Antifungal activities of the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Turkey

The crude extracts obtained from the leaves of Pistacia vera, Pistacia terebinthus and Pistacia lentiscus were tested for antifungal activities against three pathogenic agricultural fungi, Phythium ultimum, Rhizoctania solani and Fusarium sambucinum. The extracts significantly inhibited the growth of P. ultimum and R. solani. However, the antifungal activity was not observed against F. sambucinum.     

Quantitative determination of alpha-tocopherol in Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, and Pistacia terebinthus by TLC-densitometry and colorimetry

A quantitative determination of alpha-tocopherol in Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, and Pistacia terebinthus, leaves was established by TLC-densitometry and colorimetry. The highest amount of alpha-tocopherol was found in P. lentiscus var. chia.     

In vitro activities of Maesa lanceolata extracts against fungal plant pathogens

In vitro tests were carried out using extracts of Maesa lanceolata var. goulungensis weir against a broad range of fungal plant pathogens such as Phytophthora cryptogea, Trichoderma virens, Aspergillus niger, Phoma sp., Fusarium oxysporium, Pythium ultimum, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pyrenophora teres. M. lanceolata extracts were very active against all the pathogens tested except P. ultimum and R. solani.     

Photosynthetic responses to water deficit in six Mediterranean sclerophyll species: possible factors explaining the declining distribution of Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris,an endemic Balearic species

We sought to explain the declining distribution in the Balearic Islands of the endemic shrub Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris R. Chodat, by comparing its photosynthetic response to drought with that of several widely distributed, competing Mediterranean species (R. alaternus L., Quercus ilex L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Q. humilis Mill. and P. terebinthus L.). All of the study species, except for the two Rhamnus species, avoided desiccation by rapidly adjusting their stomatal conductance at the onset of drought, and maintaining constant leaf relative water content. The two Rhamnus species showed desiccation-tolerant behavior; i.e., as drought progressed, their predawn leaf relative water content decreased simultaneously with stomatal closure. All four desiccation-avoiding species showed a significant positive correlation between leaf thermal dissipation (estimated by the fluorescence parameter NPQ (non-photochemical quenching)) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DPS). The two Rhamnus species exhibited maximum DPS regardless of treatment, but only R. alaternus increased NPQ in response to drought. Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris had a high ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis and a low intrinsic water-use efficiency; traits that are likely to be unfavorable for plant productivity under arid conditions. It also had the lowest DPS and thermal dissipation among the six species. We conclude that the photosynthetic traits of R. ludovici-salvatoris account for its limited ability to compete with other species in the Mediterranean region.     

4种黄连木种子萌发试验

对4种黄连木种子（阿月浑子砧木）进行萌芽试验,结果表明,各种黄连木种子透水性较好;UCB1种子发芽早、出苗齐、萌芽率高,具有良好的萌发特性;全缘（叶）黄连木种子整体萌发性状表现最差,不宜用于阿月浑子产业化发展;发芽前采用常温水和5％的盐酸浸泡对种子的萌发率影响不大。     

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Pistacia species revealed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene markers and implications for conservation

Information on population genetic structure and crop genetic diversity is important for genetically improving crop species and conserving threatened species.The PAL gene sequence is part of a multigene family that can be utilized to design DNA marker systems for genetic diversity and population structure investigation.In the current study, genetic diversity and population structure of100 accessions of wild Pistacia species were investigated with 78 PAL markers.A protocol for using PAL sequences as DNA markers was developed.A total of 313 PAL loci were recognized, showing 100% polymorphism for PAL markers.The PAL markers produced relatively more observed and effective alleles in Pistacia falcata and Pistacia atlantica, with a higher Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity in P.atlantica, Pistacia vera and Pistacia mutica.Pairwise assessment of Nei's genetic distance and genetic identity between populations revealed a close association between geographically isolated populations of Pistacia khinjuk and Pistacia chinensis.The accessions of wild Pistacia species had more genetic relationship among studied groups of species.Analysis of molecular variance indicated 19% amongpopulation variation and 81% within-population variation for the PAL gene based DNA marker.Population structure analysis based on PAL revealed four groups with high genetic admixture among populations.The results establish PAL markers as a functional DNA marker system and provide important genetic information about accessions from wild populations of Pistacia species.     

