Market Disease Pathogens Detection of Imported Fruits in Shanghai

A tremendous amount of imported fresh fruits has been delivered to Shanghai markets, increasing the risk of invasion by harmful plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to establish an effective detection and supervision system to survey the outbreak of the market diseases of the imported fruits during marketing. The samples were regularly surveyed in different markets to examine varieties, prices, localities, selling conditions, and diseases of the imported fruits from 2004 to 2008. The survey showed that 58 species of 30 different fruits were imported to Shanghai from 16 countries with more expensive price. The larger products were bananas, grapes, apples, and oranges. During the investigation, we found that the imported fruits frequently brought about the relatively serious market diseases. On the basis of morphology and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer （ITS） of ribosomal DNA （rDNA） analysis, 151 isolates of 15 fungi genera, which shown to be pathogenic after the inoculation assay, were finally identified. Among the identified fungi, Alternaria was the most frequent one with the highest detection rate （47.68%）, followed by Penicillium （14.57%） and Fusarium （11.92%）, respectively. Additionally, Pestalotiopsis microspora （detected in grapes Red-Globe coming from the USA） and Botrytis sp. （detected in black-plums coming from the USA） were first reported in China market. The present study summarized the selling situation of the imported fruits in Shanghai markets and constructed a library of the pathogens detected in the imported fruits during the selling period. The results obtained are useful to offer technical parameters for Chinese quarantine in order to prevent an invasion of the foreign harmful micro-organisms.     

The effects of rootstocks on performances of three late-ripening navel orange varieties

Selection of rootstock is very important for citrus production. Besides its major role on resistance, the rootstock also can affect fruit production and quality. Currently, the main concerns on selection of rootstock for citrus production are compatibility and resistance, due to less information on the impacts of rootstock to the performance of scion varieties. This study aims to provide information on performances of navel orange varieties on different rootstocks. Three late-ripening navel orange varieties(Citrus sinensis var. Powell, Chislett and Banfield) grafted on seven rootstocks(Swingle citrumelo(C. paradisi× P. trifoliata), Carrizo citrange(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), X639(C. reticulata×P. trifoliata), MXT(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), Hongju(C. reticulata), Ziyang Xiangcheng(C. junos) and trifoliate orange(P. trifoliata)) were used as plant materials for comprehensive comparison of the performances on tree growth, fruit yield and quality in 21 scion–stock combinations. Investigation was carried out in these combinations in field nine years after planting. Vigorous growth of all the three late-ripening navel orange varieties was observed on Carrizo citrange with the largest canopy volume at 33.34 m3 and the highest yield at 29.43 kg per tree, but a low yield efficiency at 2.87 kg m–3. On the contrary, those on trifoliate orange had the smallest canopy volume at 10.79 m3 and the lowest fruit yield at 12.51 kg per tree, but the highest yield efficiency at 3.95 kg m–3. Rootstocks did not show significant effects on fruit size, fruit shape index, peel thickness and the edible rate of the fruits, but fruit quality was significantly affected by the rootstocks. Fruits from the trees grafted on trifoliate orange presented the best quality with significantly higher total soluble solids(TSS) content than those on Ziyang Xiangcheng and Hongju, and also the highest ratio of TSS/titratable acidity(TA). The TA content was observed from the fruits on X639 at 0.59 g 100 mL–1. Vitamin C(Vc) content of fruits on Hongju was the highest at 49.25 mg 100 mL–1. Growth vigor of the trees was positively correlated with fruit yield at an extremely significant level. The canopy volume was negatively correlated with yield efficiency, but positively correlated with compatibility index. Results of this study indicated that the rootstock has great impacts on the growth vigor of the tree, yield efficiency and quality of the fruit. In order to achieve good quality and yield efficiency for navel orange production, less growth vigor rootstock such as trifoliate orange is highly recommended.     

Polyphenolic Compound and the Degree of Browning in Processing Apple Varieties

Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.     

Changes of the Main Carotenoid Pigment Contents During the Drying Processes of the Different Harvest Stage Fruits of Lycium barbarum L

The test analyzed the regularity of biosynthesis and degradation of the main functional components, such as zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and esterified carotenoids in the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. in order to provide theoretical basis for improvement of processing condition, appearance quality, and preservation of carotenoids. RP-HPLC was adapted to assay the changes of the main carotenoids of the different harvested stage fruit during the drying processing. Quantification was realized using external standard with gradient elution. The results showed that zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased dramatically, 2-22 times that of fresh fruits at the beginning of the drying period. In the middle of drying period, degradation occurred to a some extent, and the fall fruit degraded to a large extent. At the end of drying period, zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents increased to a little extent until a balanced state is obtained. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate content had a total degradation to more than 40% at the beginning of the drying period, and increased a little at the middle period, then reached a balanced state finally. The total carotenoid content analysis showed that the summer fruit had higher carotenoid content than the fall fruit. The experiments demonstrated zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased and zeaxanthin dipalmitate decreased during the drying process, which had an effect on the production appearance.     

