中国多孔菌一新记录*

本文报道了中国多孔菌一新记录，柽柳纤孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｔａｍａｒｉｃｉｓ，采自北京中国林科院内柽柳树干上，引起白色腐朽。     

中国多孔菌新记录种——软薄孔菌

本文报道了我国多孔菌一种新记录种－软薄孔菌Ａｎｔｒｏｄｉａ ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｎａ，根据中国的材料对该菌形态特征进行了详细描述，并与欧洲的标本进行了比较研究。     

中国储木及建筑木材腐朽菌(Ⅰ)

本文首次系统报道了生长在中国原木、建筑物(包括房屋、桥梁、涵洞、栅栏等木质结构材)、坑木、枕木、矿柱、电杆、薪材等上的腐朽菌107种.其中24种引起木材褐色腐朽,83种引起白色腐朽.褐色腐朽的种类主要发生在针叶树木材上,白色腐朽的种类在针叶树和阔叶树木材上都常见.在针叶树原木上常见的木材腐朽菌有黄薄孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌、深褐褶菌、硫磺绚孔菌、冷杉附毛孔菌.在阔叶树原木上常见的有紫褐多孢孔菌、黑管孔菌、一色齿毛菌、红贝俄氏孔菌、硬毛粗毛盖孔菌、皮生锐孔菌、淡黄木层孔菌、鲜红密孔菌、淡黄裂孔菌、毛栓孔菌、锗栓孔菌和云芝栓孔菌等.这些种类来自作者长期的采集、记载和鉴定,全部标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所生物标本馆.     

长白山桦树上一种新腐朽病害

本文报道了我国长白山林区桦树上一种新腐朽病害，其病原菌为斜生纤孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ。该病主要发生在海拔较高的成熟桦树上，主要特征是在树干上形成黑色肿瘤，造成心材白色腐朽，受害树极易风析，后期全株死亡，对病原菌的宏观，显微结构及病害的症状进行了详细描述，并与欧洲的标本进行了比较。     

北京地区黄栌和桑树上的新病原腐朽菌

报道了北京地区两种新的由锈革孔菌科真菌引起的树木腐朽病害,其病原菌分别为石榴嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitiporia punicata Y.C.Dai,B.K.Cui & Decock)和桑木层孔菌(Phellinus mori Y.C.Dai & B.K.Cui).石榴嗜蓝孢孔菌可以引起黄栌干基腐朽,桑木层孔菌则主要造成桑树的心材腐朽.根据采集的标本对这两种新的病原菌进行了详细的形态描述、菌种分离和培养性状描述.     

长白山桦树上一种新腐朽病害

本文报道了我国长白山林区桦树上一种新腐朽病害，其病原菌为斜生纤孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ。该病主要发生在海拔较高的成熟桦树上，主要特征是在树干上形成黑色肿瘤，造成心材白色腐朽；受害树极易风折，后期全株死亡。对病原菌的宏观、显微结构及病害的症状进行了详细描述，并与欧洲的标本进行了比较。     

常见腐朽菌对几种防腐剂耐药性和敏感性的试验

本研究描述了常见的４种腐朽菌对ＢＢＦ、ＢＣＭ、ＣＣＡ防腐剂的耐药性和敏感性试验。结果表明，ＣＣＡ的杀菌效果最好。用琼脂扩散法，在５０ＰＰｍ的浓度下，除对裂褶菌起到抑制作用外，其它３种腐朽菌均被杀死。裂褶菌对３种防腐剂都有最大的耐药性，褶孔菌次之，而彩绒革盖菌、桦革褶菌最差。用防腐剂杀死以木块为底物的腐朽菌要比杀死以ＰＤＡ为底物的腐朽菌难得多。     

中国储木及建筑木材腐朽菌( Ⅱ)

根据资料综合报道165种储木及建筑木材上的腐朽菌,其中担子菌133种,子囊菌32种;引起褐色腐朽的有28种,白色腐朽137种。详细记载了每种真菌的腐朽类型、寄主和生长环境、地理分布。生长在原(储)木上的腐朽菌有三色拟迷孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌、毛盖采孔菌等8种;生长在枕木上的有褐褶菌Gloeophyllum spp.、囊孔菌Hirschioporus spp.、栓菌Trametes spp.、炭团菌Hypoxylon spp.等43种;生长在干燥环境下火烧木材上的有炭生褐褶菌、黑轮层炭壳等5种,潮湿环境下的有12种,其中裂褶菌、皱褶栓菌、黑轮层炭壳等能生长在栽培菇类的木段上,成为污染杂菌;生长在建筑木材上有5种,如皱褶栓菌、冷杉附毛菌、伏果圆炷菌(干朽菌,泪菌)等,其中伏果圆炷菌能生于各种木质物和建筑木材上,是危害最大的腐朽菌之一。     

