火炬松半同胞家系主要经济性状的遗传变异及选择

对1988年营造的火炬松36个半同胞家系测定林的研究结果表明：树高、胸径、材积、木材密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度和宽度等生长和木材性状在家系间有显著的差异，具有较高的遗传力。生长性状和木材性状在一定程度上受遗传因素所控制，树高、胸径、材积间呈正遗传相关关系，木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度、管胞宽度和材积生长相关关系不显著。据此，利用约束和无约束选择指数，根据纸浆材的要求，进行生长和材性联合选择，评选出82-51、82-89、82-22、82-32、82-5、84-6、82-64、85-32、83-19等9个家系为纸浆材优良家系。     

长白落叶松自由授粉家系生长和材性遗传变异及性状相关的研究

本文描述了红皮云杉的最佳播种量的研究。结果表明，其最佳播种为１５ｋｇ／ｍｕ．这不但可以节约种子，而且还可以提高苗木质量。     

马尾松无性系种子园半同胞子代变异分析和家系选择

以福建省漳平五一林场马尾松无性系种子园自由授粉子代半同胞家系为研究对象,分析其树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、通直度、高径比、冠径比、木材基本密度、管胞长度和宽度、管胞长宽比等性状,发现家系间除管胞长宽比性状差异显著,其余性状均达差异极显著,暗示着马尾松种子园半同胞家系间存在较为丰富的变异,具选育潜力。8年生林分内各性状的家系遗传力以树高性状为最高(0·691),其次是木材基本密度(0·640)。各性状间的相关性分析结果表明,生长量性状的改良可间接改善通直度,且生长量性状与木材基本密度存在显著正相关关系,木材基本密度与管胞长度和宽度不相关。采用10%入选率,发现5年生林分和8年生林分入选家系一致,材积遗传增益分别达19·74%和19·23%,且5年生林分和8年生林分生长量性状的遗传相关极显著,认为马尾松制浆造纸材短轮伐期的初选年龄可确定为5年生;根据性状遗传力的相对大小和典型相关分析的结果,认为马尾松家系选择可适当注重树高生长量指标。以树高和材积为选择指标,按照10%入选率,兼顾材性和种子园内无性系的开花结实情况,筛选出制浆造纸材短轮伐期优良家系12个。     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

火炬松半同胞家系遗传测定与早期性状评定

对15年生火炬松半同胞家系的生长和材性性状测定表明:火炬松家系树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度等具有显著的差异;在家系水平上,木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度和材积生长相关不明显．遗传力测定表明:家系生长性状与材性性状平均遗传力均较高,达到中等程度以上．对树高生长、胸径生长、木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度与宽度等性状进行年度相关、早晚期选择研究表明:火炬松家系的生长相关主要由遗传决定;树高从第5年开始,胸径从第4年开始与以后各年的相关系效均在0．7以上,表明以此为最低年龄进行早期选择有较大的可靠性;木材基本密度10年生与其后各年龄级的相关系数值趋于稳定,术材密度最低选择年龄为10年;木材纤维素含量11年生与其后各年龄级的相关系效值趋于稳定,木材纤维素含量的最低选择年龄为11年．     

Variation analysis and fine family selection on half-sib progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana

Variation of traits that include height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume, crown width, straightness, wood basic density, tracheid length and width of open-pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was analyzed. Differences in traits such as growth, tree form and wood quality among families was significant, which indicated that the improvement potential was notable. Heritability of height and wood basic density reached 0.691 and 0.640, respectively. According to a correlation analysis between traits, stem straightness could be improved indirectly when growth traits are improved; growth traits were significantly correlated with wood basic density; and wood basic density was not significantly correlated with length and width of the tracheid. Under the selection ratio of 10%, genetic gains were 19.74% and 19.32% respectively, and selected families from the progeny test stands at the age of five years and eight years were the same. Genetic correlation of height, DBH and stem volume was also significant at the level of 0.01. These show that selection of the short rotation of P. massoniana for pulp and paper use would be efficient for five-year-old trees. According to the comparison of the heritability of all the traits and taking into account the result of canonical correlation analysis, height could be considered as the most important index for selection. Given wood quality of all the families, and flowering and fruit settings of the clones in a seed orchard, twelve fine families were selected at 10% selection ratio of height growth and stem volume. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 43–49 [译自: 林业科学]     

