中华猕猴桃雌、雄株的同工酶研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳的方法对中华猕猴桃雌、雄株的叶片进行了过氧化物酶同工酶的测定。结果表明:雌、雄株之间在同工酶谱上有着比较明显的差异。雌株比雄株酶带多,酶带深、酶活强。雌、雄株都有其各自的特征酶谱。本文结果进一步支持过氧化物酶同工酶可以作为研究植物性生理、生化特征的一个重要的指标的观点。     

沙棘雌雄株部分生理生化指标的差异

对沙棘雌雄株光合与呼吸以及氨基酸含量等方面进行了比较研究，结果看出，雄株的光合，呼吸、叶片持水力和生长势均高于雌株，其蛋白质、可溶性糖和氨基酸含量也有同样趋势，而雌株的过氧化物同工酶谱带比雄株多一条谱带。     

过氧化物酶同工酶与银杏性别及年龄的关系

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法对已知性别的银杏成年大树（树龄４０年以上）、在形态上尚未分化出雌雄的实生苗（苗龄２～３年）、实生幼苗（苗龄４０天）以及雌雄树叶诱导的愈伤组织进行过氧化物酶同工酶的测定。经重复实验，发现成年树雌雄株的酶谱存在着差异，雌株较雄株有较多的酶带，且有两条酶带的电泳迁移率相同，但活性不同。实生苗和实生幼苗酶带比成树的明显减少，且在不同株中的活性趋于相同。而对已知性别成年树叶片诱导的愈伤组织进行检测，其酶谱与成树、实生苗和实生幼苗的明显不同，但均出现了雌雄成树共同具有一条酶带，且活性极强。但过氧化物酶同工酶图谱能否作为鉴定银杏植株早期性别鉴定的生理生化指标，尚需进一步探索和研究。     

根据过氧化物酶同工酶图谱鉴定银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)植株的性别

用三种电泳方法连续四年对银杏雌雄株及形态上尚未分化出性别的苗木进行同工酶的测定,实验规模达数百株次,发现雌雄株间过氧化物酶同工酶谱存在着有规律的差异,即雌株幼叶较雄株有较多的条带。形态上尚未分化出性别的植株幼叶中,过氧化物酶同工酶谱也有两种类型;一种与雌株中的相同,一种与雄株中的相同。酯酶同工酶谱在不同性别间,没有明显的稳定性差异。结果表明过氧化物酶同工酶谱可能成为鉴定银杏苗木性别的生理指标,值得在实践中进一步探索其应用的可能性。     

山苍子雌雄植株早期鉴定初探

山苍子为雌雄异株植物,通常用实生苗造林雄株达40％左右,实际上林地仅需保留少量雄株供授粉而伐去大部分雄株,大大影响了产量。因此山苍子雌雄植株早期鉴定在生产上具有重要意义。国内曾报道过千年桐、猕猴桃等雌雄植株叶部组织在氧化还原能力方面存在差异。我们考虑以氧化还原酶类的活性强弱作为早期鉴定的指标。为此我们的试验通过测定已知性别的成年树和幼苗的叶片组织过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,初步得到山苍子雄株叶片较之雌株叶片具有较高的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活     

快速鉴别中华猕猴桃雌雄株的研究

本实验系1981～1984年,采用西北农学院果树站的成年猕猴桃大树及已开花的幼年嫁接苗的叶片进行的。用联苯胺、愈创树脂等药剂的溶液,分别与猕猴桃雌、雄株的结果枝和发育枝的叶片提取液进行反应,观察反应液的颜色变化和排出气泡的多少,判断过氧化物酶活性的高低,以鉴别雌、雄株。其结果,雄株与药剂作用后,反应液颜色变化比雌株快而深,反应液中排出的氧气量也多。历年试验均表明,雌、雄株反应液均明显不同。     

中华猕猴桃雌雄株可溶性糖含量的差异

用蒽酮比色法对中华猕猴桃雌株和雄株,分别进行了叶片中可溶性糖含量的测定。结果表明,雄株的可溶性糖含量极显著地高于雌株,并证明在未开花的实生苗中也存在同样的现象,从而为中华猕猴桃苗期的雌雄鉴别找到了一种依据。     

二球悬铃木的生长状况与过氧化物酶同工酶的表达

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对不同生长状况的二球悬铃木植株叶片中过氧化物酶同工酶的表达进行了测定分析.实验结果表明,同工酶谱的酶带活性及其数目的变化,与植株生长状况具有密切关系.随着不良因素对植株伤害程度的加剧,酶带的活性及数目也随之提高与增加;当伤害程度达到极其严重程度时,酶带活性强而数目减少,酶分子改组,酶带迁移速度加快,移向阳极一端.     

