不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响

在中山五桂山保护区选择4个不同的林分类型,分别进行土壤采样,测定土壤养分指标,分析不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响,为林分改造、土壤养分改良提供理论和数据支撑。结果表明:(1)四种土壤养分指标在四种林分类型间均有显著性差异,四种林分类型的土壤养分指标含量大小排序大致为:沟谷季雨林阔叶混针阔混针叶林,只有有效磷含量是阔叶混大于沟谷季雨林。(2)四种土壤养分指标在针叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷季雨林这3种林型中的5个土层间变化均有显著性差异,而在常绿阔叶林中仅速效钾在5个土层间有显著性差异。(3)四种林分类型中,沟谷季雨林各指标含量相对较高,处于"中下"等级,而针叶林各指标含量低,处于"很低"等级。总的来说,四种林分类型的土壤养分含量偏低,特别是针叶林,各项土壤指标含量均为"很低",可以参考群落演替方向对针叶林进行林分改造来提高土壤养分。     

长岗山不同林分类型对土壤理化性质的影响

以广州市长岗山自然保护区中的湿地松林(Pinus elliottii)、桉树林(Eucalyptus urophylla)和木荷林(Schima superba)为研究对象,对比不同林分类型、不同土壤层次下的土壤理化性质.结果表明:(1)土壤容重和吸湿水含量表现为湿地松林>木荷林>桉树林,土壤自然含水量、全氮和速效钾含量表现为湿地松林>桉树林>木荷林,土壤pH、有机质和速效钾含量表现为桉树林>湿地松林>木荷林;(2)在不同林分类型0~60 cm土层下,土壤容重、自然含水量、有机质差异显著(P<0.05),土壤吸湿水含量、pH、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量差异不显著;(3)不同土层深度、林分类型与土层深度交互作用下土壤理化性质无显著差异.     

宽甸地区不同林型枯落物及土壤蓄水功能研究

对宽甸地区几种主要林分类型枯落物及其土壤蓄水功能进行了研究,结果表明:各类型林分枯落物现存量依次为人工纯林针阔混交林,枯落物持水率为针阔混交林人工纯林;林分的土壤渗透能力和蓄水能力均为混交林人工纯林。     

森林游憩区不同植被类型的空气负离子浓度水平的初步研究

在桂林国家森林公园选择不同的植被群落类型进行空气离子浓度监测,研究森林游憩区空气负离子浓度水平变化。结果表明:①不同植被类型样地的空气负离子浓度水平不同,阔叶林>针叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛≥草坪。②森林游憩区空气质量均较好,阔叶林覆盖下的空气清洁度最高,针叶林覆盖下的空气清洁度次之,灌丛和草坪区的空气清洁度相对较低。③空气负离子浓度水平呈现早上最高,中午降至最低,下午又逐渐升高的特点。     

两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸及空间分布研究

研究根据广东和广西(两广)地区森林类型分布图、主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸数据库以及中国日值格点气温、降水数据,建立线性模型预测两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸速率和年土壤呼吸通量。结果表明,两广地区主要森林类型年土壤呼吸速率为常绿阔叶林864.18 gC/m~2/yr>其他森林811.03 gC/m~2/yr>针叶林791.43 gC/m~2/yr>灌木林780.18 gC/m~2/yr>落叶阔叶林758.80 gC/m~2/yr>竹林731.49 gC/m~2/yr>针阔混交林684.91 gC/m~2/yr。两广地区森林年土壤呼吸通量为204.41 TgC/yr,其中常绿阔叶林最大,为77.41 TgC/yr,针叶林次之,为56.81 TgC/yr,具体为常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌木林>落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>其他森林,顺序与各种森林类型面积大小一致。各森林类型的土壤呼吸通量主要与森林面积有关,森林面积越大土壤呼吸通量越大。     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

水源涵养林结构与功能耦合关系模型研究——以北京山区水源涵养林为例

采用野外调查和数学模拟方法,选择树种组成、年龄、郁闭度、起源、层次、生物量以及土壤厚度等7个林分结构因子,建立了北京山区水源林结构与功能耦合关系模型。利用结构与功能耦合关系模型,比较了北京密云水库上游8种水源林森林类型,结果表明:1)保持水土功能大小顺序是阔叶混交林>桦树林>蒙古栎林>山杨林>油松林>刺槐林>侧柏林>落叶松林;2)涵养水源功能大小顺序是山杨林>蒙古栎林>桦树林>阔叶混交林>落叶松林>侧柏林>油松林>刺槐林;3)改善水质功能大小顺序是桦树林>蒙古栎林>山杨林>阔叶混交林>侧柏林>刺槐林>油松林>落叶松林。     

东莞森林生态系统碳储量研究

采用2 km ×2 km的UTM网格取样法对广东省东莞市8个主要森林类型的植被碳库、凋落物碳库和土壤碳库等三大碳库的有机碳储量和碳密度进行了计量、比较分析和评价.结果表明:东莞森林碳储量总量为973.05 ×104 t,森林总平均碳密度为175.86 t·hm-2;其中森林植被总碳储量为161.48 × 104t,平均...     

