截根菌根化技术的研究

通过大量室内外对比试验和用现代化手段进行分析，创造性地提出了林木菌根化的新途径－截根菌根化，并就截根对菌根真菌侵染的影响，截根菌根化育苗和造林，截根菌根化机制和截根菌根化技术等主要研究及其成果作一综述，对该成果的更广泛的应用进行了讨论。     

截根菌根化技术的研究

通过大量室内外对比试验和用现代化手段进行分析，创造性地提出了林木菌根化的新途径一截根菌根化，并就截根对菌根真菌侵染的影响，截根菌根化育苗和造林，截根菌根化机制和截根菌根化技术等主要研究及其成果作一综述，对该成果的更广泛的应用进行了讨论。     

彩色豆马勃与松树形成内外生菌根的研究

采用组培菌根合成技术、纸—三明治菌根快速合成技术和圃地截根菌根化育苗技术使彩色豆马勃RG310和RG49菌株在马尾松、火炬松、湿地松上形成内外生菌根,不同菌根化技术形成菌根的过程和类型有差异。在组培菌根合成的条件下,菌与根接触后的第3—4d首先开始形成菌丝套,第8d开始形成哈蒂氏网,第18d菌丝进入皮层细胞内,哈蒂氏网由单列变为多列菌丝细胞组成;采用纸—三明治菌根快速合成技术进行截根菌根化,促进了菌根真菌的定殖,以截面伤口侵入为主要的侵入方式,扩大了根内外菌根侵染区(MIZ),定殖、侵染同时发生,菌丝套、哈蒂氏网和胞内菌丝结构几乎同时形成,仅在2．5h内就开始形成,菌根真菌的菌丝进入了内外皮层和髓部;采用圃地截根菌根化育苗技术,仍然形成内外生菌根,但菌丝不侵入内皮层以内的根组织。根据研究提出“菌根类型”假说,即树木形成的菌根类型不但随菌根真菌和树木种类而异,而且随菌根化方法、生态条件等其它因子而异。     

松树截根苗菌根化育苗

菌根,是植物根与真菌组成的复合器官,大多数被子植物、裸子植物和部分蕨类植物、苔藓植物均可形成菌根.高等植物在和真菌的共生中,光合作用产生的碳水化合物被寄主和真菌两者利用;真菌从土壤中吸收的养分一部分也传送给寄主,其共同体双方则彼此分享所吸收和合成的养分.松树是我国主要用材和纸浆林树种,也是专性外生菌根树种,在长期生存进化中产生了对外生菌根的绝对依赖性.池州市贵池区苗圃承担的松树截根苗菌根化育苗课题研究结成果表明,该技术对于提高松树造林成活率和年生长量有显著效果,并且经济实用.     

文冠果VA菌根真菌的分离、扩繁及幼苗菌根化效果的研究

本文以我国北方唯一的木本油料树种——文冠果为目标,对与其共生的VA菌根真菌进行了采集、分离和扩繁,并进行了文冠果幼苗的菌根化试验。在采集到的文冠果根系中发现了VA菌根真菌共生结构,其自然侵染率约为20.5%左右;从根际土中分离出典型孢子,经初步检索鉴定其为球孢囊霉属的某个种(Glomus sp.);利用高丹草作为载体进行该菌种的扩大繁殖培养,培养60d后采集根样进行镜检,可明显观察到菌根孢子在根表的侵染点、菌丝及在根皮层细胞内形成的丛枝结构,表明VA菌根真菌的孢子已经与高丹草根系发生了有效侵染。利用继代培养后的接种体进行文冠果幼苗的菌根化回接试验,1年生菌根化幼苗苗高、地径、地上、地下部鲜重与对照相比分别提高了5.9%、7.2%、8.8%和7.4%,差异显著,表明文冠果幼苗期菌根化效果显著。     

西澳州桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂接种潜力研究(英文)

