Improved soil characteristics in the deeper plough layer can increase grain yield of winter wheat

In the North China Plain(NCP), soil deterioration threatens winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although rotary tillage or plowing tillage are two methods commonly used in this region, research characterizing the effects of mixed tillage on soil characteristics and wheat yield has been limited. A fixed-site field trial was carried out during 2011–2016 to examine the impacts of three tillage practices(5-year rotary tillage with maize straw removal(RT); 5-year rotary tillage with maize straw return(RS); and annual RS and with a deep plowing interval of 2 years(RS/DS)) on soil characteristics and root distribution in the plough layer. Straw return significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and SOC content, macro-aggregate proportion(R_(0.25)) and its stability in the plough layer. The RS/DS treatment significantly increased the SOC content, total nitrogen(TN), and root length density(RLD) in the 10–40 cm layer, and enhanced the proportion of RLD in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers. In the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers, an increase in SOC and TN could lead to higher grain production than commensurate increases in the surface layer, resulting in a sustainable increase in grain yield from the RS/DS treatment. Thus, the RS/DS treatment could lead to high productivity of winter wheat by improving soil characteristics and root distribution at the deeper plough layer in the NCP.     

Soil carbon storage and stratification under different tillage/residue-management practices in double rice cropping system

The importance of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study was conducted to determine the temporal effect of different tillage systems and residue management on distribution, storage and stratification of SOC, and the yield of rice under double rice(Oryza sativa L.) cropping system in the southern China.A tillage experiment was conducted in the southern China during 2005–2011, including plow tillage with residue removed(PT0), plow tillage with residue retention(PT), rotary tillage with residue retention(RT), and no-till with residue retention on the surface(NT).The soil samples were obtained at the harvesting of late rice in October of 2005, 2007 and 2011.Multiple-year residue return application significantly increased rice yields for the two rice-cropping systems; yields of early and late rice were higher under RT than those under other tillage systems in both years in 2011.Compared with PT0, SOC stocks were increased in soil under NT at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths by 33.8, 4.1, 6.6, and 53.3%, respectively, in 2011.SOC stocks under RT were higher than these under other tillage treatments at 0–30 cm depth.SOC stocks in soil under PT were higher than those under PT0 in the 0–5 and 20–30 cm soil layers.Therefore, crop residues played an important role in SOC management, and improvement of soil quality.In the 0–20 cm layer, the stratification ratio(SR) of SOC followed the order NTRTPTPT0; when the 0–30 cm layer was considered, NT also had the highest SR of SOC, but the SR of SOC under PT was higher than that under RT with a multiple-year tillage practice.Therefore, the notion that conservation tillage lead to higher SOC stocks and soil quality than plowed systems requires cautious scrutiny.Nevertheless, some benefits associated with RT system present a greater potential for its adoption in view of the multiple-year environmental sustainability under double rice cropping system in the southern China.     

耕作方式对耕层黑土有机碳库储量的短期影响

【目的】探索不同耕作方式对耕层黑土有机碳含量的影响。【方法】以2001年秋在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了3年的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象，对免耕、垄作和秋翻3种耕作处理下耕层土壤有机碳的动态变化进行了分析，并采用等深度和等质量土壤碳库储量计算方法，比较了不同耕作处理对耕层土壤有机碳库储量的影响。【结果】不同耕作处理对黑土耕层有机碳的影响无显著性差异，而且免耕处理在短期内没有引起耕层土壤有机碳含量的明显增加，反而有所降低。与2001年试验开始时相比，3年免耕管理使表层0～5 cm土壤有机碳含量仅增加了0.18％，而5～20 cm土层有机碳含量则明显降低。利用等深度（0～30 cm）和等质量（4 040 Mg）土壤碳库储量计算方法对比研究表明，将土壤容重考虑在内的等质量土壤有机碳库储量计算方法可以更准确的反映耕作对土壤有机碳库储量的影响。等质量方法计算表明，3年的免耕试验并没有使耕层土壤有机碳库储量发生明显变化。【结论】在质地粘重和排水不良的土壤上实行免耕，短期内土壤有机碳含量并没有增加。长期效果如何还有待观测。     