山鸡椒水分及氮素利用效率性别特异性动态

【目的】以雌雄异株山鸡椒为研究材料,分析雌雄植株在生殖生长过程中水分及氮素利用策略的性别特异性动态变化规律,以期为雌雄异株植物资源分配动态变化机制提供理论依据。【方法】测定雌雄植株在开花后105～165天共5个时期叶片养分含量(碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比)、稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)、稳定氮同位素组成(δ¹⁵N),并分析其动态变化规律。【结果】1)雌雄株叶片δ¹³C平均值分别为-29. 38‰和-28. 08‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹³C值影响均显著,5个时期雌株δ¹³C值均显著低于雄株;且随发育进程雌雄植株δ¹³C值均不断下降。2)雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N平均值分别为1. 90‰和2. 95‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均有极显著影响,开花后105～150天(即雌株果实中精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期)雌株δ¹⁵N值显著低于雄株;随着发育进程,雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均表现出双峰变化趋势,双峰出现在开花后105天和135天,雌株叶片δ¹⁵N在开花后120天达到最低值,雄株叶片在开花后165天时达到最低值。3)雌雄株叶片碳含量平均值分别为49. 44%和49. 28%。开花后105天和120天,雌株叶片C含量高于雄株叶片C含量,开花后135～165天(果实精油快速积累期到稳定期),雌株叶片C含量低于雄株。雄株叶片C含量随发育进程显著升高,而雌株叶片C含量在不同时期无显著差异。4)雌雄株叶片N含量平均值分别为1. 71%和1. 51%。性别对N含量影响显著,雄株叶片N含量均低于雌株(除开花后135天)。5)雌雄株叶片C/N平均值分别为29. 15和33. 72。性别对叶片碳氮比影响显著,雌株C/N值在不同发育时期均小于雄株,但发育时期对其无显著影响;随着发育时期推进,雄株C/N值下降程度高于雌株。6)雌雄植株叶片δ¹³C与N含量以及δ¹³C与δ¹⁵N之间均无显著相关性。【结论】山鸡椒雌雄植株在养分含量、水分及氮素利用策略存在差异,且在开花后105～165天表现出动态变化规律。雌株水分利用效率低于雄株,从果实精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期到稳定期,雌株水分利用效率不断下降;雌株氮利用低于雄株,且随着植株发育,雌雄株叶片氮素利用效率均表现出双峰变化趋势;雄株叶片氮含量低于雌株,分配更多的氮素至花芽以保证花粉形成;果实精油快速积累期到稳定期,雌株叶片碳含量低于雄株,为果实及种子的形成提供更多的碳元素。     

罗汉松雌雄植株叶片生理特征比较

以广西南宁市的罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)为材料,对罗汉松雌雄植株叶片部分生理指标在不同生长季节的差异进行比较。结果表明,所测的各项生理指标在4个生长季节中均产生变化。雌株叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在秋季和冬季均高于雄株,在春季则低于雄株;雌株叶片中的脯氨酸含量在秋季和冬季显著小于雄株,但在春季显著高于雄株;除夏季外,雌株叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量在其他3个季节均显著高于雄株,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在各季节基本表现出小于雄株;雌株叶片中叶绿素含量在春、夏和冬季,以及类胡萝卜素含量在春、秋和冬季均高于雄株叶片。综合分析表明,在反映同化能力和营养物质贮藏的指标上雌株高于雄株,而常用适应性指标表现为雄株优于雌株。研究结果可为罗汉松目标植株在非繁殖季节的选择、应用及抚育管理措施的制定提供理论依据。     

A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH OF ZYMOGRAMS OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN DIFFERENT TISSUES 0F 25 SPECIES OF VERTEBRATES

The distribution and characteristics of LDH isoenzymes in different tissues of 25spe-cies of vertebrats were comparativety analysed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel diskelectrophoresis,combined with experiments on heat and urea inhibition.The result showed that indifferent tissues of Cienopharyngodon idellus,Carassius,ayratus,Trichiurus haumete and Miichihysmiiuy in addition to the distribution of LDH isoenzymes,composed of A and B subuits,a E4isoenzyme band,moving very fast to the positive pole,was detectedin the eye tissue of Trichiurushaumele and a F4 isoenzyme hand,moving very slow to the positive pole,was found in liver andkidney of Cienopharyngodon idellus.The A4 isoenzyme band was found in different tisseues ofPleuronichlhys cornulus,inhabiting on the bottom of the ocean.From the amphition to the mammal,with the exception of Hyta arboreu immaculata,Chinnemys reevesii,Trioyx sinensis,Gallus gallusdomeslicus and Corvus macrorhynchos,which have special electrophoretic behaviours.In differenttissu     

