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1.
We initiated a study on a bottomland site in the southern United States to examine the effects of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunberg) control and seedlings of two root classes on survival and growth of underplanted cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings. Three honeysuckle control treatments were assigned to nine 0.5-ha plots in a stand harvested to 30% residual stocking. Treatments included a spring 1997 herbicide application (Escort®, metsulfuron-methyl), a similar application in the late summer of 1997, and a control (no herbicide application). In 1998, half of each treatment plot was planted with seedlings having four or more first-order lateral roots > 1 mm in diameter, while the other half of each plot received seedlings with fewer than four lateral roots. Four years after treatment, the early season application reduced honeysuckle biomass 60% relative to the other treatments, but we did not observe a survival or growth response by underplanted seedlings. Three years after establishment, seedlings that initially had four or more lateral roots were 16% taller and 18% larger in root-collar diameter than seedlings in the other class, but these differences were primarily due to initial size differences maintained through the study period. Over all treatments, oak seedlings averaged 87% survival while showing a 300% increase in height and a 170% increase in root-collar diameter 3 years after planting. Our results suggest that partial stand harvesting followed by underplanting may be a viable approach for establishing cherrybark oak reproduction on bottomland sites of the southern United States. 相似文献
2.
Root volume as a grading criterion to improve field performance of Douglas-fir seedlings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three seed sources of 2+0 Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings were graded into three root-volume categories (<9, 9–13, and >13 cm3) and outplanted to determine (i) differences in survival and growth after one and two growing seasons in the field, (ii) relationship(s) of seedling height after one and two seasons to preplanting nursery root volume, total fresh weight, root-collar diameter, and height, and (iii) differences in field performance due to fertilization at planting. Field survival was >90% among all root-volume categories. Seedlings in the largest category grew significantly better than those in the smaller two categories over two seasons. Apparently, a population of seedlings having a large proportion of high root volumes will outperform a population having a large proportion of low root volumes in the field. Fertilization at the time of planting had no effect on survival or growth because of shallow placement of the fertilizer pellet. The results suggest that targeting root volume, as well as height and diameter, is worthwhile where morphological quality must be maximized to improve field performance. Thus, root volume has potential for use as a criterion for grading seedlings. 相似文献
3.
The Hardwood Quality Nursery Cooperative (bareroot forest nurseries in 5 midwestern states) initiated a series of studies in 1987 to evaluate red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedling performance as a function of cultural treatments and seedling root system morphology.Seedlings were grown at three densities (32, 64, and 128 stems m-2for red oak; 32, 64, and 96 stems m-2for black walnut), and half of the density plots were undercut. Seedlings received fertilizer, weeding, and irrigation treatments customary to their respective nurseries. Seedlings were lifted, measured, and outplanted in their respective states as completely random individual tree plots during spring 1988. Survival, height, and diameter were evaluated annually through 1992.Seedling height, diameter, and number of permanent first-order lateral roots (FOLR) decreased with increasing bed density. At a given density, undercutting produced smaller seedlings (for both height and diameter) that had greater numbers of FOLR. Numbers of FOLR influenced seedling performance after outplanting. Red oak seedlings with at least 5 FOLR and black walnut with at least 7 FOLR had better survival and growth than seedlings with fewer roots. 相似文献
4.
Field performance can be predicted by evaluating nursery stock quality, but optimal morphological variables for use in these assessments may vary by species especially under dry Mediterranean conditions. Our objective was to identify initial seedling morphological characteristics that successfully predict field performance of five Mediterranean species (Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia silqua and Pistacia lentiscus). Container seedling morphology was evaluated following the nursery phase, and then seedlings were outplanted in the field where field survival was monitored for two successive years. Results indicate that survival can successfully be predicted from seedling initial morphological characteristics for all these species, yet not all the initial characteristics were good predictors. Survival of P. halepensis and Pist. lentiscus seedlings was positively correlated to initial seedling root-collar diameter, total dry weight and Dickson’s quality index, and can be reliably predicted by these variables. In contrast, seedling field survival of the two Mediterranean evergreen oak species was correlated with few initial morphological attributes; initial diameter provided an accurate index to predict second-year outplanting survival for both species while height/diameter was a good survival predictor for Q. coccifera seedlings. For C. siliqua seedlings, seedlings with larger initial diameter and total biomass survive better in the field. Thus, diameter was the common variable that accurately predicted survival for all species, which should be >5 mm for P. halepensis seedlings and >7 mm for the remaining species. 相似文献
5.
