广东顺德5种类型人工林群落物种的多样性

对顺德区5种人工林群落物种多样性进行了定量研究.结果表明:窿缘桉、台湾相思与湿地松群落物种多样性指数为灌木层>草本层>乔木层,针阔混交与阔叶混交群落物种多样性指数为灌木层>乔木层≥草本层,均匀度指数(E a除外)为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;群落间乔木层差异显著,灌木层与草本层变化趋势相对较复杂,但针阔混交林群落与阔叶混交林群落之间,窿缘桉、台湾相思与湿地松群落间无显著差异;7种多样性指数中,乔木层与灌木层采用的研究指数幅度更宽广,可采用SP、SW与P指数测度物种多样性,草本层采用Jsp、P指数较好;提出了基于物种多样性的人工林群落管理措施.     

闽北杉阔混交林群落物种多样性的研究

应用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、种间相遇机率、生态优势度等多种指标,将杉阔混交林群落划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层、层间层,对不同层次群落的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同层次群落的物种多样性不同,总的趋势是灌木层>乔木层>层间层>草本层。乔木层物种丰富,但生态优势度高于灌木层,个体数量产生一定程度的集中,物种多样性低于灌木层;灌木层生态优势度最低,物种组成丰富,表现出最大的物种多样性;草本层植物物种组成简单,生态优势度最大,物种多样性最低;层间层植物物种数量低于草本层,但生态优势度也低于草本层,其物种多样性高于草本层。该群落中灌木层在保持群落多样性方面所起的作用最大。     

黔中地区黄心夜合野生资源现状及其群落物种多样性特征

通过对黔中地区的黄心夜合野生资源进行调查,摸清其资源量、分布情况和生境条件,并对其群落物种多样性特征进行分析,结果显示:(1)黔中地区共有14个黄心夜合野生资源分布地,面积达4万多m2,共有大树454株,幼、小树132株,仅8个点有天然更新情况,资源量少而散,更新能力低;(2)各分布区的生境条件各异,适生范围较广;(3)全区仅有2个黄心夜合群落(乌当区王岗村群落和息烽县天台山群落),其群落多样性变化趋势基本一致,表现为:Shannon-Wiener指数,草本层>灌木层和乔木层;Pielou指数,草本层>灌木层>乔木层;Simpson指数,乔木层≥草本层>灌木层,说明草本层的物种丰富度最高,分布更均匀,乔木和草本的优势种非常明显,灌木层优势种不明显。     

阿尔山地区兴安落叶松林下植物种群生态位

将由林龄(AG)、海拔(AL)以及物种数目(IS)组合而成的综合资源位指数(RGI)作为资源轴的划分标准,应用Levins(B_(sw)i)和Shannon-Wiener(B_(L)i)生态位宽度指数,生态位重叠指数(L_ih和L_hi)以及生态位相似性比例指数(C_ih)等将阿尔山地区不同起源的兴安落叶松林(天然林、人工林及火烧迹地恢复林)划分为6个资源位,在此基础上进行群落调查,对林下植物种群的生态位进行了定量分析。结果表明:兴安苔草和黑麦草的重要值最大,不同资源位重要值之和达到114.924 8%和70.911 1%。生态位宽度较大的有北方拉拉藤、粗根老鹳草、黑麦草及兴安苔草,这些物种适应能力强,分布范围大,倾向于泛化种。生态位狭小的植物种群则可能成为林区进行植物多样性保护的重点,需要引起特别关注。本研究证实生态位宽度较大种群与其他种群存在较大的生态位重叠和相似性,而这在某些重要值较低且生态位宽度较窄的种群也会出现(如铁杆蒿、黄花委陵菜及巴天酸模),生态位重叠和相似性并非仅仅取决于生态位宽度。生态位重叠既能反映两种群在共享资源时的竞争关系,也能反映两者在利用资源时相互促进的关系。生态位宽度较大的植物种可作为植被恢复阶段的先锋种,而与其生态位重叠较大的物种以及与先锋种生态位相似性比例较小的物种则可作为伴生种,以便于充分利用环境资源,逐步恢复受损地区的植被。     