保护性耕作对太行山前平原土壤热水解和酸解有机碳的影响

【目的】研究传统耕作转为保护性耕作后土壤热水解碳（HWC）和酸解碳（AHC）的分布和积累特征。【方法】2001年在河北栾城设置翻耕+玉米秸秆不还田（CK）、翻耕+玉米秸秆粉碎还田（CT）、旋耕+玉米秸秆粉碎还田（RT）和免耕玉米秸秆直立还田（NT）4个处理。2007年小麦收获后,采集0—5 cm、5—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层样品,测定热水解有机碳（HWC,80℃水浴下提取24 h）和酸解有机碳（AHC,6 mol•L-1 HCl,105℃下提取4 h）的浓度,分析两种活性碳的层化比率值（SR）,并基于等效质量碳库储量计算方法,比较了不同耕作处理对土壤活性碳分布和储量的影响。【结果】连续6年保护性耕作后,HWC和AHC在土壤表层积累,具有较高的层化比率值。在0—10 cm土层,保护性耕作（RT和NT）系统HWC的SR值（1.68—1.98）显著高于传统翻耕（CK和CT）处理（1.30—1.50）,保护性耕作下AHC的SR值（1.62—1.83）亦高于传统翻耕（1.12—1.63）。与传统翻耕CT相比,保护性耕作系统0—30 cm剖面的HWC储量无显著变化,但免耕显著增加了AHC的储量。【结论】在太行山前平原地区,保护性耕作导致土壤剖面中HWC和AHC在表层积累,呈现高度层化特征,可能会潜在影响土壤质量和农田固碳速率。     

长期免耕和深松提高了土壤团聚体颗粒态有机碳及全氮含量

【目的】耕作措施对土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）具有重要影响。本研究利用团聚体和密度联合分级方法,旨在揭示长期耕作对表层土壤团聚体内密度颗粒组分SOC及TN的影响,为深入理解黄土高原农田土壤碳氮提升机理提供依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原东部边缘地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理：少耕无覆盖（RT）、免耕覆盖（NT）、深松覆盖（SM）和传统翻耕（CT）。于2013年7月采集0—10 cm土层样品,首先通过干筛法筛分>2、1—2、0.25—1和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体,之后利用颗粒密度分组,将团聚体有机质分为轻组有机质（LF）、粗颗粒有机质（cPOM）、细颗粒有机质（fPOM）和矿质结合有机质（m-SOM）。【结果】（1）15年保护性耕作（包括NT和SM处理）显著提高了0—10 cm土层的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,NT和SM处理的SOC含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,TN含量分别提高了35.2%和42.3%。不进行秸秆覆盖的少耕处理（RT）对SOC和TN无显著影响。（2）不同耕作措施改变了团聚体质量组成及其内部SOC和TN含量。NT和SM处理显著提高了1—2 mm和0.25—1 mm粒级的干筛大团聚体含量,相对地,降低了>2 mm和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体的含量。NT和SM处理不同程度提高了团聚体的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,团聚体SOC平均提高了8.5%和9.5%,尤其对>1 mm粒级团聚体SOC含量提高幅度最大;团聚体TN平均提高了12.2%和24.1%,尤其对<0.25 mm微团聚体TN含量提高幅度最大。（3）fPOM和m-SOM组分对团聚体SOC和TN的贡献最大,对SOC的贡献率分别为27.3%—45.1%和25.0%—52.6%;对TN的贡献率分别为23.5%—34.7%和42.2%—64.3%。不同有机质组分对耕作的响应不同,cPOM和fPOM组分最为敏感。与CT相比,NT和SM处理显著提高了土壤所有粒级团聚体的cPOM和fPOM的SOC和TN含量,尤其对>2 mm团聚体cPOM和<2 mm团聚体fPOM的SOC和TN含量提升幅度最大。【结论】长期免耕和深松提高了团聚体中有机碳及全氮含量,尤其提高了团聚体中颗粒有机质的碳氮含量,有利于土壤碳氮的长效累积,是黄土高原坡耕地区值得推荐的耕作管理方式。     