卧龙自然保护区植物生长季节森林土壤水分状况

本文于1981－1984年植物生长季节对四川卧龙自然保护区森林土壤水分状况，进行了定位研究，试验林地设置在1200－4300m海拔高度的不同生物气候带的森林类型下。选择的五处试验林地是：①常绿阔叶林下的山地黄壤；②次生落叶阔叶林下的山地棕壤；③针阔混交林下的山地暗棕壤；④暗针叶林下的山地棕色暗针叶林土；⑤高山草甸植被下的高山草甸土。试验结果阐明了试验林地土壤的蓄水性能，枯枝落叶层最大蓄36-313t/ha，森林土壤的渗透系数在1．54－5．33mm/min，试验林地生长季节森林土壤水分贮量，都在最佳含水量下限以下，试验林地森林土壤水分供给（生态湿度）顺序为：山地棕色暗针叶林土（重湿）＞高山草甸土（重温）＞山地棕壤（湿）＞山地黄壤（较湿）＞山地暗棕壤（较湿一潮）。     

Water absorption of xeromor forest floor samples

Samples from the xeromor type humus horizon with different initial water cotents were irrigated and the water absorption studied. Four samples were used: from the litter (AoL), fermentation (AoF) and epihumus (AoFH) subhorizons and from the humus-mineral horizon (Ah). The samples were sprinkled continuously under laboratory conditions with an intensity of 10 mm h^?1.Irrigated samples with low initial moisture contents showed the lowest rate of water absorption, whereas in those with highest initial moisture content a quick increase in water content was observed. Two phases were distinguished: that of total absorption of irrigated water and that of partial absorption and outflow. The duration of the first phase was about 10 min for the samples with the lowest initial moisture content and about two hours for samples with higher initial moisture content. Significant differences in the first phase of water absorption were connected with the degree of humification. When the humification degree increases, so do the differences in absorption properties of the organic material due to initial moisture content. The ratios of water content increase in samples from subhorizons AoL, AoF, AoFH with the lowest initial water content were 0.82, 0.36 and 0.47, respectively. This shows that the initial water content has the least effect on the first phase of water absorption in the least humified material from subhorizon AoL. The water properties of the organic horizon significantly affect absorption by the forest floor.     

大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性指数与环境因子关系

为揭示阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性状况,研究生物多样性指数与环境因子的关系,为该区植被保护、植被恢复提供理论支持。运用物多样性指数、典范对应分析和次生演替的空间序列代替时间序列方法,以大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段群落为研究对象,设置33个网格样地数据,记录每个样地的物种多度、盖度、频度及土壤环境数据,测定12个环境指标。结果表明：1原始阔叶红松林群落经过顺行演替向逆行演替发展,演替趋势为：原始阔叶红松林→天然次生阔叶林→天然次生针叶林→次生裸地;2保存较好的原始阔叶红松林物种多样性指数最高,物种最丰富,其次是天然次生阔叶林,物种多样性指数最低的是次生裸地,群落结构简单。3物种多样性指数与纬度、土壤含水率、土壤全氮含量相关性最大。     

不同经营措施对辽东红松林和杂木林土壤物理性质及土壤水分的影响

通过野外实地调查与室内分析,研究了不同经营措施下红松林和杂木林的土壤物理性质、土壤水分变化情况。结果表明:红松林择伐区土壤自然含水量、饱和含水量较杂木林高;土壤容重、总孔隙杂木林高于红松林;红松林内土壤的最大、最小、毛管持水量等指标皆高于杂木林。择伐上层林木栽植的红松林对土壤的改良效果较皆伐造林和直接林冠下造林者好。中度抚育间伐的森林经营措施改良土壤效果显著。     

Active organic carbon pool of coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils in the mountainous areas of Beijing

In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon (SOC) were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36–0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28–0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.     

缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林地土壤的持水特性研究

对缙云山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林林地及农地(对照)土壤的物理性质、土壤水分的入渗性能进行了测定分析,结果表明:其林地(农地)表层土壤容重的顺序为,常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>农地>灌木林;土壤非毛管孔隙度的顺序为,灌木林>针阔混交林>竹林>常绿阔叶林>农地。灌木林林地土壤的有效水分涵蓄量要明显大于其他的森林类型,其蓄水量是竹林的1.4倍,是农地的2.14倍。4种森林类型林地及农地土壤的水分下渗性能,其层间稳渗率以腐殖质层>淀积层>母岩层;在土壤层,以竹林和农地的水分初渗为高。灌木林林地土壤的水分渗透性能极强,其初渗值达到了10.169 mm/min。从土壤水分的入渗性能来看,灌木林涵养水源和理水调洪的功能要远大于其他森林类型,针阔混交林要优于常绿阔叶林,而竹林最差。然而,对于遭遇短历时较高强度的降雨而言,竹林的理水调洪作用可能略好于针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

Impact of land use on physico-chemical and hydrological properties of ustifluvent soils in riparian zone of river Yamuna,India