长白山林区鱼鳞云杉上一种新干基白腐病

这种新干基白腐病的病原菌为绒毛昂氏孔菌Ｏｎｎｉａ ｆｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ。该病主要发生于成熟林分,造成干基特别是根部腐朽。被侵染树木极易风折或风倒而死亡。根据中国的材料对该病的病原菌形态特征进行了详细描述,并与北美及欧洲的标本进行了比较研究。     

中国木腐菌两新记录种

粗孢林氏孔菌Lindtneria trachyspora(Bourdot&Galzin)P ilát和乳白粗糙革孔菌Trechispora nivea(Pers.)K.H.Larss.首次报道于我国的青海省和陕西省,为中国新记录种。这两种木材腐朽菌均生长在阔叶树腐朽木上,造成木材白色腐朽。本文根据中国采集的标本材料对它们进行了详细的描述。     

异担子菌及其病害防治的研究现状

北半球针叶林最严重的森林病害是由广义的多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato)引起的干基白色腐朽病,但近年的研究表明多年异担子菌并不是单一的物种,目前在欧洲已分出3个独立的种,即原始多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto)、小孔异担子菌(Heterobasidion parviporum)和冷杉异担子菌(Heterobasidi-on abietinum),它们生物学习性、形态结构,生态学,寄主范围和发生区域均有差异。应用大伏革菌Phlebiopsisgigantea对该类病害进行生物防治是较好的方法。将中国东北和西南(云南)的异担子菌单孢菌株与欧洲的三种异担子菌进行交配,结果表明中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌与原始多年异担子菌无性亲和反应,而与小孔异担子菌有性融合反应,因此中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌是小孔异担子菌,目前中国并不存在原始多年异担子菌。由于原始多年异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌均为严重的森林病原菌,应将其作为对外检疫对象。     

中国东北杨树上的木腐菌

本文是中国东北地区木腐菌研究结果的一部分,简要论述了中国东北地区杨树上的木材腐朽菌,共报道了生长在杨树或杨树木材及腐木上的担子菌121种。其中多数生长在杨树倒木或朽木上,大多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽。硬粗毛孔菌Funaliatrogii(Berk.)Bondartsev＆Singer和浅黄褐栓菌Trametesochracea(Pers.)Gilb.＆Ryvarden等为人工林及行道树上常见种类;中国锐孔菌OxyporussinensisX.L.Zeng和瓦尼木层孔菌PhellinusvaniniiLjub.等种类只发生在杨树原始林或保存完好的天然林分,它们当中有的为稀有种或濒危种类。杨纤孔菌Inonotusrheades(Pers.)Bondartsev＆Singer和大孔薄孔菌AntrodialeucaenaY.C.Dai＆Niemel 等是杨树上特有种类;杨木层孔菌Phellinustremulae(Bondartsev)Bondartsev＆Borisov和树舌灵芝Ganodermalipsiense(Batsch)G.F.Atk等为杨树上的病原菌。     

Use of fungal biosystematics and molecular genetics in detection and identification of wood‐decay fungi for improved forest management

Advances in fungal biosystematics and molecular genetics have clarified relationships among the wood‐decay fungi and are providing new tools for their detection and identification. Species complexes of forest pathogens, including those within Heterobasidion, Armillaria, Laetiporus, and Phellinus, are being resolved. The ability to isolate fungal DNA directly from wood without in intermediate culturing step will greatly facilitate sampling and disease detection and has applications in forest disease management, hazard tree assessment, invasive species detection, and carbon cycling, sequestration and climate change research. Recent changes in fungal nomenclature and their application to forest pathology are discussed.     

浙江天目山两种新的阔叶树心材腐朽病

本文报道了浙江天目山自然保护区阔叶树上的两种新的心材腐朽病害,其病原菌分别为变孢绚孔菌(Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imazeki)和白蜡多年卧孔菌(Perenniporia fraxinea (Bull.:Fr) Ryvarden).根据野外调查对这两种新病害的症状进行了报道,并根据实地采样对这两种新的病原菌进行了详细描述.     

