竹子在中国农用林业中的地位,生长与模式

竹农用林业在中国有着悠久的历史，尤其是近些年来，随着现代农林业研究的深入和集约经营水平的提高，竹农用林业得到进一步发展。在同一土地单元内，树木与农作物和动物联合在一起的农用林业系统给社会、经济和环境等各方面带来了显著的效益。文章简要叙述中国传统竹农用林业的模式、生长和结构特点，归纳出三个类型计八种竹农用林业模式，讨论了某些模式的营建技术，并对中国竹农用林业的发展提出了一些建议。     

竹阔混交林林地土壤肥力的研究

本文通过对合理的竹阔混交林与毛竹纯林2种林型下土壤肥力的分析研究，结果表明：合理的竹阔混交林具有较强的培肥改土性能，土壤理化性质明显优于毛竹纯林，从而促进了竹林生长。竹阀混交林是一种具有较高生产力的竹类农用林业经营模式。     

松滋高效林业经营模式分类及优良类型划分

对松滋17种高效林业经营模式采用系统聚类分析方法，建立组—类型两级分类系统，确立集约经营（经济林型）、速生丰产林、农用林业、庭园林业经济4种经营类型，并对综合效益指标值作相关分析，为林业生产经营细分类提供理论依据。     

中国亚热带东部地区的主要农用林业模式

在对我国亚热带东部地区的农用林业进行全面调查研究的基础上,按照国际农用林业研究委员会的农用林业分类系统,并参照有关文献,对该区现有的农用林业模式进行了分类和描述。结果表明,该区的农用林业模式种类丰富,模式的组成成分多种多样。其中有些模式规模较大,历史悠久。已经产生了巨大的社会、生态和经济效益。建议今后要加强对农用林业的研究,不断创立和优化适宜的农用林业模式。为实现农林牧副渔各业发展创造条件。     

广西林科院竹种园竹类种质资源现状及发展对策

广西林业科学研究院竹种园现仅存竹种7属73种,面积4.6 hm²。作为广西主要的竹类种质资源库,竹种园退化严重,现有资源缺乏典型性。为适应广西林业新的经济和社会发展形势,满足广西各地竹类科学研究的需要,对竹种园内的竹类资源进行了调查,分析了现存竹种的生长状况,对今后竹种园的发展提出了对策。     

农用林业、滩地改造与土地合理利用──江苏省农用林业实例研究

基本观点：（１）农用林业的形成和发展与经济体制有着极为重要的关系，我国正在进行的以确立市场经济体制为中心的经济改革是农用林业问题研究的基本背景；（２）农用林业的形成和发展有很强的区域性和历史性，一定历史阶段的社会、经济、技术条件影响着农用林业发展的规模．水平和趋势。基于上述观点，从江苏省自然地理和社会经济状况出发对江苏省农用林业形成、现状及发展选择进行了系统的分析和论证，以江苏省典型区域和典型模式──里下河地区农林多业复合经营模式为例进行了具体的经济分析和评价。结论：（１）江苏省农用林业的发展方向及强度很大程度上决定于其与水治理的关系；（２）江苏省人多地少，农林多业复合经营模式对滩泽地开发利用具有重要意义，但在目前经济环境下，很难为当地农民自觉接受和推广；（３）江苏省属发展中国家的较发达地区，农用林业的主要发展取向应是改善农业生产条件及乡村社会环境。     

当代国际竹类研究动态与对策

当代国际竹类研究动态与对策傅懋毅（中国林业科学院亚热带林业研究所３１１４００）全球７０余属１２００多种竹类植物覆盖了１４００多万ｈｍ２的丘陵山地、河谷四旁。其资源经营和产品加工已形成一个产值达５０亿美元的竹产业，由此而产生的整个生产———消费系统与几...     