湿地松家系生长和材性遗传变异分析*

对广西南宁地区林科所引自津巴布韦１０年生的１０个湿地松家系的材性和生长因子进行了遗传变异分析。结果如下：（１）湿地松材性和生长因子都具有中等以上的家系遗传力，各因子家系间差异显著，特别是管胞长度、树高和材积指数家系间差异极显著，具有较大的遗传改良潜力。（２）基本密度与晚材率间具有中等程度的正向表型和遗传相关关系，与管胞长度为弱的负向表型相关和遗传相关；晚材率与管胞长度为弱的负向表型和遗传相关。生长性状间存在着极显著的正向表型和遗传型相关关系。基本密度和晚材率与生长因子间为弱的正向遗传相关；管胞长度与生长因子间具有弱的负向表型相关和极显著的负向遗传相关关系。（３）树高对湿地松材性具有较高的间接选择效应。     

Genetic parameters of growth and wood quality traits in Picea abies

Genetic parameters were estimated for wood and growth traits in two 19-yr-old clonal trials and a 40-yr-old full-sib progeny trial of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. In the clonal trials high (>0.4) broad-sense heritabilities were found for wood density traits, lignin content, number of internal cracks, growth traits, spiral grain and number of resin canals. Moderate (0.2–0.4) heritabilities were found for tracheid lumen diameter and cell wall thickness, microfibril angle and tracheid length, while low heritabilities (<0.2) were found for pulp yield, fibre strength, wood stiffness and wood colour. Lignin content and pulp yield showed low genetic variation, whereas the genotypic coefficient of variation for most other traits ranged between 5 and 15%. Most traits showed low levels of genotype by environment interaction. Among the wood properties, latewood proportion, earlywood density and ring density showed significant, adverse correlations with volume in both clonal trials.     

Efficiency of early selection for rotation-aged wood quality traits in radiata pine

A total of 360 bark-to-bark-through-pith wood strips were sampled at breast height from 180 trees in 30 open-pollinated families from two rotation-aged genetic trials to study inheritance, age-age genetic correlation, and early selection efficiency for wood quality traits in radiata pine. Wood strips were evaluated by SilviScan® and annual pattern and genetic parameters for growth, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness (modulus of elasticity: MOE) for early to rotation ages were estimated. Annual ring growth was the largest between ages 2–5 years from pith, and decreased linearly to ages 9–10. Annual growth was similar and consistent at later ages. Wood density was the lowest near the pith, increased steadily to age 11–15 years, then was relatively stable after these ages. MFA was highest (35°) near the pith and reduced to about 10° at age 10–15 years. MFA was almost unchanged at later ages. MOE increased from about 2.5 GPa near the pith to about 20 GPa at ages 11–15 years. MOE was relatively unchanged at later ages. Wood density and MOE were inversely related to MFA. Heritability increased from zero near the pith and stabilised at ages 4 or 5 for all four growth and wood quality traits (DBH, density, MFA and MOE). Across age classes, heritability was the highest for area-weighted density and MFA, lowest for DBH, and intermediate for MOE. Age-age genetic correlations were high for the four traits studied. The genetic correlation reached 0.8 after age 7 for most traits. Early selection for density, MFA and MOE were very effective. Selection at age 7–8 has similar effectiveness as selection conducted at rotation age for MFA and MOE and at least 80% effective for wood density.     