This study explores the indirect relationship between forest structural measures and initial seedling survival and growth
along a structural gradient between 64% to 92% canopy closure. The gradient was created by applying various levels of midstory
removal to fifty 0.05 ha areas located within a mixed-hardwood riparian forest corridor. Twelve yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) containerized seedling pairs were underplanted within each area. Canopy closure was estimated using hemispherical photography;
height-to-canopy and basal area were recorded at each seedling pair. Survival, basal diameter, and height were monitored through
two growing seasons. Species-specific mortality and height growth models were developed for one and two growing seasons following
underplanting. The interaction of height-to-canopy and basal area along with canopy closure were found to be the most strongly
related to mortality. Height to the forest canopy and initial seedling size explained the most variance in height increment.
Although the height increment models possess limited predictive power (R2 range from 0.22 to 0.36), both mortality and growth analyses emphasize the importance of quantifying vertical canopy structure,
along with the more commonly considered horizontal measures of forest structure (basal area and stem density), when evaluating
seedling development beneath a forest canopy. 相似文献
6.
Enrique Andivia Manuel Fernández Javier Vázquez-Piqué Reyes Alejano 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(4):1091-1101
Despite evidences that Holm oak has a high plasticity and great adaptability, there is limited or contradictory knowledge of the morphological and physiological variability of this species. Holm oak has been widely used for reforestation projects in Mediterranean areas, but has frequently shown poor field performance. We hypothesized that Holm oak has inter-population differences in physiological responses to abiotic stressors that could affect reforestation success. The influence of nursery culture on the characteristics of Holm oaks from different provenances has not been explored in depth. Thus, we studied the effect of nursery autumn fertilization on morphological traits, frost tolerance, root growth potential, and nutritional status of two Spanish provenances of Holm oak, La Alcarria (a region with inland Mediterranean climate) and Sierra Morena Occidental (a region with a warm coastal Mediterranean climate). There were significant differences between the provenances in frost tolerance, biomass allocation, and leaf nutrient content, suggesting a role of genetic factors. The leaves of seedlings from La Alcarria had less visual damage at ?12°C than seedlings from the warmer provenance (45% vs. 92%). Seedlings from La Alcarria, compared to those from Sierra Morena, had higher leaf P concentration (0.17% vs. 0.15%), greater stem diameter (3.1?mm vs. 2.7?mm), lower shoot-to-root dry mass ratio (0.46 vs. 0.53), and lower slenderness (4.03 vs. 5.31). For both provenances, N autumn fertilization improved growth, root growth potential, cold hardiness, and nutritional status of seedlings. We suggest that forest reforestation programs should consider to a greater extent Holm oak provenances and their tolerances to different abiotic stressors. 相似文献
7.
Increased planting of hard mast oak species in the Lower Missouri River floodplain is critical as natural regeneration of
oak along the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers has been limited following major flood events in 1993 and 1995.