对澳大利亚西澳州桉树人工林菌根类型及其形成情况进行了调查 ,并采用生物测定法 (Bioas saymeasurement)研究了桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂的接种潜力 .根系菌根检查和生物测定法试验均表明 ,在自然条件下桉树可以和不同真菌共生而形成三种类型的菌根 ,即外生菌根、VA菌根和混合菌根 ;林分成熟程度与菌根形成有一定的相关性 ,与共生体的类型也有一定影响 .在幼林中 ,桉树根系主要与内囊霉菌共生形成VA菌根 ,而成熟林主要与担子菌共生形成外生菌根 ,混合菌根表现为一种中间类型 .在收集的林地土壤中移植的菌根诱饵植物 (三叶草和蓝桉 )分别检测出土壤中存在有一定量的VA菌根菌和外生菌根菌 ,但菌根菌繁殖体数量及接种潜力相对较小 ,并且也揭示了按树年龄对土壤菌剂的相对接种潜力影响较大 .本文对桉树人工林土壤菌剂接种潜力进行了评价 ,并就引进优良菌根菌对桉树人工林生产的重要性进行讨论     

落叶松外生菌根真菌优良菌株筛选及其在造林中的应用

落叶松外生菌根真菌优良菌株筛选及其在造林中的应用周玉芝，韩桂云，齐玉臣，刘忱，何兴元关键词菌根真菌，落叶松，造林菌根真菌与树木共生营养，对提高育苗、造林成活率及林木速生具有重要的经济意义。为了研究东北地区主要造林树种─—落叶松的菌根真菌及选育优良菌株...     

火炬松截根菌根化育苗及造林试验报告

通过火炬松截根菌根化育苗及造林试验，结果表明：火炬松菌根化育苗及造林不仅能促进林木生长、降低造林成本，而且还能提高林木对矿物质、有机质等营养万分的有效分解、吸收和循环，增强植物体的抗早、抗病、抗虫害能力。建议在世行贷款造林项目中广泛应用。     

菌根菌在油松育苗中的应用试验

菌根是林木与土壤中真菌共生而形成的根,具有菌根的苗木生长健壮,抗病抗旱力强,可提高造林成活率。目前国外已把“菌根化”列为育苗造林的一项常规技术措施,而我国林业生产中应用菌根菌则刚刚起步。鉴于我省山坡多干旱贫瘠,历年来造林成活率低的状况,笔者用菌根菌纯培养体对油松苗进行了接种试验,以期为菌根菌在我省育苗造林生产中的推广应用提供依据。1 试验地概况试验地设在太原市的古交神堂坪和西山大岩村。神堂坪试验地位于山坡下风口处,     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

人工樟子松林枯梢病的调查研究

主要在东京城地区樟子松人工林中,针对樟子松枯梢病建立35块固定标准地,并对标准地进行生态环境因子、林分因子、林木营养状况等的综合调查,在此基础上统计分析枯梢病危害与各因素之间的内在联系,通过对病情指教与林分及立地因予相关性分析,得到与病害发生相关性显著的林分立地因子,其中坡向、林龄、土质、混交树种与病情指数相关性显著。另外。修枝、清林、除针、营造混交林等营林措施都对病害发生有明显的抑制作用。     

丽江市低效林改造初探

丽江市森林资源丰富,但由于受人为或自然因素的影响,仍然存在森林树种结构不合理、林分质量差、效益低等问题.分析丽江市低效林改造的有利条件和不利因素.结合丽江市林业发展的实际,提出了低效林改造的改造方式选择以及树种选择原则,以及促进低效林改造的措施.     

Mycorrhizal associations in the rain forest of South Cameroon

Mycorrhizal associations of important tree species were investigated within the research area of the Tropenbos Cameroon Programme (TCP), situated on the western portion of the Atlantic Biafrean forest of south Cameroon. Ninety-seven tree species of economic, social, and ecological importance, and three lianas were selected in three sites that differed in altitude, soil clay content, and soil pH. In each site plots were laid out in undisturbed forest. In each plot, seedlings, saplings, juvenile, and mature trees were identified to species level and counted; girth at breast height measured and basal area calculated; root samples were taken and examined for mycorrhizal type and extent of mycorrhizal colonization.