Sex-related differences in leaf morphological and physiological responses in Hippophae rhamnoides along an altitudinal gradient

In most woody plants, leaf morphological and physiological characteristics are extremely variable across environmental gradients, particularly across altitudinal gradients. Hippophae rhamnoides L., a dioecious and deciduous shrub species, occupies a wide range of habitats in the Wolong Nature Reserve, southwest China. We measured growth, sex ratio and morphological and physiological characteristics of leaves in male and female H. rhamnoides individuals along an altitudinal gradient. Shoot height (HT), leaf N concentration per unit dry mass (N(mass)), leaf N concentration per unit area (N(area)) and leaf carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) were higher in males than in females, whereas females had higher specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal length (SL) and stomatal index (SI) (i.e., total stomatal length per unit leaf area) than males along the altitudinal gradient. Females also had higher values of stomatal density (SD) at all altitudes except 2800 m. The male:female ratio (MFR) was biased toward males at all altitudes except at 2800 m. Changes in HT, MFR, SLA, SD, SL, SI, N(mass), N(area) and delta(13)C along the altitudinal gradient were nonlinear. Below 2800 m, HT, SLA, SD, SL and SI increased with increasing altitude, but above 2800 m they decreased with increasing altitude. In contrast, MFR, N(mass), N(area) and delta(13)C showed the opposite patterns with altitude. Consequently, we confirmed our hypotheses: (1) stressful environments have a more negative impact on females than on males in a variety of ways; (2) under optimal growth conditions the sex ratio is even, but becomes male-biased as resources become limited; and (3) there is an optimum altitudinal range at around 2800 m for the growth of H. rhamnoides in the Wolong Nature Reserve.     

香榧花芽分化与核酸的关系研究初报

香榧花芽分化与核酸的关系研究初报苏梦云周国璋关键词香榧花芽分化核酸香榧（ＴｏｒｅｙａｇｒａｎｄｉｓＦｏｒｔ．ｅｘＬｉｎｄｌ．）是我国著名的珍稀干果,雌雄异株,一般在４月中下旬开花授粉。由于香榧童期较长（大约需２０ａ左右才开花）,如何促进提早开花结实已...     

Vigor-controlling rootstocks affect early shoot growth and leaf area development of kiwifruit

Patterns of shoot development and the production of different types of shoots were compared with scion leaf area index (LAI) to identify how eight clonal Actinidia rootstocks influence scion development. Rootstocks selected from seven Actinidia species (A. chrysantha Merri., A. deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson, A. eriantha Benth., A. hemsleyana Dunn, A. kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim., A. kolomikta C.F. Liang and A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim.) were grafted with the scion Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis 'Hort16A' (yellow kiwifruit). Based on an earlier architectural analysis of A. chinensis, axillary shoot types produced by the scion were classified as short, medium or long. Short and medium shoots produced a restricted number of preformed leaves before the shoot apex ceased growth and aborted, resulting in a 'terminated' shoot. The apex of long shoots continued growth and produced more nodes throughout the growing seasons. Mid-season LAI of the scion was related to the proportion of shoots that ceased growth early in the season. Scions on low-vigor rootstocks had 50% or less leaf area than scions on the most vigorous rootstocks and had a higher proportion of short and medium shoots. On low-vigor rootstocks, a higher proportion of short shoots was retained during pruning to form the parent structure of the following year. Short parent shoots produced a higher proportion of short daughter shoots than long parent shoots, thus reinforcing the effect of the low-vigor rootstocks. However, overall effects of rootstock on shoot development were consistent regardless of parent shoot type and nodal position within the parent shoot. Slower-growing shoots were more likely to terminate and scions on low-vigor rootstocks produced a higher proportion of slow-growing shoots. Shoot termination also occurred earlier on low-vigor rootstocks. The slower growth of terminating shoots was detectable from about 20 days after bud burst. Removal of a proportion of shoots at the end of bud burst increased the growth rate and decreased the frequency of termination of the remaining shoots on all rootstocks, indicating that the fate of a shoot was linked to competitive interactions among shoots during initial growth immediately after bud burst. Rootstock influenced the process of shoot termination independently of its effect on final leaf size. Scions on low-vigor rootstocks had a higher proportion of short shoots and short shoots on all rootstocks had smaller final leaf sizes at equivalent nodes than medium or long shoots. Only later in the development of long shoots was final leaf size directly related to rootstock, with smaller leaves on low-vigor rootstocks. Thus, the most important effect of these Actinidia rootstocks on scion development occurred during the initial period of shoot growth immediately after bud burst.     