Traditional planting methods have limited success due to frequent flood events, competition from faster growing vegetation
and white-tailed deer herbivory. Results of early growth response of swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) seedlings in relation to initial acorn mass and size, and early rapid shoot growth for seedlings produced by containerized
root production method (RPM™), are presented. Containerized RPM™ seedlings grown in the greenhouse under optimal conditions
demonstrate that seed size had no discernable impact on first-year root or shoot size. Seedling survival for the first two
years and acorn production for the first three years after outplanting are presented, comparing use of containerized RPM™
swamp white oak seedlings to nursery stock. Flood tolerant precocious RPM™ oak seedlings in the floodplain provide a source
of food for acorn-consuming wildlife ten to fifteen years sooner than oaks originating from natural regeneration, direct seeding
or traditional bare root planting. Compared to bare root nursery stock that produced no acorns, some RPM™ swamp white oak
seedlings averaged 4.3, 5.2, and 6.3 acorns/seedling in the first three years after fall outplanting.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Early tree growth, crop yields and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro, North Carolina 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frederick Cubbage Viola Glenn J. Paul Mueller Daniel Robison Russell Myers Jean-Marie Luginbuhl Ron Myers 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):323-334
A 17 acre (6.9?ha) agroforestry research and extension alley cropping trial was established at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, North Carolina in January 2007, with a randomized block design with five replications. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) were planted in staggered rows, with each species planted for 140?ft (43?m) per replication. Crop land alleys of 40?ft or 80?ft (12.2–24.4?m) wide were left between the tree rows. Crops of soybeans (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) were planted in alternating years since establishment. As of 2011, survival rates were 93% for cherrybark oak, 88% for longleaf pine and 97% for loblolly pine. Average tree diameter at ground level was 1.0?in (2.5?cm) for cherrybark oak, 2.1?in (5.3?cm) for longleaf and 3.2?in (8.1?cm) for loblolly. Heights averaged 4.6?ft (1.4?m) for cherrybark oak, 5.2?ft (1.6?m) for longleaf pine and 10.4?ft (3.2?m) for loblolly pine. Growth, yield and economic projections for traditional timber production indicated that species volumes and values tracked the height and diameter relationships measured on the site. Loblolly pine had the largest projected internal rate of return, at 7.2%, followed by longleaf pine with pine straw harvests at 5.5%, longleaf without pine straw at 3.5% and cherrybark oak at 1.9%. There might be more loss in crop and silvopasture production with loblolly, however, and production of pine straw for longleaf or game mast for cherrybark oak may offer other benefits. Crop yields on the sandy soils on the site were very poor during the 4?years observed, which had a series of droughts and floods. These led to net financial losses in those years for the demonstration site, but state-wide average farm budget returns did show moderate profits. The results support the merits of agroforestry systems in the upper South to diversify income and reduce financial risks. 相似文献
9.
Relative contribution of initial root and shoot morphology in predicting field performance of hardwood seedlings 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Single and multiple linear regression techniques were used to explain the capacity of initial seedling root volume (Rv) and first-order lateral roots (FOLR) relative to shoot height, diameter, and fresh mass to serve as important indicators of stock quality and predictors of first- and second-year height and diameter on an afforestation site in southern Indiana, USA. This was accomplished for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh) seedlings graded into four Rv categories at establishment. Field survival was high (85–97%) for all species. Initial diameter, height, fresh mass, and Rv provided similar predictive ability of second-year field response for absolute height (R2 = 0.59–0.77) and diameter (R2 = 0.50–0.73) for both oak species. Initial seedling Rv was a better predictor of field response than FOLR for both oak species, though not for cherry. Multiple-variable models accounted for a greater proportion of the total variation in seedling field height and diameter than did single-variable equations. The high R2 (up to 0.95) of regression models suggests field performance of these species can be reliably predicted and confirms the importance of initial seedling morphology in dictating early plantation performance. 相似文献
10.
