Study on the parasitoids of Pissodes nitidus Roel

During 1996 to 1999, we made a systematicobservation and intensive study on the parasitoids ofPissodes nitidus in Langxiang and Xinqing ForestryBureau, Xiaoxing'an Mountain region, HeilongjiangProvince. The species number of parasitoids on Pis- sodss nitidus is about 70, including Eurytomidae,Ichneumonidae and Braconidae etc. Among them,Eumpma sp. is a dominant species and a braconid,IPobracon sp. is a subdominant species, and theyplay an importsnt role in controlling the pest.Euopma sp.…     

Control of Lymantria dispar L. by biological agents

The experiment on control ofLymantria dispar L by using different kinds of biological measures, including nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) ofLymantria dispar L., BtMP-342, sex-attractant as well as botanical insecticide, was carried out in the forest regions of Inner Mongolia in 2003. Two concentrations (2.632×10⁶ PIB·ml⁻¹ and 2.632×10⁷ PIB·ml⁻¹) ofLymantria dispar L. NPV were sprayed on the 2rd-instar-larvae ofL. dispar and 70% and 77.8% control effect were obtained respectively. BtMP0-342 was applied to the 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae and the control effect was around 80%. The sex-attractant provided by Canada Pacific Forestry Research Center also showed a good result in trappingL. dispar adults. The self-produced botanical insecticide, which was extracted from a kind of poisonous plant distributed in Daxing'an Mountains, China, exhibited a good control result in controlling the larvae ofL. dispar, and 82% mortality was observed when spraying primary liquid of the botanical insecticide on the 3rd–5th-instar-larvae in lab. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C0235) and Youth Foundation of Harbin City (0061218024). Biography: ZHANG Guo-cai (1964), male, Ph. Doctor Candidate, associate professor in School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Study on biological and ecological characteristics ofIps subelongatus Motsch

Ips subelongatus Motschulsky were raised indoors and in the field using fresh baits for study of biological and ecological characteristics during 1992–1994. The life cycle of the pest in Lishu County, Jilin Province was described. The study results indicated that temperature was a main factor affecting the development ofIps subelongatus. The initial temperature for development of egg, larva, pupa and adult was 6.1, 8.0, 10.3 and 9.8°C, respectively. To complete one-generation needs, respectively, 48 d at temperature of 18°C, 39 d at 20°C and 33 d at 22°C. The pest has different number of generations in different area as a result of temperature change. In Jilin Province, it generally has three generations, except that some individuals have 2 generations. The nature enemies for this pest areThanasinus substriatus, Tomimicobia seitneri Ruschk,Coeliodes sp. etc. Foundation item: This paper is part of key subject of the Ministry of Forestry (formerly)—The Systematic Control Technique ofIps subelongatus Motschulsky. Biography: G{upao} Chang-qi (1952-), male, research fellow in Jilin Forestry Academy. Responsibe editor: Chai Ruihai     

Chalcidoid parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola (Gour.) (Dip. Agromyzidae) in Sivas Province, Turkey

Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau, 1851) (Diptera Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous species and very common worldwide. In this study, parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola were investigated on various plants during 2003 in the Sivas province. Infested leaves were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminers and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were reared belonging to Eulophidae and Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea). Diglyphus iseae (Walker), Pediobius metallicus (Nees) and Diglyphus pachyneurus Graham represent the predominant parasitoid species. Among the parasitoids reared, Aprostocetus flavifrons (Walker), Merismus sp., and Chrysocharis crassiscapus (Thomson) have been newly recorded in Turkey and Aprostocetus flavifrons, Chrysocharis crassiscapus, Diglyphus pachyneurus Graham, and Merismus sp. were recorded for the first time from C. horticola.     