Opportunity for hybridization between two oak species in mixed stands as monitored by the timing and intensity of pollen production

The opportunity of cross-pollination in mixed stands of two oak species (cork oak and holm oak) was studied by characterizing individual phenologies of flowering. In the spring of 1998 at one stand consisting of 64 marked trees, there was a period of 19 days when maximal pollen release in one species and stigma receptivity in the other occurred simultaneously, enabling interspecific gene flow in either direction. This happened in spite of an average time separation of 22 days between the two species, reflecting a considerable intraspecific variation in the timings of flowering. Flowering intensities (as estimated from male flower abundance) were high, but fruiting intensities were comparatively low. Shortly after pollination, considerable abortion of female flowers and early fruits was recorded. In 2000, the interspecific overlap of phenologies was drastically reduced due to a delay in cork oak flowering. On the other hand, the individual timings were repeatable for most trees, at least in holm oak. Two other mixed stands were subject of parallel studies, with similar results in all traits except for a less dramatic reduction in fruiting intensities. In spite of the high opportunity for cross-pollination in 1998, and given the lack of hybrids among the progenies from the subsequent fruiting season [Oliveira, P., Custódio, A.C., Branco, C., Reforço, I., Rodrigues, F., Varela, M.C., Meierrose, C., 2003. Hybrids between cork oak and holm oak: isoenzyme analysis. Forest Genet. 10, 283–298], it can be concluded that the prerequisite of cross-pollination is clearly insufficient for hybridization to succeed. Post-pollination processes must play an important role in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between the two species.     

银杏性别分化阶段的早期鉴定及其激素调控

通过对银杏植株不同生长发育阶段同工酶检测，确定银杏植株在９０ｄ苗龄期已经开始性别分化，在此基础上，对９０ｄ生之前的银杏植株进行激素处理，发现激素处理可以改变银杏的性比，其中，赤霉素具有诱雄作用，乙烯利具有诱雌作用。     

湿地松种子园无性系间开花结实差异分析

湿地松种子园内无性系间的生长，开花和结实等性状存在着显著差异，无性素水平和单株水平上的性状相关分析结果基本一致，雌花量与结实量，球果长与宽有较密切的相关关系，而无性素的雌花量与雌花量存在负相关关系。     

Fruiting behavior of dipterocarps in two consecutive episodes of general flowering in a Malaysian lowland rain forest

We examined fruiting behaviors of 24 dipterocarp species in a lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia during two consecutive episodes of general flowering (GF). The first GF episode (GF2001) occurred from August 2001 to February 2002, and the second GF episode (GF2002) followed immediately, from March to September 2002. The magnitude of GF2002 was greater than that of GF2001 at the community level. Significant positive size dependence of fruiting behavior at the community level was found in both GF2001 and GF2002, but there was no significant association between the fruiting behaviors in GF2001 and GF2002 except for one species. These results imply that tree size was one of the explanatory factors for fruiting behavior of dipterocarp species, but there was no evidence that adjacent reproduction caused the absence of reproduction and decreased fecundity in the subsequent fruiting event. In contrast, strong spatial aggregation of fruiting trees was found in GF2001, suggesting that external factors may affect fruiting behavior of dipterocarps in a minor GF episode. Among the 12 study species, there were large variations in fruiting behavior, but growth type (e.g., fast-growing or slow-growing) did not simply explain the inter-specific pattern of fruiting behavior. Thus, tree size may account for fruiting behavior of dipterocarps during the consecutive GF episodes through species-specific differences in phonological responses to internal and external conditions.     

除花蕾对紫胶虫种胶产量和质量的影响

紫胶虫寄主以灌木生长较快投产较早。但大多数灌木寄主的开花结实率较高,花果期较长,消耗大量的无机元素,直接和间接地影响着寄主植物营养器官中碳水化合物、氨基酸等有机物质的合成与运输,从而影响到紫胶虫的生长发育和泌胶状况,且常常导致寄主树本身的生势下降,过早出现衰老,缩短使用寿命。本研究结果表明:应用乙烯利(0.3％)和尿素(2％)的混合水溶液喷洒花蕾,可抑制开花结实,刺激萌芽更新,增多侧枝,从而可提高冬代种胶的产量和质量,缩短寄主轮歇期。人工剪除花蕾,也有利于种胶产量和质量的提高。