书讯

中国竹类植物图志出版 由我国一批著名竹类专家任主编和编委的中国竹类植物图志一书,最近已由林业出版社以中文和英文两种版本出版。该书共搜集中国竹类植物39个属500余种。每个竹种均有形态特征、分布及用途的翔实描述,其中209个种、50个变种和变型附有彩色照片。彩色照片以在竹种鉴别中有着特殊重要价值     

基于人工智能的竹类主要害虫识别系统开发与应用

在当前四川省竹产业大发展背景下，将以人工智能为代表的计算机高新技术引入竹子的生产经营环节，对竹产业基地实行精细化管理和提高竹产业绩效具有重要的现实意义。文章介绍了基于深度神经网络搭建的人工智能识别模型，并在此基础上设计并开发了针对竹类主要害虫的识别系统，实现了通过APP软件对竹类主要害虫进行便捷、准确识别，极大地提升了森防工作效率，为竹产业基地的健康发展提供了有效科技支撑，同时也为林业生产经营由传统模式转向智慧化进行了技术储备。     

广东竹业现状和发展对策

广东省位于我国大陆南端,背倚五岭,面临南海,地处南亚热带和中亚热带南部,水热资源丰富,气候条件十分有利于竹林的生长。全省竹类资源丰富,共有20属150多种竹子,是我国乃至世界竹类种数较为丰富的地区之一。从南到北,从东到西,从平原丘陵到河岸山颠,竹类植物既有呈块状分布,也有伴生于各种各样的植被之中。近年来,广东紧紧围绕“增资源、增效益、优化环境,基本实现林业现代化”的目标,深化林业分类经营改革,调整优化林业产业结构,加快竹业发展,全省竹业发展迅速,成为山区经济发展的一个新的增长点。竹业发展现状(一)竹资源现状到2002年底,广…     

韩国山林农业概况与类型

"山林复合经营项目"是韩国在1999年为了增加林业从业者的收入而正式实施的,主要包括短期收入、木材生产和复合山地管理3种类型。截至2005年,该项目在韩国国内的168个市(区)都得到了推广。文中主要介绍韩国山林农业系统,分析该系统存在的问题并探讨与之相应的解决方案,提出应在开发更可行的复合农林经营模式的基础上加大对林业从业者的培训和奖励力度并改善对复合农林业的支持制度。     

Developing farmer and community capacity in Agroforestry: is the Australian Master TreeGrower program transferable to other countries?

The Australian Master TreeGrower (MTG) program was launched in 1996 as an agroforestry extension initiative of The University of Melbourne. The program included a short course for landholders that provided knowledge and practical skills but also had a strong focus on developing the information and peer networks that would provide them, and their community, with on-going support as they implement their agroforestry activities. Since 2010 the MTG has been delivered by The Australian Agroforestry Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation, and integrated with the Peer Group Mentoring (PGM) concept developed by a regional farmer group in Australia. The PGM trains, then pays, past Master TreeGrowers to support other landholders as they design and develop their own agroforestry projects. More than 100 MTG courses have been run across Australia involving over 2000 landholders and more than fifty partner organisations. Independent evaluation shows that participants enthusiastically support the program, increase the area of tree cover on their land, adopt more intensive or purposeful management practices, are more inclined to want to grow trees for a mix of both public and private good outcomes, and, actively encourage others in their community to do the same. This paper reviews the development and delivery of the MTG and PGM in Australia and explores whether the models are transferable to developing countries. To date four MTG courses have been conducted in Africa (Uganda (2) and Niger (2)), seven in Indonesia and one in Timor-Leste. Whilst the structure of the international MTG courses was different to that commonly adopted in Australia the content was similar in that they included: information to support the development and implementation of agroforestry designs that reflect their particular interests and aspirations; a review of market opportunities for agroforestry products and services, training in tree and forest measurement, education in tree growth and silviculture; and, encouragement, guidance and support to encourage landholders to share their experience with others in their community. The response suggests that the MTG, originally developed for Australian farmers, may represent a very different model of agroforestry extension to what is commonly offered to farmers in developing countries, and that it may be worth developing in regions where farmers believe they have relatively secure land tenure and are able to make long-term land management decisions regarding tree establishment and management.     