Effects of metals and pH on in vitro growth of Armillaria ostoyae and other root and butt rot fungi of red spruce

Armillaria ostoyae, Perenniporia subacida, Resinicium bicolor and Scytinostroma galactinum, root and butt rot fungi found on red spruce, Picea rubens, were tested, in vitro, for their sensitivity to metals typically found in high elevation forest soils where red spruce grows. Rhizomorph production by A. ostoyae from woody inocula in soils from red spruce stands at three elevations at each of five mountainous sites in the eastern United States was inhibited completely in the mineral soil from all elevations at all sites, and was also reduced significantly in the organic horizon from the upper two elevations at three of the sites. Inhibition was correlated with concentrations of metal ions in the soil. Growth of rhizomorphs into an agar medium containing lead and other heavy metals was inhibited for isolates of A. ostoyae from red spruce, but not for an isolate of Armillaria gallica from sugar maple; aluminium inhibited rhizomorph growth of isolates of both species. Mycelial growth of all four root and butt rot fungi was inhibited by lead, aluminium and other heavy metals depending on the solubility and concentration of metal and pH of the medium; growth inhibition was usually greater at an initial pH of 3.5 than at pH 4.5. Metal ions inhibited radial growth of Armillaria species more than that of the other three fungi. Rhizomorph growth of Armillaria was inhibited more than radial growth. Because local spread of A. ostoyae occurs frequently by means of rhizomorph growth between near roots, increases in lead, aluminium and other metals in the forest floor may contribute to this fungus' scarcity in high elevation soils and reduced incidence of infection at these sites in the eastern United States.     

Polypores on Spruce in Northeast China

Poroid species of wood-inhabiting fungi growing on spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai or Picea yezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carriere) in Northeast China were investigated during 1993-2002, and 71 species were recorded from these trees or their wood. Skeletocutis lilacina A. David & Jean Keller and Skeletocutis papyracea A. David are new to China. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.:Fr.) P. Karst., Onnia leporina (Fr.) H. Jahn, Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk, Phaeolus sckweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat., Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai and Phellinus yamanoi (Imazeki) Parmasto are the pathogens on the two trees. Among the 71 species 18 species (ca. 25% of all species) are considered as rare species, 34 species (48% of all species) are the occasional species, and 19 species (27% of all species) are the common species.     

蜜环菌群体遗传规律的初步研究

在长白山保护区天然针阔混交林和张广才岭地区红松人工林内,设立5个样地,采集蜜环菌样本331号.利用体细胞非亲和性的试验方法,鉴定出东北地区林木病原菌奥氏蜜环菌在林间的遗传体密度较低,是以菌索的形式存在,并为主要传播方式.在防治中应以切断病原菌的土壤传播为主要原则.     

Predicting the activity of Heterobasidion parviporum on Norway spruce in warming climate from its respiration rate at different temperatures

We studied the effect of climate warming on Heterobasidion root rot in boreal forests by measuring respiration activity of pure cultures of Heterobasidion parviporum in Norway spruce (Picea abies) sawdust and by linking these data to temperature data obtained from three spruce forests located along a north‐south transect stretching from northern Germany to northern Finland. The pure cultures applied in this investigation were homokaryotic, but in a separate investigation, we found no significant difference between the activity of homo‐ and heterokaryotic isolates. We also found that the temperature response curves of growth and respiration rates of this fungus were similar and propose that respiration reflects the general activity of H. parviporum. The respiration data were scaled up to annual cumulative respiration activity using daily temperature measurements from soil and air in the spruce forest sites. The annual respiration activity of H. parviporum showed a linear relationship with the average annual air temperature. An increase in the annual air temperature by 5°C would raise the annual activity of H. parviporum in spruce roots in northern Finland, southern Finland and northern Germany by 91%, 53% and 40%, respectively. This increase remains below the predicted increase in forest growth in northern Finland but exceeds considerably the predictions for southern Finland. According to the previous literature, a number of other decay fungi show a similar activity response to temperature as H. parviporum, suggesting that this result can be generalized to decay fungi with similar ecological habits.     

Detection of a chitinase-like protein in the roots of Douglas-fir trees infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Phellinus weirii

Protein was extracted from root bark of 11- and 25-year-old interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees that were naturally infected with Armillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink. The proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Root bark tissue adjacent to infected areas had a significantly higher protein concentration than healthy tissue (P < 0.05), whereas the protein concentration of infected tissue was consistently lower (P < 0.05) than that of healthy tissue. The SDS-PAGE profiles of healthy, infected, and adjacent-to-infected root bark tissues revealed significant differences in concentrations of a 29.3-kDa protein. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 29.3-kDa protein displayed significant homology (P = 0.013) to a basic endochitinase. Use of a polyclonal antibody raised against the 29.3-kDa putative endochitinase-like protein (ECP) indicated differences in the quantities of ECP in healthy roots compared with roots infected with A. ostoyae in 11- and 25-year-old interior Douglas-fir trees. The antibody was also used to screen for the presence of the 29.3-kDa protein in roots of 24-year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) trees that were artificially inoculated with and colonized by Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilbn. The amount of ECP was elevated in root bark of coastal Douglas-fir in response to P. weirii infection, although in lower quantities relative to those found in the A. ostoyae-interior Douglas-fir pathosystem. The sequence homology of the ECP with a basic chitinase, together with its increased synthesis in response to two fungal pathogens, indicate a possible role for this protein in the defense of Douglas-fir against fungal pathogens.