大关县3种筇竹群落生物多样性研究

对大关县乔木-筇竹群落、灌木-筇竹群落和筇竹-草本群落3种群落,采用二元属性数据测度方法进行了生物多样性的调查。结果表明:3种筇竹群落类型中以乔木-筇竹群落物种总种数(178种)为最多。各层次物种丰富度的顺序依次为,乔木-筇竹群落的物种丰富度为乔木层>草本层>灌木层;灌木-筇竹群落和筇竹-草本群落的物种丰富度一致,其物种丰富度顺序依次都为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。乔木-筇竹群落的乔木层的Shannon-Wiener(H’)指数最高,灌木-筇竹群落的灌木层和草本层的H’指数最高,筇竹-草本群落各层的H’指数都较低。灌木-筇竹群落与筇竹-草本群落在环境梯度上不同点之间的共有种最少,相似性最低,群落间的差异大,群落间物种替代速率较高。     

闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林栲树群落植物多样性调查研究

通过对闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林中的栲树群落植物多样性进行系统调查,结果表明:闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林中的栲树群落植物物种繁多,多样性丰富。调查统计共有79种植物,其中乔木层20种,灌木层38种,草本层及层间植物21种。物种多样性指数(H)为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数(J)为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;优势度指数(C)为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。综合分析表明该区的栲树群落物种多样性指数高,栲树在闽北地区适生性较好。     

佳木斯市杏林湖公园植物群落数量特征分析

采用分层随机抽样方法对佳木斯市杏林湖公园的植物群落进行调查,并进行群落数量特征分析。结果表明:公园内共有维管植物46科105属124种,其中蕨类植物2科2属2种,裸子植物2科3属5种,被子植物42科100属117种。多样性分析表明物种丰富度指数(S)和多样性指数(H’)表现一致,均为:草本层>乔木层>灌木层;生态优势度指数(C)表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数(J)表现相反为乔木层>草本层>灌木层。建议今后在公园维护过程中加强抚育,加大灌木种类的引进力度,促进群落物种多样性的提高。     

东莞银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落的基本特征

应用样方调查法研究了广东省东莞市银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落物种组成及优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)浙江润楠群落以樟科、山矾科及茜草科等热带和亚热带植物类群为优势,浙江润楠是群落的优势种群;(2)群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物亦较丰富。从群落物种多样性上来分析,Simpson多样性指数以灌木层的最大,乔木层和草本层相当;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的大小顺序均为:灌木层﹥乔木层﹥草本层;Pielou均匀度指数的大小顺序则为:乔木层﹥灌木层﹥草本层;(3)种群中浙江润楠幼苗个体较少,中龄级立木较多,幼龄期个体呈聚集分布,成年期立木趋于随机分布。     

台州绿心区典型森林群落的物种多样性

以台州绿心区内6个典型的森林群落(Ⅰ.枫香+榆树+朴树、Ⅱ.朴树+枫杨+马尾松、Ⅲ.无患子+乌桕+柏木、Ⅳ.枫香+三角枫+柏木、Ⅴ.朴树+大叶女贞+马尾松、Ⅵ.香樟+无患子+三角枫群落)为研究对象,采用Shannon-Wiener(H)、Patrick丰富度(R1)、Margalef物种丰富度(R2)、Pielou均匀度(J)、生态优势度(D)等5个指标分析森林群落的物种多样性。结果表明:1群落内植物资源较为丰富,共计31科40属50种,其中乔木层植物19种,灌木层植物22种,草本层植物种类稀少,仅9种;2乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和多样性指数显著高于草本层,但不同群落的同层次间各指数差别不大,均未达到显著差异;36个群落的物种丰富度与群落多样性总体表现为:Ⅵ群落Ⅰ群落Ⅱ群落Ⅳ群落Ⅴ群落Ⅲ群落。     

无人为干扰下不同生境阔叶林的群落结构特征

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区核心区为无干扰环境,选取河岸带、内陆森林和林线3种生境阔叶林群落为研究对象。群落结构特征分析结果显示：1）不同生境类型的群落建群种不同,但群落各层主要优势种的重要值均呈差异不显著,物种组成上均以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、山矾科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、冬青科等为常见,且种属数较多。2）立木总株数（乔灌木）林线群落高于其他生境群落,但不同生境类型的群落间乔木与灌木平均株数均呈差异不显著。3）群落各层物种的种数及各物种多样性指数均有河岸带＆gt;内陆森林＆gt;林线,乔木层、草本层与层间植物物种种数以及物种多样性Patrick、Gleason、Margalef和Shannon-Weiner指数,河岸带均与其他生境类型群落差异呈显著性;而灌木层物种种数及多样性Simpson和Pielou指数差异不呈显著性。4）散点图和线性回归得出林线群落活立木平均高度和平均胸径均高于其他生境类型的群落。     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.