15年保护性耕作对黄土坡耕地区土壤及团聚体固碳效应的影响

【目的】保护性耕作是提高土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、促进土壤团聚体形成的重要措施。论文旨在揭示保护性耕作对土壤表层（0-10 cm）有机碳含量及储量的影响,探讨不同级别团聚体的固碳特征,为阐明土壤固碳机理和筛选黄土坡耕地区农田土壤增碳耕作措施提供理论依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原坡耕地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理：少耕（RT）、免耕覆盖（NT）、深松覆盖（SM）和传统翻耕（CT）。利用15年长期试验的作物产量和0-10 cm 土层土壤有机碳数据分析农田碳投入和土壤固碳量;通过湿筛法筛分＞2、1-2、0.25-1、0.053-0.25和＜0.053 mm粒级团聚体,分析不同团聚体的固碳特征。【结果】15年长期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖处理显著提高了土壤0-10 cm表层有机碳含量及储量,同传统翻耕处理相比,有机碳含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,有机碳储量分别提高了21.8%和16.7%,固碳速率分别为0.09和0.06 t C?hm^-2?a^-1。微团聚体（＜0.25 mm）存储了大部分的有机碳,占总团聚体有机碳储量的65%,但其有机碳含量较低。大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）有机碳含量较高,约为微团聚体的3-8倍,且对不同耕作措施反应敏感,可作为评价长期不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳含量影响的指标。土壤固碳量随着累积碳投入量的增加而显著增加,要维持土壤有机碳储量稳定,每年最低需投入外源碳2.4 t C?hm^-2。【结论】长期保护性耕作（包括免耕覆盖和深松覆盖）提高了黄土坡耕地区土壤及团聚体有机碳储量,是有利于该地区土壤增碳的管理措施。     

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production. Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress. However, the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive. Therefore, a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e., 0, 6, 12 and 18 Mg ha^–1) of straw returned as an interlayer. Compared with no straw interlayer (CK), straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively. The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration, which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm), which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield. Generally, compared with other treatments, the application of 12 Mg ha^–1 straw had higher SOC, TN and C:N ratio, and lower soil stratification ratio in the 2015–2017 period. The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years, and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.     

保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳全氮及微生物量碳氮的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,共设4个处理(T:传统耕作;NT:免耕无覆盖;TS:传统耕作+秸秆还田;NTS:免耕+秸秆覆盖),采用春小麦豌豆双序列轮作(即小麦→豌豆→小麦和豌豆一小麦一豌豆,本文中所指春小麦地、豌豆地分别指2008年种植春小麦、豌豆的轮作次序),于2008年3月中旬对春小麦、豌豆双序列轮作下的土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳及土壤微生物量氮含量进行了采样测定.结果表明,经过7 a的轮作后,两种轮作次序下,0～30 cm土层中土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物鼍碳、土壤微生物量氮含量均有在免耕+秸秆覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆还田处理较免耕不覆盖、传统耕作处理高的趋势,且其含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低.其中,土壤微生物鼍碳含量在两种轮作次序下的排序均为:免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)>免耕不覆盖(NT)>传统耕作(T);而土壤微生物量氮含量在春小麦地和豌豆地的排序则分别表现为:免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)>传统耕作(T)>免耕不覆盖(NT)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)>免耕不覆盖(NT)>传统耕作(T).同时,微生物量碳、微生物量氮与有机碳和全氮均呈显著正相关,说明提高土壤有机质、全氮含量的保护性耕作模式有利于土壤微生物量碳与氮的积累.     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中>2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和<0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。     

秸秆还田深度对春玉米农田土壤有机碳、氮含量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究秸秆还田旋耕深度对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响,明确不同秸秆还田深度条件下土壤理化性质与酶活性的关系,在3年（2016—2018年）田间微区定位试验条件下,研究秸秆旋耕还田10 cm（S₁D₁）、20 cm（S₁D₂）、30 cm（S₁D₃）和秸秆移除旋耕10 cm（S₂D₁）、20 cm（S₂D₂）、30 cm（S₂D₃） 6个处理对东北春玉米农田土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明：旋耕深度（D）及其与秸秆处理（S）交互作用（S×D）显著影响土壤有机碳（SOC）含量,0~20 cm土层S₁D₁、S₁D₂处理SOC含量较S₁D₃处理高1.2%~16.0%,而20~40 cm土层S₂D₃处理SOC含量最高。旋耕深度、秸秆处理及两者交互作用对土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响显著。在0~40 cm土层,D₁、D₂旋耕深度下秸秆还田处理NO₃^--N含量比秸秆移除处理平均提高46.9%和34.9%,NH₄⁺-N含量平均降低31.6%和4.4%。在各旋耕深度下,S₁处理0~20 cm土层蔗糖酶和脲酶活性高于S₂处理,20~30 cm土层过氧化氢酶活性低于S₂处理。相关性分析表明,SOC、土壤全氮（TN）与NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与pH、土壤含水量（SWC）呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,与S₁D₁相比,S₁D₂对0~20土层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和0~40 cm土层SOC、TN含量影响更明显。综上所述,秸秆旋耕还田20 cm可改善0~40 cm土层养分水平,提高土壤酶活性,推荐为东北春玉米产区农田土壤培肥的合理秸秆还田方式。     