A phytosociological study onBetula platyphylla forests in Daxing’an Mountains of China

For the first time in this paper the forests ofBetula platyphylla in Daxing’an Mountains are subdivided by phytosociological methods. Three community types ofB. platyphylla forest have been differentiated, e.g.,Rhododendron dahuricum-Betula platyphylla community,Corylus heterophylla-Betula platyphylla community andArtemisia stolonifera-Betula platyphylla community. The distributed elevation, stand height, differential species, major composition species of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer for each community were detail described Yang Yongfu, male, born in Sept., 1961; Senior engineer of Central Nursery of Xinlin Forestry Bureau, Daxinganling, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Factors influencing the parasitism of codling moth eggs by Trichogramma cacoeciae March. and T. principium Sug. et Sor. (Hymen. Trichogrammatidae)

Non-choice laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of host acceptance, previous rearing host, host age and the contact time between parasitoids and host on the efficacy of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principum Sug. et Sor. against the codling moth Cydia pomonella. The tendency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum females to attack the codling moth was similar to E. kuehniella, and it was not affected by the previous rearing host. T. cacoeciae showed a greater preference for codling moth eggs than T. principum. A high mean number of emerged F₁ progeny was observed when both parasitoids were sequentially reared on codling moths. Codling moth acceptance, the number of parasitized eggs and the number of emerged progeny were higher when younger codling moth eggs were offered. The tendency of female parasitoids to oviposit remained unchanged when the contact time with the host was prolonged. When the contact time was increased, the number of parasitized eggs and emerged offspring was higher. The results showed that the codling moth fertility (egg hatch) was reduced when younger eggs were offered and when the contact time with the parasitoids was increased. T. cacoeciae was more efficient in reducing codling moth fertility. The current study provided essential information necessary to increase the efficiency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum against the codling moth.     

Development, manufacture and application of Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension

The optimal formula of Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension was screened out through the experiment,preparation and manufacture of basic formulas, which has no sedimentation, suspended drops of oil, peels and agglomerating and the diameter of capsule is in range of 10-30μm, conformed to the technical requirement. The aftereffect of the 3.3% Beta-Cypermethrin aqueous capsule suspension which was manufactured according to the optimal formula was up more than 25 days. The experiments on controlling the larvae of Dendrolinmus superans Butler and the adults of Xylotrechus rusticus L were carried out with different concentrations of this chemical. The death rate reached 80% when 250 times solution of the chemical was sprayed on stem to control the larvae of D. superans. For control of the adults of X. rusticus, 200, 400 and 600 times solution of the chemical were applied and their control effects (death rate) reached 85.23%, 74.21% and 66.59% respectively. Two kinds of solution (200 times and 300 times) of the chemical were used to control the larvae of D. superans in large area, and the control effect for both concentrations was over 90%.     

Preliminary studies on the early quality identification ofAuricularia auricular

In production industry ofAuricularia auricular, the varieties quality is most important impact factor on output. For evaluating the early quality of the edible fungus, 9 varieties ofAuricularia auricular (Au9, CF09, CF05, 29, 916, chang10, chang7, Au.Japanese and 8808) were cultured on the medium consists of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust to test their mycelium growth rate, endurance to high temperature, resistance to mildew, assimilation of nutriment, and resistance to drought. The result showed that the mycelium of Chang 10, CF09, 29 and Au.Japanese varieties had the eminent characteristics such as short lifespan, stronger assimilation of nutriment, and endurance to high temperature and steady growth. These four varieties are determined as superiority varieties ofAuricularia auricular in accordance with the research results. Foundation item: The research was supported by Science Fund of Northeast Forestry University (2004). Biography: Li Ling (1964-), female, Engineer in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

寄生小蜂对小青×黑杨树皮及杨圆蚧挥发油的行为反应

Four-armed airflow olfactometer was used to determining the foraging behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andEncarsia gigas (Tshumakova) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to the essential oils which emitted from the healthy bark ofPopulus pseudo-simonii×P. nigra, the infested bark injured byQuadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck), the body and scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas. The results from these experiments showed that the volatile oils produced from the injured bark and from the scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph had a higher attractive ability to female adults of the two species of wasps. The essential oil produced from the scale of the pest at dosages of 3–7 μL and the essential oil emitted by injured bark at dosages of 5–9 μL had a stronger alluring effect on the host searching behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava. The essential oil from the body of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas also had certain effect on the host locating effort ofPteroptrix longgiclava andEncarsia gigas. Those two wasps did not shown any reaction to the essential oil produced by the healthy bark of poplar. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39970620) and the “TRAPOYT” Biography: CHI De-fu (1962-), male, Ph.D., Professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Growth variation and early selection ofBetula platyphylla in natural stands