D. M. Burner D. K. Brauer J. L. Snider C. A. Harrington P. A. Moore Jr. 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(1):141-155
Pecan (Carya illinoiensis) and white oak (Quercus alba) produce multiple products and wildlife values, but their phenological responses to N fertilization have not been well characterized. We compared tree growth at planting and for six consecutive growing seasons during establishment (2003–2008, Test 1), and determined if phenology of budburst, leaf area index (LAI), quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), radial growth, and total chlorophyll concentration (a, b) responded to poultry litter fertilization supplying 0, 50, and 100 kg ha?1 N (2010–2012, Test 2) in a mixed-species orchard on an upland site near Booneville, Arkansas. Species did not differ significantly in height in Test 1. Budburst was 9 days earlier for white oak than pecan in 2010. Budburst for both species could be predicted by accumulating chilling and forcing units throughout the dormant season. Maximum predicted radial growth was comparable for pecan (2.19 mm) and white oak (2.26 mm), and peaked 28 days earlier for white oak (3 June) than pecan (1 July). White oak LAI generally exceeded that of pecan during the growing season. Senescence began about 27 October regardless of species, and was better characterized by decreasing Fv/Fm or total chlorophyll concentration than LAI. Phenology was generally not responsive to N fertilization, perhaps because of adequate soil and foliar N. The study provides additional information on growth responses of these high-valued species to supplemental fertilization on an upland site. 相似文献
11.
Root system morphology of Quercus rubra L. planting stock and 3-year field performance in Iowa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
On 3 sites, 3-year performance of 1+0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings was evaluated with respect to initial root system grade. Seven hundred twenty nursery-run bareroot northern red oak seedlings were graded according to numbers of large (>1mm) first-order lateral roots and outplanted in spring 1987 on eight 90-tree plots distributed among three sites in central Iowa. Survival, height growth, and diameter growth were significantly greater for seedlings with 10 or more large first-order lateral roots than for seedlings with 4 or fewer. Seedling survival and growth were significantly and positively related to initial root grade. First-year height growth, however, was significantly and negatively correlated with initial height. Combined results for seedling survival and growth indicated that red oak seedlings with five or more large first-order lateral roots have a greater probability of success both in terms of survival and early growth than do those with four or fewer first-order lateral roots.Journal paper no. J-15193 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project no. 2485. 相似文献
12.
The effect of herbaceous vegetation on growth and survival was assessed in planted eucalyptus saplings grown under four levels
of weed cover. Seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii were planted with 0 (W0), 25 (W25), 50 (W50) and 100% (W100) weed cover. Weed species composition and aboveground biomass
was determined. Soil water content was evaluated by the gravimetric method. Seedling leaf area, diameter and height were evaluated
at planting and during the 3 months following establishment. Tree height, diameter and stem volume was estimated at 12, 24
and 36 months. First year tree survival was recorded. The ratio of cumulative stem growth under W100: cumulative stem growth
under W0 was used to measure competitive performance. Regression analysis was used to determine competition thresholds. Weeds
seriously threaten the growth of E. globulus subsp. maidenii. Early negative effects of competition on growth were evident as from the second month after establishment, and both seedlings
and 1-year-old saplings were more affected than 2- and 3-year-old ones. A “minimum-response threshold” was determined near
500 kg/ha (corresponding to W25 cover). No clear effect was found between sapling survival and weed biomass. 相似文献
13.
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedlings were subjected to three wrenching treatments: One root wrenching in early August; Three root wrenchings in early August, September, and October; and No wrenchings. Seedlings were then lifted on five dates between November and February based on the number of chilling hours accumulated. All wrenched seedlings had reduced shoot dry weight, smaller shoot-root ratio, and smaller stem diameter and height. These morphological differences translated into improved survival as well as increased diameter and height growth when measured one and two years after planting. Only seedlings wrenched three times demonstrated improved root fibrosity. Furthermore, only multiple wrenched stock showed greater resistance to drying imposed prior to planting. At the time of lifting, seedlings lifted latest had greater stem diameter, increased root dry weight and number of root tips, and improved shoot-root ratio. However, no survival differences were detected across lifts, and those seedlings lifted earliest demonstrated the best height and diameter growth.This paper is Journal Series No. R00695 of the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. 相似文献
14.