秸秆还田条件下中国农田土壤有机碳含量变化及其影响因素的Meta分析

为明确秸秆还田对土壤有机碳的影响,构建合理的碳库管理策略,收集整理1992—2018年已发表的文献数据,以Meta-analysis方法定量分析秸秆还田对中国农田土壤有机碳含量的影响,并系统解析其影响因素。结果表明:整体上,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田可显著增加土壤有机碳的含量,但不同区域土壤有机碳增加幅度有一定的差异。华东地区土壤有机碳增幅最高,显著增加14.6%,华中地区增幅最低,为7.7%(P0.05);华东、西北和西南地区高于全国12.1%的平均水平(未包括港澳台地区,下同),而东北、华北和华中地区低于全国平均水平。不同土层有机碳含量对秸秆还田的响应也表现出一定的差异,秸秆还田对0～10cm土层土壤有机碳含量的增加效应达11.2%,而对40cm土层(最深达100cm)的增加效应仅为3.9%(P0.05)。此外,试验区域的年均气温、施氮量、土地利用类型以及还田年限等均对秸秆还田下有机碳含量有不同程度的影响。本研究表明,较长的还田年限(6～10年)、适当的耕作措施(免耕结合旋耕翻耕等)和适当的氮肥施用量(120～240kg/hm2)等条件均能有效提升秸秆还田的固碳潜力。     

Strip deep rotary tillage combined with controlled-release urea improves the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in the North China Plain

Inappropriate tillage practices and nitrogen (N) management have become seriously limitations for maize (Zea mays L.) yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). In the current study, we examined the effects of strip deep rotary tillage (ST) combined with controlled-release (CR) urea on maize yield and NUE, and determined the physiological factors involved in yield formation and N accumulation during a 2-year field experiment. Compared with conventional rotary tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT), ST increased the soil water content and soil mineral N content (N_min) in the 20–40 cm soil layer due to reduction by 10.5 and 13.7% in the soil bulk density in the 0–40 cm soil layer, respectively. Compared with the values obtained by common urea (CU) fertilization, CR increased the N_min in the 0–40 cm soil layers by 12.4 and 10.3% at the silking and maturity stages, respectively. As a result, root length and total N accumulation were enhanced under ST and CR urea, which promoted greater leaf area and dry matter (particularly at post-silking), eventually increasing the 1 000-kernel weight of maize. Thus, ST increased the maize yield by 8.3 and 11.0% compared with RT and NT, respectively, whereas CR urea increased maize yield by 8.9% above the values obtained under CU. Because of greater grain yield and N accumulation, ST combined with CR urea improved the NUE substantially. These results show that ST coupled with CR urea is an effective practice to further increase maize yield and NUE by improving soil properties and N supply, so it should be considered for sustainable maize production in the NCP (and other similar areas worldwide).     

利用最小限制水分范围评价短期免耕对黑土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】探索免耕、秋翻和垄作通过土壤物理特性对农田耕层黑土有机碳的影响。【方法】以2001年秋开始在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了7年的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕、秋翻和垄作3种耕作处理下耕层土壤有机碳含量进行分析。利用不同耕作方式下最小限制水分范围为评价指标来比较不同耕作处理对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。【结果】与秋翻相比,免耕显著增加了0—5cm土层有机碳含量,但5—30cm土层有机碳含量显著小于秋翻。免耕处理土壤有机碳分层率大于其它两种耕作方式。各年份免耕和秋翻处理下最小限制水分范围在0.129—0.170之间,随着耕作年限的增加,最小限制水分范围有减小的趋势,并表现出免耕小于秋翻的规律性。【结论】随着耕作年限的增加,覆盖于地表的秸秆在土壤有机碳表层累积过程中已经发挥了明显作用,与秋翻和垄作相比,免耕处理下土壤有机碳的分层率最大;最小限制水分范围可以用来评价免耕对土壤有机碳的影响,通过最小限制水分范围说明免耕对土壤有机碳的固定作用开始显现。     

Comparison of carbon sequestration efficiency in soil aggregates between upland and paddy soils in a red soil region of China