滇产5种植物精油的抑菌性能及其成分分析

为寻找新型、有效的抗霉菌天然产物,以滇产冬青、蓝桉、互叶白千层、迷迭香和香叶天竺葵的叶片为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取5种植物精油,用滤纸片法和琼脂扩散法测试其对绿木霉、黑曲霉和桔青霉的抑菌活性和最小抑菌浓度,并用气相色谱?质谱联用仪分析5种植物精油的主要化学成分。结果表明:冬青油和香叶天竺葵油能有效抑制绿木霉、黑曲霉和桔青霉的生长,最小抑菌浓度试验也表明它们具有更强的抑菌活性;冬青油对绿木霉、黑曲霉、桔青霉的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.25,0.13,0.25μL/mL;香叶天竺葵油对绿木霉、黑曲霉、桔青霉的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.13,0.50,0.50μL/mL。5种植物精油化学成分分析表明:冬青油仅有水杨酸甲酯1种成分,且最小抑菌浓度与分析纯水杨酸甲酯试剂相同;蓝桉油有12种成分,最主要成分为1,8?桉叶素,占总成分的82.38%;互叶白千层油、迷迭香油和香叶天竺葵油的成分相对复杂,分别为36,38,41种。研究结果有助于了解5种植物精油的抑菌性能,可为植物精油和天然抗菌剂的开发应用提供理论依据。     

植物精油对木材霉变菌的抑菌效力研究

【目的】植物精油是一类安全环保且具有抑菌特性的天然产物,在木材霉变防治领域的应用潜力很大。开展植物精油对我国常见木材霉菌及变色菌的综合抑菌效力的研究,可为天然环保型木材霉变防治剂的开发提供重要依据。【方法】配制经植物精油修正的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,通过评价霉变菌在培养基中的生长状况,对比分析19种植物精油对6种木材霉变菌的抑菌效力。【结果】在体积分数为0.05%的条件下,19种植物精油对黑曲霉Aspergillus niger、桔青霉Penicillam citrinum、绿色木霉Trichoderma viride、可可球二孢Botryodiplodia theobromae、串珠镰刀菌Fusarium moniliforme和链格孢霉Alternaria alternata的抑菌效力分别为0~100%、0~100%、0~100%、0~100%、11%~100%和20%~100%。聚类分析表明,肉桂、丁香花和百里香精油的综合抑菌效力最高,在体积分数0.05%的条件下对6种霉变菌的抑菌效力均达到100%,而尤加利、甜橙和松树精油的综合抑菌效力最低。相关分析表明,植物精油对6种霉变菌的抑菌效力之间均表现出显著相关性(P=0.01),其Pearson相关系数为0.777~0.959。【结论】不同植物精油的抑菌效力之间表现出较大差异,肉桂、丁香花和百里香精油是可以用于木材霉变防治的较优品种。     

阿月浑子砧木抗寒育苗选择

系统观察研究了不同地区引进的6个种源的苗木繁育情况,生长量、杆形、落叶时问、越冬抗寒指标的综合分析表明：阿月浑子抗寒性最强,在本砧中,从美国引进的“Kerman”高接树的实生苗是目前做阿月浑子较理想的砧木种。     

防治木材变色的植物精油优选

为了开发木材变色防治用的天然环保产品,选用19种植物精油,依据精油的挥发速率及其对培养基中变色菌的抑菌效力,筛选综合性能较优的精油产品。结果表明,植物精油的挥发速率为7.9~550.8g·m^-2·h^-1,迷迭香和丝柏精油挥发较快,而雪松、肉桂和安息香精油挥发较慢。随着植物精油的体积分数由0.01%提高至0.05%,其对可可球二孢和串珠镰刀菌的平均抑菌效力分别由19%和21%增加至50%和59%,抑菌性能明显增强。以抑菌效力为变量的聚类分析表明,肉桂、丁香花、柠檬草和百里香4种植物精油对两种变色菌表现出较优的抑菌特性,其在体积分数0.05%条件下的抑菌效力达到100%。综合考虑抑菌效力和作用持久性,肉桂、丁香花和柠檬草精油是防治可可球二孢和串珠镰刀菌的较优品种。     