All 100 species investigated were mycorrhizal. Tree of 74 species formed exclusively arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM); 23 trees and three Gnetum species formed ectomycorrhizas (ECM). Five of these ECM plants also harbored AM structures. Extent of mycorrhizal root colonization showed large differences for various AM trees; however, colonization of more than half of these trees was less than 25%. Colonization of ECM trees was often higher than 75%. The contribution of ECM trees to basal area varied between 19 and 35%. ECM trees often occurred in small to large clumps. In sustainable forest management plans, existing ECM forest clumps should be given special conservation value.     

The potential effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of insect pest species in the Swedish boreal forest

With the expected rising temperatures, outbreaks of insect pests may be more frequent, which can have large consequences on forest ecosystems and may therefore negatively affect the forestry sector. In order to be better able to predict where, but not if, outbreaks may occur in future we investigated the potential future (2070) geographical distribution of 30 prospective insect pest species (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) by applying species distribution modelling. We also assessed the geographical extent to which the boreal forest in Sweden may be affected. We found that numerous species may experience large increases in their potential distribution in future, which may result in outbreaks in “new” areas. It is therefore likely that more trees will be infested by pests in future, which may have large implications for the Swedish forestry sector.     

我国林木与竹子引进历程与展望

通过大量文献调查和关键信息人访谈,分别回顾了我国引进林木与竹子的4个历程:新中国成立前、建国至改革开发前、改革开放至上世纪末和新世纪以来。通过比较发现从随机和偶然性引进为主发展到目前系统科学的计划引进为主。引进用途从单一的材用和简单的绿化用转向材用、观赏用和生态用等多种用途。主要引进资源在各时期都涉及桉树、杨树、松树等速生林木,且改革开放后达到盛期,而竹子的引进规模相对较小,但在速生和高观赏价值竹子引进方面开展了很多工作。研究指出,我国未来的引进工作将在很长一段时期内依然重视速生丰产等遗传特性;更加重视高观赏价值林木与竹子的引进;注重引进能够提高森林质量和改善生态环境林木与竹子;且生物技术手段的应用将更加突出;引进渠道管理和(生态)风险管理将要加强。     

20世纪中国乡村林业变迁初探

论述了20世纪中国乡村林种与树种变迁及其发展热点,探讨了各时期发展乡村林业的异同措施和变迁机理。     

美国的城市林业

本文介绍了城市林业的内涵以及在美国的发展简史。作者还对其经营范围、法规制定、价值计算、行道树管理、教育和科学研究等作了阐述。     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines Metropolitan Manila

The Luntiang Kamaynilaan Project (Metro ManilaGreening Project) launched in 1988 planted trees inmajor thoroughfares, center islands, school premisesand other idle public lands, was basically a governmenteffort. When the funds ran out, the project also fizzledout. In both projects however, it is evident that the keyfactor is peoples participation.Gaining lessons from the past two projects, thegovernment established a collaborative effort ofgovernment and non-government organizations. TheCl…     

森林凋落物涵养水源生态功能研究进展

森林凋落物是森林中植物组分产生并归还地面,作为分解者的物质和能量来源,借以维持生态系统功能的所有有机质的总称,有着重要的生态系统功能,其中凋落物的涵养水源功能及其重要。不同林型或树种的凋落物有不同的涵养蓄水能力,且森林凋落物的涵养蓄水能力受不同因素的影响。本文对不同林型凋落物持水性研究及影响其持水能力的影响因素进行了综述,对林业建设过程中的树种选择、林型搭配、林下凋落物处理提供了科学的依据。     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines＇ Metropolitan Manila

Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, initiated urban forestry projects to showcase its environmental benefits. Metro Manila was once a part of a tropical mangrove forest dominated by small trees locally called nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae). The fast-paced urbanization transformed the original ecosystem into a bustling metropolis subjected to environmental decay. The establishment of urban forestry is one of the interventions sought by the government to mitigate the environmental conditions.Thus, the concept of participatory urban forestry was formalized in 1988 by the national government.However, it was during the early years of the 1970s that the idea of exerting collective effort in greening Metro Manila started through the Green Revolution, with the primary motive of uplifting the economic condition of the people rather than on ecological enhancement. The project was forced on the people to plant vegetables and fruit trees with less emphasis on forest trees species. Although the project was not successful,the government realized that the citizenry could be a great partner for a collective worthwhile undertaking.