食新鲜松脂，越冬后的幼虫仅靠取食新鲜松脂就能正常发育。幼虫只危害健康松树，不危害衰弱木、枯立木，说明其蛀食危害与松树能否分泌松脂有关。在被害松林内，单株幼虫数在0～6头之间。幼虫在有虫株之问分布较均匀，1头／株的占82．5％，平均为1．38头／株，且单株虫口密度与树干基部直径呈明显正相关。混交林和非松树林分能阻止该虫扩散。5—10月间在幼虫危害期和蛹期，采用人工清除幼虫和蛹的方法可有效控制该虫危害，而采用化学药剂防治该幼虫，效果不明显。     

Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales

Needle longevity of conifer species is known to increase with latitude, but little is known about intraspecific variation and associated factors within a location. Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) forests were investigated to identify patterns of needle longevity at seven sites with distinctive climatic conditions along a latitudinal gradient (33-38 degrees N) in Shaanxi province, northwest China. A demographic approach was used to quantify needle longevity as an index of entire foliage population adjusted to needle-age-specific mortality rates. There were significant differences in needle longevity of Chinese pine stands across sites and across sample plots within a site. Individual tree needle longevity ranged from 0.62 to 3.75 years for 276 samples across sites. Needle longevity increased with latitude (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.0001), but decreased with mean January temperature (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001). Foliage retention of Chinese pine stands at the regional level was generally associated with climatic variability, indicating that variation in needle longevity was primarily an environmental acclimation to low temperature in winter. Stand characteristics were closely associated with needle longevity at three sites located within the same climatic zone. Needle longevity was positively correlated with tree age (R2 = 0.48, P < 0.0001) and stand density (R2 = 0.26, P = 0.0015) at Huanglong and Huangling, respectively, whereas it was negatively associated with total tree height at Zhidan (R2 = 0.50, P < 0.0001). It is concluded that, at the stand and individual tree level, intraspecific variation in needle longevity is most likely a result of adaptation to patchy microsite environments.     

乌柏金带蛾生物生态学研究

乌桕金带蛾(Eupterote sapivora Yang)属鳞翅目带蛾科,是乌桕(Sapium sebiferum Roxb.)树上重要的害虫,还为害22种重要的经济林和用材林。幼虫取食叶片、嫩枝及花萼。该虫在贵州常年成灾,受害面积达30多万亩,可使乌桕籽减产20％,出油率下降8％—15％。为开展防治技术研究,我们于1986—1988年在正安县、遵义县对其生物生态学作了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

Variation in branchlet delta13C in relation to branchlet nitrogen concentration and growth in 8-year-old hoop pine families (Araucaria cunninghamii) in subtropical Australia

Carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of branchlet tissue at nine canopy positions, and nitrogen concentration (N(mass)) at four canopy positions, were assessed in 8-year-old hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D. Don) trees from 23 half-sib families, grown in six blocks of a progeny test in southeastern Queensland, Australia. There was considerable variation among sampling positions, families and blocks in both delta13C and N(mass). The delta13C was positively related to N(mass) only for samples from the upper outer crown (P < 0.005). Phenotypic correlations existed between tree growth and canopy delta13C. Branchlet delta13C of the inner and lower outer crown was positively related (P < 0.037) to tree height, but delta13C in branchlets of the upper outer crown was not related to tree height, or was related negatively (P < 0.045). There were significant differences in delta13C between hoop pine families for six canopy positions (upper canopy positions as well as lower canopy positions on the northern side), with heritabilities greater than 0.40. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to water and light competition within the tree canopy of hoop pine.     

Oviposition and larval performance of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica

To determine whether Monochamus alternatus can use the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) as a host tree, experiments were conducted in a laboratory using three insect populations of different localities. Adult females chose Pinus densiflora bolts as oviposition substrate when supplied with cedar and pine bolts simultaneously, whereas some females from one locality oviposited on cedar bolts when supplied with them exclusively. Seventy-three percent of 40 eggs hatched in cedar bolts. When the first instar larvae were inoculated on cedar bolts, the development was stunted greatly and all died during the larval stage. Two of 20 larvae that were inoculated on cedar bolts at the third instar entered the diapause and one larva developed into an adult female, which produced viable eggs but was much smaller than those obtained from pine bolts. The results did not exclude the possibility that M. alternatus can use recently killed C. japonica trees as a host.