John M. Kabrick Daniel C. Dey J. W. Van Sambeek Mark V. Coggeshall Douglass F. Jacobs 《New Forests》2012,43(5-6):695-710
Growing interest worldwide in bottomland hardwood restoration necessitates improved ecological understanding of flooding effects on forest tree seedlings using methodology that accurately reflects field conditions. We examined hardwood seedling survival and growth in an outdoor laboratory where the timing, depth, duration, and flow rate of flood water can be carefully controlled while simulating natural soil conditions occurring in floodplains. Flooding treatments were initiated in mid-May and included partial inundation (15–20?cm) during the growing season for 5-week flowing, 5-week standing, 3-week flowing, and control. We monitored the vigor, survival, and growth (changes in basal diameter and stem length) of six hardwood species representing a wide range in expected flood tolerance including eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. Ex Marsh.), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor Willd.), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), and pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. All stock was 1-0 bareroot except that cuttings were used for eastern cottonwood. Five species—eastern cottonwood, bur oak, swamp white oak, pin oak, and pecan—exhibited high survival probabilities (>0.62 for cottonwood; >0.77 for the others) regardless of flood treatment. But of the survivors, only eastern cottonwood and swamp white oak maintained positive growth and healthy green foliage. Despite high survival, bur oak and pin oak suffered stem growth losses and exhibited chlorotic foliage in flood treatments suggesting greater vulnerability to other abiotic or biotic stresses if outplanted on flood-prone sites. Pecan also suffered stem dieback in controls suggesting vulnerability to competition and browsing when outplanted despite high survival after flooding. Our quantitative data helps to confirm and/or refine previously published qualitative flood tolerance ratings for these species, and describes operation of an in situ outdoor flood experiment laboratory that may prove effective in guiding future flood tolerance research. 相似文献
15.
A northern red oak plantation was established in 1988 in a recently clearcut mixed oak stand to evaluate outplanting performance relative to type of planting stock (1--0, 2--0, 1--1, 2--1, 2-year-old containerized, and direct-seeded) and other cultural factors (undercutting in the nursery, raising stock in an extended growing season in Alabama vs a local Pennsylvania nursery, top-clipping at planting time, and tree shelters). Six years after outplanting, seedlings grown from 2-year-old containerized stock were tallest (averaging 3.3 m) and had excellent survival. Among other treatments, 2--0 bareroot stock, especially if undercut in the nursery and top-clipped at planting, performed best and averaged 3.0 m height and 100% survival. Remaining treatments, especially 1--0, were smaller and had reduced survival. Seedlings from direct-seeding were as tall as most 1--0 treatments. Undercutting, top-clipping, nursery transplanting, raising stock in different nurseries, and tree shelters minimally affected the height or survival of seedlings. Seedlings above average in height 3 years after outplanting when fencing was removed and herbiciding ceased, were most likely to survive after 6 years. 相似文献
16.
Rosa C. Goodman Douglass F. Jacobs Kent G. Apostol Barrett C. Wilson Emile S. Gardiner 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(1):103-103
17.
Predicting field performance of five irrigated tree species using seedling quality assessment in Burkina Faso,West Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Five exotic tree species (Acacia angustissima (Mil.) Kuntze, A. mangium Wild, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Alp., Leucaena hybrid (L×L), and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) were investigated to determine whether parameters of nursery seedling stock quality could be used to predict
their field performance in a plantation irrigated with treated waste-water to produce fodder and wood. Plants were grown in
the nursery in two contrasting rooting substrates (ordinary nursery soil and sand), predicted to have different effects on
resource allocation. Three categories of morphological indicators were measured, i.e., plant dimensions (height, diameter,
root length), plant weights (shoot, root and whole plant weights) and indices (sturdiness quotient ‘SQ’, shoot:root dry weight
ratio ‘SRR’ and Dickson’s quality index ‘DQI’). In the nursery, all species performed better in the ordinary nursery soil
for all growth parameters except root length. Thus ordinary nursery substrate appeared superior to sand in terms of plant
quality. However, a follow up at plantation phase revealed that only some morphological attributes or ratios were suitable
to predict field performance for the five tested species in irrigated plantation. In addition, the effect of the substrate
observed at the nursery stage had disappeared 12 months after out planting due to the availability of water and nutrients
provided by the treated waste water used for the irrigation. The results showed that root collar diameter and DQI appeared
to be the most appropriate indicators to predict the outplanting performance of the five tested species in a short-rotation
irrigated plantation in semi-arid Burkina Faso. The former measure is simpler and non-destructive. 相似文献
18.