An approach to developing methodologies for evaluating agroforestry systems in India

India has a long tradition of agroforestry and many different types of indigenous agroforestry systems can be found in different parts of the country. Most of these systems are, however, very location-specific, and information on them is mostly anecdotal. Therefore, their benefits have remained vastly underexploited. The situation is now slowly but steadily changing. It has now been well recognized that agroforestry can address some of the major land-use problems of rainfed farming systems, and that a great deal can be accomplished by improving the indigenous systems. However, agroforestry research is still in its infancy; most of the on-going efforts are of the “WHAT” type dealing with component and system management, with too little attention being paid to the “WHY” (reasons for the observed behavior) and the “HOW” (processes involved) of the results. Therefore, most of the research results obtained from such efforts are also largely location-specific. In order to improve the efficiency of indigenous agroforestry systems, as well as to assess the performance of improved technologies, we need to have a systematic procedure to evaluate such systems. Since productivity, sustainability and social acceptability are the key attributes of all agroforestry systems, evaluation procedures should encompass all these criteria. But the precise criteria for such evaluations have still not been fully developed. A broad evaluation of the indigenous agroforestry systems and current research efforts in India shows that the thrusts of agroforestry efforts are different in different agro-ecological regions depending on the region's characteristic land-use constraints. Therefore it should be possible to develop an evaluation matrix of agro-ecological regions versus agroforestry potentials and attributes. Such a matrix could be a framework for evaluating agroforestry systems, as well as a guide for the type of research and nature of data that will need to be generated from agroforestry projects. The matrix with necessary adjustments can be made use of for agroforestry systems evaluation within relatively smaller areas such as sub-regions to larger areas such as states, or zones consisting of several states. The results of such evaluations can be thses for appropriate extension recommendations for that specific area or region.     

A case for consumer-driven extension programming: agroforestry adoption potential in Pennsylvania

In an effort to assess agroforestry adoption potential among a diverse Pennsylvania landowner population, a mail survey instrument was sent to 250 members of the Pennsylvania Association of Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) and 250 members of Woodland Owner Associations (WOA). Current management objectives and production strategies, agroforestry awareness, agroforestry interest, and perceptions regarding the benefits and obstacles to agroforestry adoption were gauged. Market segmentation was performed with a two-step cluster analysis to produce four agroforestry adoption potential models: Timber-Related Practices, Livestock-Related Practices, Specialty Crop-Related Practices, and Non-Adopters. The analyses showed that agroforestry practices could indeed satisfy specific land management objectives within diverse populations. The key to outreach success and adoption will be to engage these landowner groups according to their unique interests and values, and to demonstrate the potential agroforestry has to enhance existing objectives.     

The Bioeconomic Potential for Agroforestry in Australia’s Northern Grazing Systems

Although agriculture generates 16% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions, it also has the potential to sequester large quantities of emissions through land use management options such as agroforestry. Whilst there is an extensive amount of agroforestry literature, little has been written on the economic consequences of adopting silvopastoral systems in northern Australia. This paper reports the financial viability of adopting complementary agroforestry systems in the low rainfall region of northern Australia. The analysis incorporates the dynamic tradeoffs between tree and pasture growth, likely forest product yields, carbon sequestration and livestock methane emissions in a bioeconomic model. The results suggest there are financial benefits for landholders who integrate complementary agroforestry activities into existing grazing operations at even modest carbon prices.     

Simulating integration of agroforestry into livestock farmers‘ projects in France

Drawing on almost one hundred contemporary farmers‘ experiences, within a French agroforestry experimental network, socio-economic and ecological approaches are combined to assess a set of agroforestry techniques. Among this network, twelve livestock farms were selected in contrasting bioclimatic regions and classified according to land use, stock number and family situation. Farmers were interviewed to define the primary objectives assigned to agroforestry and to build up several scenarios of agroforestry development on their farm. A dynamic resource model was used to predict the effects of agroforestry development on crop and timber production as well as on labour organisation and amenities. An example of simulation, comparing three agroforestry management projects, based on new plantations at wide spacing, farm forestry and silvopastoral thinnings, is developed for a farm in the Cévennes (southern France). The outputs of the model, related to labour requirements, stock number dynamics and landscape diversity are discussed in relation to farmer‘s perception of the role of trees in the farm operation, and the indirect economic benefits sought. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林农复合经营经济效益评价研究现状与展望