The stem analysis ofBetula platyphylla in natural forest at the Maoershan Forest Experimental Station of Northeast Forestry University, showed that the growth variation of the trees, including height and diameter breast height, decreases with the increase of the age. There is the turning point for the growth variation of the tree from acute change to relative stability when the trees are in eighteen years old. There are significant differences among the height, diameter and volume growth of the trees at that time. Therefore, the optimal age for early selection of this species in natural stands is eighteen years old (18 a). Diameter is used as main index for selection and height growth as auxiliary one. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

A study on the winter hardiness and the energy resources of overwintering ofScambus sp

In Honghuaerji region,Scambus sp. is an effective natural enemy of the mongolian scotch pine cone weevil (Pissodes validiirostriis Gyll). The percentage of parasitism on larvae of the mongolian scotch pine cone weevil amounts to 20 to 30% commonly, sometimes as high as 45% or more, thus significantly regulating the weevil population. But the high mortality of larvae ofScambus in winter, which according to the surveys (conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1988) were 24.00%, 51.03% and 47.70% respectively, seriously influenced the natural suppression effect. In order to reveal the cause of winter death of this natural enemy, from 1990 authors studied the winter physiological indices, cold hardiness and overwintering protection ofScambus larvae, in the purpose of providing scientific basis of usingScambus in biological control.     

Relationship between trophic component of different poplar strains and occurrence ofSaperda poplnea

An experimental area of poplar was established in Songyuan of Jilin Province in 1999 for testing the resistance of different poplar stains toSaperda poplnea. Incidence ofS. poplnea on ten poplar strains were investigated, and the main trophic component of branches of these poplar trees were measured and analyzed in April 2001. The results showed that there existed significant difference in population size ofS. poplnea on different poplar strains, and the branches of these poplar strains have significant difference in nutrient component and content of amino acids. The population size of this pest had a significantly positive correlation with dissolvable total sugar and water content but had no significant correlation with content of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen. Foundation Item: This paper is part of the subject of integrated control of longicorn of poplar for mainly focusing on pest resistance, which was supported by Jilin Provincial Forestry Department (96-010). Biography: Gao Chang-qi (1949-), Research Fellow, Doctorate Tutor, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changehun 139931, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Bionomics ofBiston betularia (L.) in Daxing’an Mountains forest area

Observations on life cycle, habits and characteristics ofBiston betularia (L.), which is a major pest infecting birch, were made in Daxing’an Mountain forest area, Heilongjiang Province during 1997–1998. In this area, the pest has one generation per year and overwinters as eggs in cracks of the lower part of stem. Adults emerge from mid-July to late August, and the damage of larvae occurs mainly in May and June. Life cycle table ofBiston betularia was given and control suggestions were made in this paper. Foundation item: This paper is part of Key Subject of Birch in State 9th Five-Year Plan. Biography: Sun Fan (1971-), female, lecture in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihal     

Introduction of Pinus radiata for afforestation： a review with reference to Aba, China

Pinus radiata D. Don, native to a Californian coastal environment, has been introduced to many parts of the world as an exotic species for afforestation. It is now a major plantation species in the Southern Hemisphere. In 1990, it was introduced to the heavily degraded, dry Min river valley area in Aba prefecture of Sichuan Province, P. R. China. Survival and growth of young trees planted at several sites appear to be reasonable. This review is to serve as an introduction to the large body of literature on P.radiata for forest scientists in China. It covers the following aspects: P. radiata in its native environment and in ex situ plantations,provenance and genetic variations, environmental limitations and climate niche, diseases and pests, lessons from unsuccessful introductions, and the use of P. radiata for ecological restoration. The early growth of P. radiata planted in the dry river valley area is briefly described. Potential problems associated with the introduction of P. radiata in Aba and future research needs are also identified.     