Genetic variation and relationships to growth traits for microfibril angle,wood density and modulus of elasticity in a Picea abies clonal trial in southern Sweden

Abstract

Genetic variation in wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), wood stiffness (MOE), height, diameter and volume was investigated in a 26-year-old Norway spruce [(Picea abies (L.) Karst.] clonal trial in southern Sweden. Wood quality measurements were performed on 10 mm increment cores using SilviScan. For MFA, mean values of annual rings showed the highest value (30°) at ring 2 counting from the pith, followed by a steep decrease and a gradual stabilization around ring 12 at approximately 14°. MOE showed a monotonic increase from 5 GPa to 14 GPa when moving from pith to bark. High broad-sense heritability values were found for wood density (0.48), MFA (0.41) and MOE (0.50). All growth traits displayed heritability values of similar magnitudes as reported in earlier studies. The generally high age–age correlations between different sections of the wood cores suggested that early selection for wood quality traits would be successful. Owing to unfavorable genetic correlations between volume and MOE, the correlated response indicated that selection for volume only at age 10 would result in a 0.27% decrease in weighted MOE at age 26 for every 1% increase in volume.     

Genetic variation of wood tracheid traits and their relationships with growth and wood density in clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis>

To improve wood quality for pulpwood industries, it is important to examine not only wood density but also its components, especially tracheid characteristics. We studied genetic variations in the following tracheid traits by earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW): tracheid length (TL), double wall thickness (WT), radial lumen diameter (R_D1), tangential lumen diameter (T_D1), radial central diameter (R_D2), and tangential central diameter (T_D2). We also studied the relationship with the following growth traits: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), crown breadth south-north axis (NSC), crown breadth east–west axis (EWC), ring width (RW), latewood percentage (LWP), and wood density (WD). All sample materials were collected from a 33-year old clonal seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Genetic variation among clones was moderate for all tracheid traits, 9.49–26.03%. Clones significantly affected WT, R_D1, R_D2, T_D1, T_D2, and the two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 in EW but had no effects in LW. Clones significantly affected TL in LW but had no effects in EW. \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in LW (0.50) than in EW (0.20) for TL, while \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in EW (0.27–0.46) for other tracheid traits and the two ratios (TL/T_D2 and WT/R_D1) than in EW (0.06–0.22). WD and TL were significantly positively correlated, but WT and TL were negatively correlated both at individual and clone levels; all tracheid diameters and the four ratio values (EW_WT/R_D1, LW_WT/R_D1, EW_TL/T_D2 and LW_TL/T_D2), were strongly positively correlated with DBH, H, NSC, WEC and RW, and strongly negatively correlated with WD both at individual and clone levels. The most important variables for predicting WD were LW_TL, EW_WT and R_D1 in both EW and LW (r² = 0.22). Selecting the top 10% of the clones by DBH would improve DBH growth by 12.19% (wood density was reduced by 0.14%) and produced similar responses between EW and LW for all tracheid traits: a reduction of 0.94 and 3.69% in tracheid length and increases in tracheid diameters (from 0.36 to 5.24%) and double wall thickness (0.07 and 0.87%). The two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 across tissues (EW and LW) declined 0.59 and 4.56%, respectively. The decreased tracheid length and the ratio between tracheid length and diameter is disadvantageous for pulp production. The unfavorable relationship of tracheid traits with wood density indicate that multiple trait selection using optimal economic weights and optimal breeding strategies are recommended for the current long-term breeding program for P. tabuliformis.     

广西融水特色红心杉木优树材质性状变异规律研究

[目的]通过测定和分析广西融水种源红心杉木优树材质性状指标,以了解该地区红心杉木材性状变异规律。[方法]以广西融水种源60株20年生的红心杉木优树为研究材料,测定单株材积、红心率、基本密度、组织比量、管胞性状、微纤丝角等10个材质性状指标,分析各材性性状指标分布和变异规律及性状间的相关关系。[结果]表明:红心率、基本密度、木射线比量、管胞比量、管胞长、管胞宽、管胞长宽比等性状数据分布服从正态分布。融水两个地区红心杉优树轴向薄壁细胞比量的变异系数分别为35.08%和44.97%,变异较大。管胞比量变异系数分别为3.28%和3.56%,变异较小。红心率、木射线比量、管胞长、管胞宽、微纤丝角等性状差异极显著(P0.01),轴向薄壁细胞比量差异显著(P0.05)。10个材质性状间存在12对表型显著相关。[结论]测定的10个性状均是连续性数量性状。早、晚材的管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比等性状数据呈从心材至边材逐渐增加的规律。作为重要经济性状的红心率与木射线比量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),单株材积与轴向薄壁细胞比量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而单株材积与基本密度的相关性不显著,这使红心杉木生长量与材性相结合的遗传改良成为可能。     