文中梳理和概述了当前国内外林农复合经营经济效益评价的研究内容、评价指标和评价方法,认为现阶段对林农复合经营经济效益评价的研究存在以下问题:定量分析的理论研究较少,评价内容不够全面;评价结果不够精确,且缺乏广泛适用性;缺乏区域的最优化模式研究;缺乏对林农复合经营长期系统的跟踪研究等。在此基础上对林农复合经营的经济效益评价进行了展望:林农复合经营的经济效益评价应建立在可持续发展的基础之上,充分考虑经济、社会和生态因素,实现系统全面的评估;大力开发计算机模型等;加强多学科之间深层次、实质性的合作与交流。     

黑龙江省西部农林复合经营类型、模式及其效益分析

针对我省西部农林复合经营情况 ,通过开展定点试验研究和面上调查 ,总结出该区农林复合经营的类型和主要模式。通过具体实例对农林复合经营的综合效益进行分析 ,并提出该区具有地域特色和潜在发展前途的几种模式     

Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management

Agroforestry trees are attacked by a wide spectrum of insects at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Pest management in agroforestry has not received much attention so far, but recent emphasis on producing high value tree products in agroforestry and using improved germplasm in traditional systems, and emergence of serious pest problems in some promising agroforestry systems have increased awareness on risks posed by pests. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage. Although greater plant diversity in agroforestry is expected to increase beneficial arthropods, diversity by itself may not reduce pests. Introduction of tree germplasm from a narrow genetic base and intensive use of trees may lead to pest outbreaks. In simultaneous agroforestry systems, a number of factors governing tree—crop—environment interactions, such as diversity of plant species, host range of the pests, microclimate, spatial arrangement and tree management modify pest infestations by affecting populations of both herbivores and natural enemies. Trees also affect pest infestations by acting as barriers to movement of insects, masking the odours emitted by other components of the system and sheltering herbivores and natural enemies. In sequential agroforestry systems, it is mostly the soil-borne and diapausing insects that cause and perpetuate damage to the common hosts in tree—crop rotations over seasons or years. An integrated approach combining host-plant resistance to pests, exploiting alternative tree species, measures that prevent pest build up but favour natural enemies and biological control is suggested for managing pests in agroforestry. Species substitution to avoid pests is feasible only if trees are grown for ecological services such as soil conservation and low value products such as fuelwood, but not for trees yielding specific and high value products. For exploiting biological control as a potent, low cost and environmentally safe tool for pest management in agroforestry, research should focus on understanding the influence of ecological and management factors on the dynamics of insect pest-natural enemy populations. Scientists and policy makers in national and international institutions, and donors are urged to pay more attention to pest problems in agroforestry to harness the potential benefits of agroforestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 4. The economic return of ecological knowledge

We tested the economic value of ecological knowledge in a midwestern USA alley-cropping system where row crops are planted in alleys between fine hardwood trees grown for veneer. Economic models were constructed to compare among agroforestry designs as well as to compare agroforestry with traditional forest plantation culture and row crop monoculture and rotational management. The general modeling approach was to quantify production inputs and outputs, estimate costs and revenues, simulate tree growth and crop productivity in agroforestry configurations, and estimate discounted cash flows. We incorporated scenarios that controlled both above- and below-ground competition through appropriate management as found in our previous research. This research showed the importance of below-ground competition in determining crop yields and the period of time that crop income could be expected from the agroforestry interplanting. Net present values and internal rates of return showed that agroforestry systems were generally more favorable investments than traditional agriculture and forestry. More importantly, the use of simple management techniques targeted at reducing below-ground competition allowed longer cultivation of row crops, greatly increasing returns to the landowner. Thus, the economic benefit of understanding the ecological interactions within agroforestry plantings dictates that accurate assessment of agroforestry alternatives will require the modeling of agroforestry as an integrated, interactive system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.