Effects of Neem Azal T/S and other insecticides against the pistachio psyllid Agonoscena targionii (Licht.) (Homoptera, Psyllidae) under field conditions in Syria

Different concentrations of Neem Azal-T/S, an insect growth regulator (IGR) (antiecdysone) and various other insecticides were tested against the pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena targionii) affecting pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), in northern Syria. From 1997?–?99, three applications were made annually, in April, May, June or July. Results revealed that Neem Azal-T/S, at the rate of 0.5 and 0.7?%, Flufenoxuron, Teflubenzuron, and the antagonistic fungus Beauveria bassiana Bals. were highly effective against the psyllid especially on the 1^st and 2^nd nymph instars in the April application. The possibilities of using these pesticides in integrated management against pistachio psyllid in Syria are discussed.     

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between and within wild Pistacia species populations and implications for its conservation

Although cultivation and utilization of Pistacia are fully exploited, the evolutionary history of the Pistacia genus and the relationships among the species and accessions is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to analyze random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) in a total of 50 accessions of wild pistachio species, which included five populations Pistacia vera, Pistacia khinjuk,Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia mutica, and Pistacia eurycarpa.High levels of genetic diversity were detected within wild pistachio accessions, as revealed by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging and supported via analysis of molecular variance. The objectives of this investigation were to estimate marker indices, polymorphic information contents(PICs), and genetic similarities(GS)for RAPD markers; assess the genetic diversity of Pistacia species, using GS estimated from RAPD fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement.Out of the 149 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 146(97.98 %) were polymorphic. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.3 to 0.86 %, marker indices ranged from 2.98 to 17.74 %, and PICs ranged from 0.80 to0.99 %. Our results provided great molecular identification of all assayed genotypes, which have shown that there is large quantity of genetic diversity among the pistachio accessions. This finding might render striking information in breeding management strategies for genetic conservation and cultivar development.     

坚强芽孢杆菌对3种病原真菌的抗生现象

病害生物防治,具有无污染、不诱导抗药性、防效持久等特点,是今后植物病害控制的主要方向,也是综合治理的一个重要环节.     

血红铆钉菇对土传病原菌抑菌性研究

在24种培养基上对血红铆钉菇子实体进行分离培养，对分离的菌种与病原菌立枯丝核菌、茄孢镰刀菌、链格孢、终极府霉、根癌菌在PDA平板上进行对峙测试，结果对病原菌立枯丝核菌能够重寄生，对茄孢镰刀菌产生抑菌带，对链格孢也有一定的抑制作用。能够控制病原菌的繁殖器官形成。同时进行了液体培养基的筛选，其培养滤液对病原细菌A．t产生抑菌圈，血红铆钉菇液体菌剂及其代谢物对病原细菌抑制作用比病原真菌强。室内盆栽试验表明，在灭菌土上血红铆钉菇对茄孢镰刀菌引起的猝倒病有一定防效，田间处理试验效果不明显。     

Inhibition activity of essential oils obtained from Japanese trees against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema costatum</Emphasis>

The growth inhibition activities of essential oils obtained from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii were examined against the bacillariophyceae Skeletonema costatum, also known as red tide plankton. The essential oils were extracted from the heartwood, leaves, and bark of these typical indigenous Japanese conifers. The essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood possessed strong growth inhibition activity. The chemical compositions of these essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol and longifolene were the main components of the essential oil from P. thunbergii heartwood. The C. japonica bark essential oil was mainly composed of α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, isophyllocladene, and ferruginol. Ferruginol and longifolene showed more potent growth inhibition against S. costatum than hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine), which is known to be a strong antifungal compound among wood components. Ferruginol and longifolene were important factors for the growth inhibition activity of the essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of using C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood for the control of red tide plankton.     