不同红松种源材质性状和生长性状的遗传变异

在东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场,选择了26个17年生红松种源实验林作为研究对象,进行了木材材质性状和生长性状的调查。材质性状包括解剖学性状和物理学性状。解剖学性状测试指标包括,管胞长度、管胞直径和管胞壁腔比。物理学性状指标测定了:生长轮宽度、晚材率和生长轮密度。生长性状方面调查了树高和胸径。统计分析结果表明:各项材质性状和生长性状指标在种源间均存在着显著差异,同时证明各项材质性状均受一定的遗传效应控制;红松的生长性状指标在不同种源间也存在着较大的变异,红松的树高和胸径也受遗传效应的控制;但是,多数材质指标表现为一定的以经向为主的地理变异规律,而红松的生长性状指标如树高和胸径均呈现出一定的纬向变异规律,无经向变异规律。图2表5参6。     

火炬松纸浆材优良家系多性状选择

对６年生火炬松自由授粉子代测定林进行了生长、材性和干形等性状的遗传参数估算和相关关系分析。树高、木材基本密度在家系间存在极显著差异，且具有较高的遗传力，胸径、材积、干材干重和管胞长度具中度遗传力，树干通直度和分枝性状未发现显著的家系间差异。干材干重与生长性状呈高度正相关，与木材基本密度呈微弱的负相关，而与管胞长度呈负相关。以浆材为选择目的进行家系指数选择，认为包含产量（干材干重）和质量（木材基本密     

Genetics of wood quality attributes in Western Larch

Context

Wood quality traits are important to balance the negative decline of wood quality associated with selection for growth attributes in gymnosperm breeding programs. Obtaining wood quality estimates quickly is crucial for successful incorporation in breeding programs.

Aims

The aims of this paper are to: (1) Estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth and wood quality attributes, (2) Estimate heritability of the studied traits, and (3) Assess the accuracy of in situ non-destructive tools as a representative of actual wood density.

Methods

Wood density (X-ray densitometry), tree height, diameter, volume, resistance drilling, acoustic velocity, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were estimated, along with their genetic parameters, for 1,200, 20-year-old trees from 25 open-pollinated families.

Results

Individual tree level heritabilities for non-destructive evaluation attributes were moderate ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.37-0.42 $ ), wood density and growth traits were lower ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.23-0.35 $ ). Favorable genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits, wood density, and non-destructive evaluation traits were observed. A perfect genetic correlation was found between resistance drilling and wood density (r _G ?=?1.00?±?0.07), while acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity showed weaker genetic correlations with wood density (r _G ?=?0.25?±?0.24;?0.46?±?0.21, respectively).

Conclusion

This study confirmed that resistance drilling is a reliable predictor of wood density in western larch, while the weak genetic correlations displayed by acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity suggest limited dependability for their use as fast in situ wood density assessment methods in this species.     

Picea species from humid continental and temperate marine climates perform better in monsoonal areas of middle latitudes of China

Picea spp.are a prominent component of the boreal,montane,and sub-alpine forests in the Northern Hemisphere,and have substantial economic importance due to their high quality fibre.However,performance and wood properties of the genus have not been systematically evaluated in China.This study aimed to examine genetic variations in growth traits,phenology,and wood properties of 17 Picea species,(three from North America,two from Europe,and 12 from China),in response to specific climate factors using a randomized complete block design in a monsoonal,middle latitude area of China.Results show that all growth traits and wood properties significantly varied among species(P 0.00).Of the 17 species examined,P.abies and P.pungens were the tallest with heights of 2.5 and 1.9 m at 9 years old,respectively,90% and 50% greater than the average heights.Branch length,number,and angles of both P.abies and P.pungens were greater than those of the other species.Heights of P.glauca and P.omorika were20-33% greater than the average.Fast-growing species had high quantities of first lateral branches and large top whorl branch lengths.The taller species exhibited greater tracheid lengths and average tracheid lengths to radial central diameter ratios(TL/R_D2),but smaller cell wall thicknesses to tracheid radial lumen diameter ratios(WT/R_D1),which is favorable for pulp production.Correlation analysis revealed that height and ring width had significant positive correlations with latitude but strongly negative correlations with longitude.Height was positively correlated with average annual rainfalls,but negative correlations with average yearly sunshine.Due to the increased average annual sunshine at the China test site relative to the seed source,species such as P.abies,P.pungens,P.glauca,and P.omorika from wet,humid areas performed better than native species.Considering similar temperatures,precipitation may be the main factor affecting growth,which is beneficial for predicting the extent of spruce expansion.These results should encourage further testing and provide reference information for future exotic species studies in this part of China.     