Land use influences physico-chemical and water transmission properties of soil, which ultimately determine the suitability of land for different purposes. In present study, impact of different land use (forest and agriculture) on selected physicochemical and hydrological properties of soil was evaluated and compared with a reference site (uncultivated ravinous wasteland). Land use influenced infiltration rate, bulk density, mean weight diameter of aggregates and plant available water of soils. After 25 years of plantation of forest species, soil organic carbon content increased by more than twofold and mean weight diameter of aggregates by 2- to 6-fold in comparison to reference site. Significant reduction in soil bulk density (4–18%) and increase in steady state infiltration rate (1.5–2 times) was observed under the forest land use system. Conversion of ravine to forest system resulted in significant improvement in moisture retention capacity of soil. Conversion of ravine landform to agriculture adversely affected the soil bulk density and infiltration rate. The study provided practical information regarding rehabilitation potential of different tree species (Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia nilotica and Azadirachta indica) that could be used for restoration of ustifluvent soil susceptible to gully erosion in the semi-arid region.     

桂西南不同树种人工林评价研究

对桂西南多个树种、多种经营模式人工林的生长量、林下土壤及植被的调查研究和经济效益分析表明:米老排、红椎、西南桦等速生阔叶树种的生长量优于针叶树种,其中,胸径、树高年平均生长量以米老排为最高,分别达1.67 cm、1.29 m,分别比马尾松增长60.6%、61.2%,比杉木增长70.4%、57.3%;林分的年平均蓄积生长量则以西南桦为最高,达20.44 m3·hm-2·a-1,比杉木高了近2倍.阔叶林的经济效益明显优于针叶林,混交林的效益优于针叶纯林,树种之间效益比较达显著或极显著差异,其中以西南桦的效益最好,年平均产值达21 459.7元·hm-2,比杉木高10倍多.对土壤理化性质的研究表明:荒地造林后,土壤的密度、保水性、通透性得到改良;土壤有机质含量提高,富铝化作用增强,而其它的土壤养分,不同树种之间差异较大,但从总体看,阔叶林在改良土壤理化性质方面优于针叶纯林.     

The interaction between organic layer and forest growth and forest development on former heathland

Heathland soils are characterized by high acidity and poor nutrient contents. Nutrient availability could then be an important factor in forest growth and development on these soils. The hypothesis to be verified was 1. The enduring change in vegetation composition and production is of great influence especially on the development of the organic layer and on the nutrient distribution between this compartment and the mineral soil, and 2. As a result, forest nutrition and water supply will change during forest growth with consequences for forest development itself. In NW Germany heathland forest development are dominated by heathlands as the initial stage of the succession, naturally established pioneering pine dominated woodlands, and oak and beech dominated forests as the terminal stages. In a comparative study, within these stages of forest succession the nutrient and water supply in the organic layer were investigated with regards to the nutrient and water supply in the mineral soil and to the morphology of the organic layer itself. The successional development was associated with an increased productivity and a marked enrichment of organic material and nutrients in the organic layer, whereas the nutrient storage in the mineral soil was unchanged. The nutrient storage in the organic layer in the forested sites amounted to up to 80% of the plant-available nutrients within the organic layer–mineral soil system. The water supply increased too due to higher water storage and increasing root penetration within the organic layer. However, the increase in water supply was less marked than the nutrient enrichment. Especially the beech-dominated broad-leaved forests depend on higher nutrient and water supply of the organic layer. They have better growth conditions in the late stages of succession, due to an intense humus accumulation by the pioneering birch–pine woodlands. Consequently, the development of the organic layer facilitates the change of coniferous woodlands to forests and woodlands dominated by broad-leaved trees. Using pine as first planted tree is recommended to support this development.     

基于森林资源规划设计调查的云南省森林碳储量研究

基于云南省2016年森林资源规划设计调查数据,运用森林蓄积量扩展法等,按区域、流域对森林碳储量进行研究。结果表明,云南省2016年森林碳储量为 100170.49 万t,相当于固定 367625.71 万t CO2,森林单位面积碳储存能力为51.55 t/hm^2,按照现行碳交易价格计算,云南省森林碳储量价值为 12866899.85 万元。按不同森林类型对区域、流域森林碳储量进行分析,结果表明,按区域森林碳储量排序为:滇西北地区>滇南地区>滇西南地区>滇中地区>滇东北地区;按流域碳储量排序为:金沙江流域>澜沧江流域>红河流域>南盘江流域>怒江流域>伊洛瓦底江流域;按森林类型碳储量排序为:针叶林>混交林>阔叶林,按单位面积碳储量排序为:混交林>阔叶林>针叶林。研究显示,云南省森林碳储量巨大,碳汇交易前景广阔。提出下一步应开展不同年度的森林碳储量动态分析,开展碳汇研究,为森林生态系统补偿和碳排放交易提供技术支撑。     

毛竹林群落类型水源涵养功能的初步研究

对毛竹林群落类型水源涵养功能的研究结果认为:1.植冠截留量,毛竹、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹纯林>毛竹、杉木混交林;2.枯枝落叶层持水量,毛竹、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹、杉木混交林>毛竹纯林;3.土壤层的蓄水功能,毛什、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹纯林>毛竹、杉木混交林。通过本研究,将为毛竹林群落类型的科学管理及其生态经济功能发挥,提供依据。