Antifungal effect of some spice hydrosols

The antifungal effects of rosemary, cumin, sater (savory), basil and pickling herb hydrosols were investigated against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp tulipae, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria citri. Hydrosols of sater and pickling herb showed the most relevant fungicidal activity.     

Antifungal constituent from Gordonia dassanayakei.

The hexane extract of the stem bark of Gordonia dassanayakei showed high antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Corynespora cassiicola, and Fusarium sp. A compound responsible for the antifungal activity was isolated and identified as 3-formyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid 3-hydroxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dimethylphenyl ester (1).     

Effect of three species of bacteria on damping-off,root rot development,and ectomycorrhizal colonization of lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings

Interactions between three species of bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescens), an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Paxillus involutus), and three root pathogenic fungi (Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani) were studied. Burkholderia cepacia significantly reduced the in vitro mycelial growth of P. involutus, whereas, B. cepacia, Ps. chlororaphis, Ps. fluorescens and P. involutus reduced the mycelial growth of F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and R. solani. Culture filtrates of B. cepacia, Ps. chlororaphis, Ps. fluorescens and P. involutus reduced conidial germination and increased the formation of chlamydospores of F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum. Burkholderia cepacia also reduced the formation of ectomycorrhizal short roots by P. involutus on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings 2 months after inoculation. However, no significance difference in mycorrhizal short roots was observed after 4 months. The fungicide Anchor (a mixture of carboxine and thiram) significantly reduced root rot severity and increased the survival of lodgepole pine seedlings grown in a growth mix infested with F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and R. solani. Control of the diseases of white spruce caused by these pathogens was not as successful. Treatment of seeds with either B. cepacia or P. involutus alone significantly increased the survival of seedlings grown in a mix that was inoculated with F. moniliforme and reduced the root rot severity caused by F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum, but not R. solani. Higher seedling survival and lower root rot severity were observed when conifer seeds were concomitantly inoculated with one of the bacterial species, P. involutus and Anchor.     

漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部的解剖比较

【目的】以漆树科3属4个种(盐肤木、青麸杨、黄连木和黄栌)的次生韧皮部为研究对象,阐明各物种次生韧皮部组成细胞的结构特征和分布规律,为植物次生韧皮部组成细胞结构特征与分泌结构之间的关系研究提供理论依据,并为漆树科植物系统演化的相关研究提供参考依据。【方法】采集盐肤木、青麸杨、黄连木和黄栌的树皮样品(样品含形成层、次生韧皮部及周皮,不含次生木质部),采用比较解剖学的方法,对漆树科4种植物的次生韧皮部的结构特征、组成细胞的构成及其排列方式进行比较,并对4种植物的乳汁道结构进行研究。【结果】漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部均是由筛管分子和伴胞、韧皮薄壁组织细胞、射线细胞、乳汁道和韧皮纤维构成,呈切向带状相间排列。黄连木、青麸杨和盐肤木的具功能韧皮部和无功能韧皮部分界明显;青麸杨的射线细胞在无功能韧皮部中倾斜分布,其余3种植物均为整齐纵向排列;青麸杨的乳汁道为分枝型乳汁道,其他3个种的乳汁道均无分枝,仅有少量相邻乳汁道融合现象发生;黄连木和黄栌次生韧皮部内分布有大量的韧皮纤维,青麸杨韧皮部中较少,而盐肤木韧皮部中无韧皮纤维分布。【结论】漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部组成细胞及乳汁道结构存在一定差异,青麸杨乳汁道是目前为止漆树科植物中发现的较为稀有的分枝型乳汁道,研究结果能够为漆树科系统进化研究提供参考依据。     

Compositions and antifungal activities of essential oils of some Algerian aromatic plants

Essential oils extracted from ten Algerian plants were analyzed for their potential activity against Candida albicans. The highest efficiency was obtained with the essential oil from Thymus numidicus which showed antifungal effect 1357 fold stronger than that measured with amphotericin B.