马尾松幼龄材密度、管胞长度的地理遗传变异及性状相关

马尾松是我国重要的制浆造纸原料,分布广泛,生长迅速,数量众多,具有极大的开发利用潜力。由于我国造纸原料中木浆所占比重低(22％),纸浆和纸张质量较低劣,难以满足今日社会发展之需求,因此对马尾松制浆材的开发利用和材性改良的研究近来日益为人们所重视。     

A Study of Variability,Associations, and Path Analysis in Poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)

Forty-two genotypes were evaluated for juvenile wood yield and its components at three locations in Bihar, India. A significant difference was observed among the genotypes for all the characters under study. The highest value of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was observed in juvenile wood volume followed by diameter at breast height (DBH). Characters like plant height, clear bole height, crown diameter number of branches, angle of branch, diameter of branch, and length of branch showed moderate values for genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Very high heritability was estimated for clear bole height, crown diameter, angle of branch, and length of branch. Diameter and plant height showed moderate to high heritability. Relatively genetic advance expressed in percentage of mean or genetic gain was observed the highest in volume (30.86%), DBH (18.96), clear bole height (17.19%), angle of branch (17.39), length of branch (19.53), and in plant height (11.87%). Juvenile wood volume per plant showed significant and positive correlation with height (0.619), diameter (DBH, 0.770), clear hole height (0.305), number of branch (0.372); and positive association with crown diameter (0.145), angle of branch (0.055), diameter of branch (0.251), length of branch (0.200), and survival (0.166); and significant negative correlation with taper (?0.499) at the phenotypic level. In phenotypic path analysis diameter (DBH, 0.702), plant height (0.169), crown diameter (0.121), taper (0.027), and survival (0.050) showed positive direct effect on juvenile wood volume. The direct impact of the same through clear bole height (?0.366), number of branch (?0.130), angle of branch (?0.228), and length of branch (?1.567) was negative. Hence it is suggested that due importance should be given to diameter (DBH), plant height, crown diameter, diameter of branch, taper, and survival for selection of superior plant with high juvenile wood yield potential in poplar.     

Variation analyses of growth and wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix olgensis</Emphasis> clones in China

The growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree) and wood properties [wood density (WD), fiber length, fiber width, ash content (AC), lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content (HEC), and holocellulose content] of 208 26-year-old Larix olgensis clones were analyzed. Except for WD and AC, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) for all traits among clones. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and repeatability of all traits were 9.34–35.33% and 0.218–0.930, respectively. Tree height and diameter at breast height showed significant positive correlation; however, the correlation coefficients among growth characteristics and wood properties were mostly not significant. Ten clones (L70, L56, L82, L90, L59, L91, L61, L92, L86, and L64) were selected as excellent clones under a selection rate of 5%, using tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree as evaluation indexes, providing genetic gains of 28.69, 17.96, and 0.67%, respectively. Ten clones (L88, L305, L59, L66, L253, L304, L277, L298, L248, and L293) were selected as excellent clones using wood properties as an evaluation index, with a selection rate of 5%, providing genetic gains in WD, fiber length, fiber width, cellulose content, and HEC of 4.14, 3.64, 9.28, 6.77, and 9.61%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting excellent L. olgensis clones.