There is limited information on carbon sequestration efficiency(CSE) of soil aggregates in upland and paddy soils under long-term fertilization regimes. In a red soil region of southern China, an upland soil experiment started in 1986 and a paddy soil experiment commenced in 1981. These experiments were conducted using different fertilization treatments. After 30 years, soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stock of different aggregate components were analyzed. The results showed that the SOC contents and stocks in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil. In both upland and paddy soils, the SOC contents and stocks of all aggregate components in NPKM(combined treatment with chemical nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K) fertilizers and manure) were the highest among all treatments. Compared with CK(no fertilizer), SOC content of all aggregate components in NPKM was increased by 13.21–63.11% and 19.13–73.33% in upland and paddy soils, respectively. Meanwhile, the change rates in SOC stock of all aggregate components in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil, although the change rate of SOC stock of all aggregate components in NPKM was higher than in other treatments. Furthermore, a linear equation could fit the relationships between carbon(C) input and change rate of SOC stock(P0.05). Results indicated that the sum of CSE from all aggregate components in upland soil(16.02%) was higher than that of paddy soil(15.12%) in the same climatic condition and from the same parent material. However, the CSEs from all aggregates were higher than that of bulk soil, although the result from bulk soil also showed that the CSE of upland soil was higher than that of paddy soil.     

Carbon cycle in response to residue management and fertilizer application in a cotton field in arid Northwest China

Understanding the influence of farming practices on carbon(C) cycling is important for maintaining soil quality and mitigating climate change, especially in arid regions where soil infertility, water deficiency, and climate change had significantly influenced on agroecosystem. A field experiment was set up in 2009 to examine the influence of residue management and fertilizer application on the C cycle in a cotton field in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China. The study included two residue management practices(residue incorporation(S) and residue removal(NS)) and four fertilizer treatments(no fertilizer(CK), organic manure(OM), chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer plus organic manure(NPK+OM)). Soil organic carbon(SOC) and some of its labile fractions, soil CO_2 flux, and canopy apparent photosynthesis were measured during the cotton growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that SOC, labile SOC fractions, canopy apparent photosynthesis, and soil CO_2 emission were significantly greater in S+NPK+OM(residue incorporation+chemical fertilizer) than in the other treatments. Analysis of all data showed that canopy apparent photosynthesis and soil CO_2 emission increased as SOC increased. The S+OM(residue incorporation+organic manure) and S+NPK+OM treatments were greater for soil C sequestration, whereas the other treatments resulted in soil C loss. The S+NPK treatment is currently the standard management practice in Xinjiang. The results of this study indicate that S+NPK cannot offset soil C losses due to organic matter decomposition and autotrophic respiration. Residue return combined with NPK fertilizer and organic manure application is the preferred strategy in arid regions for increasing soil C sequestration.     

Fractionation of soil organic carbon in a calcareous soil after long-term tillage and straw residue management

No-tillage (NT) and straw return (S) collectively affect soil organic carbon (SOC). However, changes in the organic carbon pool have been under-investigated. Here, we assessed the quantity and quality of SOC after 11 years of tillage and straw return on the North China Plain. Concentrations of SOC and its labile fractions (particulate organic carbon (POC), potassium permanganate-oxidizable organic carbon (POXC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), components of DOC by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and the chemical composition of SOC by ¹³C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy were explored. Treatments comprised conventional tillage (CT) and NT under straw removal (S0), return of wheat straw only (S1), or return of both wheat straw and maize residue (S2). Straw return significantly increased the concentrations and stocks of SOC at 0–20 cm depth, but NT stratified them with enrichment at 0–10 cm and a decrease at 10–20 cm compared to CT, especially under S2. Labile C fractions showed similar patterns of variation to that of SOC, with POC and POXC more sensitive to straw return and the former more sensitive to tillage. Six fluorescence components of DOC were identified, mainly comprising humic-like substances with smaller amounts of fulvic acid-like substances and tryptophan. Straw return significantly decreased the fluorescence index (FI) and autochthonous index (BIX) and increased the humification index (HIX). No-tillage generally increased HIX in topsoil but decreased it and increased the FI and BIX below the topsoil. Relative abudance order of the chemical composition of SOC was: O-alkyl C>alkyl-C>aromatic-C>carbonyl-C. Overall, NT under S2 effectively increased SOC and its labile C forms and DOC humification in topsoil and microbially-derived DOC below the topsoil. Return of both wheat and maize straw was a decisive factor in promoting SOC in the plow layer. The stratification of SOC under NT may confer a long-term influence on carbon sequestration.     