Influence of main site factors on Fraxinus mandshurica（Oleaceae） plantation

The investigation was carried out on 10-year-old plantation of Fraxinus mandshurica in Mao‘er Mountain Experimental Station of Northeast Forest University.tree height(H),diameter at breast height(D1.3) and the increment of tree height in 5 years (H5),the thickness of humus layer,as well as the soil moisture were measured for the plantation and the growth indexes(H,D1.3,H5) for different site conditions were analyzed.The results showedthat main site factors influencing the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica were soil moisture,gradient and location of siope in order.The growth of Fraxinus mandshurica was better on the middle-or up-slope site than on the down-slope site.Soil moisture and late frost caused by terrain are the main reasons that limit the growth of Fraxinus mandshurica plantation.     

New parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saperda populnea</Emphasis> (L.) (Col. Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2002–2003 at different sites in Bulgaria. Galls containing cerambycid larvae were collected on branches of aspen (Populus tremula L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and hybrid poplars and were studied under laboratory conditions. As a result, four new species for the parasitoid complex of S. populnea in Bulgaria were recorded: Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy), Xylophrurus lancifer (Gravenhorst), Gelis ornatulus (Thomson) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Dendrocerus serricornis (Boheman) (Hym., Megaspilidae). D. serricornis and G. ornatulus are new species for Bulgarian fauna. D. tuberculatus and X. lancifer were found as primary parasitoids, and G. ornatulus and D. serricornis as hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoids developed solitarily in the host larvae. D. serricornis was reared gregariously from a puparium of Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt., Tachinidae). The host of G. ornatulus was not identified, but the hyperparasitid could be connected with Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym., Braconidae). The mortality of S. populnea caused by the parasitoids was 2.0–6.3%.     

Study on the biological characteristics ofHomalotglus flaminus

Homalotglus flaminus (Daiman) is an important natural enemy of theChilocorus kuwanae. Its biological characteristic, life history, the action style on hosts were studied at Hongqi Forest Farm, Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province from June 1998 to October 2000, in order to controlH. flaminus and raise the control ability ofChilocorus kuwanae toQuadraspidictus gigas pest. The observed results indicated thatH. flaminus has two generation one year in study area, the pupating span is 12.7 d, life span of females and males is 17.6 d and 10.8 d respectively, egg span is 10 d, and the sex ratio of females to males is 1∶3 Foundation item: This paper was supported by Natural Science and Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. Biography: Mpa Ling (1963), female, Ph. Doctor, associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard

Through 5 years of phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard and studies on population and individuals of clones, the annual periodic phenological laws were revealed and the annual phenological periodic table was drawn up. The correlation between various phenophases, the air temperature and active accumulated temperature were analyzed and expounded. The authors also analyzed the similarities and differences of phenophases among clonal individuals as well as the blooming properties of male and female flowers at the same time. This study could provide theoretical reference for working out the production plan of improved varieties and other management measures in seed orchard ofLarix principis-rupprechtii. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, senior engineer in Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Studies on bionomics and occurrence regulation ofPhigalia djakonovi Moltrecht

Investigation and observation were made on bionomics and occurrence regulation ofPhigalia djakonovi Moltrecht, which is a major pest of white birch, in Daxing’an Mountain forest area of Inner Mongolia during 1997 to 1999. The pest has one generation per year and overwinters as pupae in the soil in this area. Development, bionomics and outbreak of the pest are closely related with the food and environment conditions. Foundation item: This paper is a part of Key Subject of Birch in State 9th Five-Year Plan Biography: W{upang} Ya-qin (1966-), female, engineer in Yakeshi Forestry Administration. Inner Mongolia. P. R. China. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.