D. J. Makus S. C. Tiwari H. A. Pearson J. D. Haywood A. E. Tiarks 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,27(2):121-127
Conventional planted okra in Booneville, Arkansas and Lorman, Mississippi were mulched with loblolly pine straw (Pinus taeda L.) and longleaf pine straw (P. palustris Mill.), respectively, at a rate of 11 t/ha or left bare. At Booneville, plant stand, season yields (18.6 t/ha), pod weight (16.3 g), plant dry weight (2.3 kg), or stem diameter (3.5 cm) were not affected by the loblolly pine mulch. However, mulch application increased pod number (1.22 vs. 1.06×106/ha) and plant height (1.5 vs. 1.6 m), while reducing weed competition (0.05 vs. 0.40 t/ha) and visible plant stress, during periods of soil moisture deficits. Soil temperatures at 5 and 15 cm depth were reduced by mulch until mid-August when plant canopies covered the rows. Seasonal moisture at 30 and 45 cm depths was similar between mulched and bare soils, based upon unreplicated neutron probe measurements. At Lorman, season okra yield (29.8 vs. 24.6 t/ha), number of pods per ha (1.24 vs. 1.07×106) and weed competition were reduced and soil pH lowered 0.56 units by longleaf pine straw mulch. Mulch reduced early season yield at both locations. 相似文献
19.
To determine if inoculation increases nodulation and yield of bare-root red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), fumigated nursery plots were treated with inoculum and ammonium sulfate (28 kg N ha–1) in a factorial experiment. Inoculum was alder soil with 100 infective units of Frankia g–1. Seedlings were evaluated for nodulation at age 10 wk and when lifted, at age 9 mo. Inoculation produced earlier and more extensive nodulation and increased seedling root collar diameter, height, and dry weight. Fertilization decreased seedling height, but did not decrease nodulation. No interaction of fertilization with inoculation was found. Inoculated unfertilized plots had the highest yield of packable seedlings (257 m–2), and uninoculated fertilized seedlings had the lowest yield (126 m–2). 相似文献
20.
This research examined the first year growth characteristics of cold stored and transplanted nursery-produced aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings (container and bareroot (BR)) and compared it to the growth of seedlings that had not been transplanted (established
from germinants in the field) and therefore had an unrestricted root system (UR). Prior to planting, nursery-produced seedlings
were placed in cold storage (−3°C) and root growth potential (RGP) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) root reserves
were tested at 0, 10, 75 and after 150 (container) and 190 days (BR) of storage. Both container and BR stock had much lower
root to shoot ratios (RSRs) and root carbohydrate reserves compared to UR seedlings after 170 days. During storage, root reserves
in container stock declined faster than in the BR and UR seedlings. RGP in all nursery stock was the highest after 75 days
of storage, while longer storage resulted in shoot dieback and reduced root growth. After the first growing season, UR seedlings
were one tenth the size of the nursery stock; however, in the second growing season they had no stem dieback and grew twice
the height and stem diameter. The higher RSRs and root reserves in the UR seedlings was likely caused by early bud set in
its first year of growth. This suggests that inducing bud set earlier in the growing regime might allow seedlings to increase
root mass and carbohydrate reserves. 相似文献