不同耕作方式对旱地土壤环境和玉米产量的影响

为了探明干旱地区玉米抗旱播种的有效方法,进行了不同耕作方式对旱地土壤环境和玉米产量的影响试验。结果表明,免耕探墒播种条件下,2～7cm土层土壤容重较旋耕增加了4.31%,没有达到显著水平;旋耕较免耕探墒提高了地温,但免耕探墒条件下0～20cm土壤水分含量最高;少耕处理的产量最低,为6555.38kg/hm2,免耕探墒播种的产量为6591.82kg/hm2,较旋耕降低553.36kg/hm2,减产效果没有达到显著水平。免耕探墒播种是旱地农业生产中有效的抗旱播种方法。     

农业管理措施对新垦荒漠沙地农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

【目的】通过在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田安排的田间试验,分析不同施肥措施、不同覆盖耕作管理和种植方式对沙地农田土壤有机碳（SOC）及其活性组分的短期影响,为新垦荒漠砂质农田土壤有机质快速提升和土壤培肥提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同农业管理措施下不同处理的土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）和有机碳不同组分包括颗粒有机碳（POC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）、热水浸提有机碳（HWC）和微生物生物量碳（MBC）。【结果】 不同施肥措施6年后,单施有机肥和有机无机配施处理耕层（0-20 cm）SOC和全氮含量分别增加32.1%-98.7%和1.5%-40.9%,以高量单施有机肥处理增幅最大,但单施高量氮、磷、钾化肥,SOC和TN仍维持在试验前的极低水平。不同覆盖和耕作处理4年后,SOC和TN含量较试验前分别增加5.4%-34.0%和9.3%-34.9%,少耕秸秆覆盖（RSM）处理增幅最大,RSM处理较常规耕作地膜覆盖（CK）SOC含量高27.2%,但在秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖下减少耕作对SOC的短期影响均不显著。种植10年的苜蓿地和5年苜蓿5年玉米地较连续种植10年的玉米地,SOC分别高72.7%和27.7%,TN含量分别高54.3%和17.1%。不同农业管理措施的不同处理之间,POC、EOC、HWC和MBC的变化趋势与SOC的变化基本一致,但处理之间的差异更大。高量施用有机肥、秸秆覆盖和苜蓿地的POC占总有机碳的比例显著高于其相应的其它处理。【结论】干旱区荒漠土壤开垦为灌溉农田后,增施有机肥、秸秆覆盖还田、种植多年生苜蓿或苜蓿插入轮作体系是快速提升SOC水平,培肥地力的有效措施。颗粒有机碳是指示SOC动态对短期农业管理措施响应的理想指标。     

覆膜免耕对玉米间作豌豆农田土壤有机碳和氮的影响

借助2013年在河西绿洲灌区建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验,通过探究耕作措施与种植模式对土壤有机碳和氮的变化特征,以期为构建试验区农田高效生产技术提供理论依据。试验设置耕作方式和种植模式两个因素,包括传统覆膜耕作（CT）和覆膜免耕（NT）2种耕作方式;单作玉米（M）、玉米间作豌豆（M/P）、单作豌豆（P）3种种植模式,共6个处理;通过分析不同种植模式下0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和C/N,明确覆膜免耕对禾豆间作农田土壤碳氮的影响。结果表明：与传统覆膜耕作相比,覆膜免耕显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,2 a平均分别增加4.8%、  5.3%、11.1%、17.8%,同时也增加20~40 cm土壤的有机碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,但对全氮含量影响不显著。在覆膜免耕措施下,玉米间作豌豆较单作玉米显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,分别提高4.6%、7.0%、14.5%和21.6%,而20~40 cm土层中仅土壤全氮含量无显著差异。覆膜免耕较传统覆膜耕作降低0~20 cm土层的C/N,而种植模式之间土壤C/N表现为玉米间作豌豆小于单作玉米。相对于其他处理,覆膜免耕玉米间作豌豆体系能有效提高土壤有机碳、全氮及其组分。因此,在河西绿洲灌区玉米间作豌豆体系中,覆膜免耕玉米间作豌豆为该区域高效、可持续种植模式。     

绿洲灌区冬小麦保护性耕作对土壤水分和坚实度的影响

在5 a田间定位试验的基础上,以传统耕作(T)为对照,研究了秸秆翻压(TIS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕立茬(NTSS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS))处理对冬小麦田土壤含水量、土壤质量密度、土壤紧实度的影响.结果表明:在各个生育时期内,在同等外界水分的条件下NTSS和NTS处理均较T、TIS和NT处理明显地增加了0～30 ...