Efficacy of Ceranock Attract and Kill System as a Control Method of Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata in Apricot Orchards in Central Iraq

A field experiment was conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in apricot orchards, Central of lraq during the 2013 field season. Control program was implemented in three orchards of mixed apricot varieties. Ceranock traps were hung in each tree of two separate orchards. Delta and McPhail traps were used to monitor Medfly population density in each treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity in apricot orchards started during the last week of April coincided with the beginning of maturity for fruits of early varieties. The total of trapped insects in monitoring traps after one week of Ceranock application were 0, 1 and 31 adults for the 1st, 2nd and the control orchards, respectively. Three weeks later and on, the number of trapped adults started to increase dramatically. At the end of apricot season and after 45 days of Ceranock trap application, the number of trapped insects in monitoring traps reached 110, 111 and 2,349 adults/week, respectively, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd orchard. The use of Ceranock traps reduced Medfly population density by 86%-97%. The percentage of fruit injuries in early maturing varieties were 0.75%, 1% and 34% for the 1st, 2nd and control orchards, respectively. While, late varieties were 2% and 3% for 1st and 2nd orchards, and 69% for the control. The percentage of reduction in fruit damages reached to 95% and 97%, respectively in the 1st and 2nd orchard. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in apricot orchards.     

Fruit Yield and Quality,and Irrigation Water Use Efifciency of Summer Squash Drip-Irrigated with Different Irrigation Quantities in a Semi-Arid Agricultural Area

Fruit yield, yield components, fruit mineral content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and irrigation water use efifciency （IWUE） of summer squash responses to different irrigation quantities were evaluated with a ifeld study. Irrigations were done when the total evaporated water from a Class A pan was about 30 mm. Different irrigation quantities were adjusted using three different plant-pan coefifcients （Kcp, 100% （Kcp1）, 85% （Kcp2） and 70% （Kcp3））. Results indicated that lower irrigation quantities provided statistically lower yield and yield components. The highest seasonal fruit yield （80.0 t ha-1） was determined in the Kcp1 treatment, which applied the highest volume of irrigation water （452.9 mm）. The highest early fruit yield, average fruit weight and fruit diameter, length and number per plant were also determined in the Kcp1 treatment, with values of 7.25 t ha-1, 264.1 g, 5.49 cm, 19.95 cm and 10.92, respectively. Although the IWUE value was the highest in the Kcp1 treatment （176.6 kg ha-1 mm-1）, it was statistically similar to the value for Kcp3 treatment （157.1 kg ha-1 mm-1）. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruits was higher in the Kcp1 （44.27 μg gallic acid equivalents （GAE） mg-1 fresh sample） and in the Kcp2 （84.75%） treatments, respectively. Major （Na, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S） and trace （Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B） mineral contents of squash fruits were the highest in the Kcp2 treatment, with the exception of P, Ca and Cu. Mineral contents and total phenolic content were signiifcantly affected by irrigation quantities, but antioxidant activity was not affected. It can be concluded that the Kcp1 treatment was the most suitable for achieving higher yield and IWUE. However, the Kcp2 treatment will be the most suitable due to the high fruit quality and relatively high yield in water shortage conditions.     

Replanting Affects the Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of Gala Apple

Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured： yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components,（E）-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, signi     

Effects of INA on postharvest blue and green molds and anthracnose decay in citrus fruit

As a synthetic functional analog of salicylic acid, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid(INA) is effective in inducing the host disease resistance of a plant against a pathogen. The effects of INA on controlling postharvest blue and green molds and anthracnose decay and defense-related enzymes on citrus fruits were investigated, and the ascorbic acid of naturally infected citrus flavedo was also measured. Results showed that 1.0 mmol L~(–1) INA treatments significantly reduced blue and green molds and anthracnose decay development on both wound-inoculated fruit and naturally-infected fruit compared with the control fruit. The treatment effectively enhanced the β-1,3-glucanase(GLU), chitinase(CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) and peroxidase(POD) activities and the polyphenol oxidase(PPO) in flavedo. The results presented here suggest that INA might be used as a chemical fungicide substitution to control postharvest diseases in citrus fruits.     

Multivariate analysis between meteorological factor and fruit quality of Fuji apple at different locations in China

China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70% of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5–18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602–1 121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3–19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8–18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5–84.0%, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5–70.0% during the growing period(from April to October).     

两个柑橘新品种果实耐贮性能研究初报

通过在室内自然温湿度条件下,贮藏8个月,对两个不同类型柑橘(金瓜新系和吉品椪柑)的果实,进行其感官与内在品质特征变化比较分析,结果表明:在长沙地区,外界因子如自然温度与相对湿度、膜等对其果实的贮藏性能,以自然日平均温度影响最大,包膜次之,自然日平均相对湿度较小。日平均温度在8.25～8.65℃,日平均相对湿度为71.3%～79.3%时,2个品种的好果率均为100%,果实感官品质均无明显变化;日平均温度高于16.5℃时,金瓜新系的好果率显著降低,下降19个百分点,吉品椪柑果皮出现浮皮,口感变淡。单果包膜可提高金瓜新系贮藏性能。吉品椪柑好果率高于金瓜新系,而金瓜新系果实感官内质优于吉品椪柑。     

当前水果市场形势分析及后期关注热点

对当前水果市场走势特点、进出口态势等情况进行了分析和展望。认为2013年以来国内水果市场供需总体平衡,运行平稳,季节性因素主导不同品种水果价格变化;后期随各地水果大量上市,水果整体价格趋于下降。2013年第1季度,中国鲜果出口同比量减价增,水果制品出口小幅下降,价格降低,水果及制品进口量减价增。提出近期应特别关注异常天气对部分水果供给的影响;而增产情况下如何实现提质增效、产销对接,以及缓解销售价格下降和原料燎张对水果制品出口的双重压力需要持续关注。     

香港水果市场的经济分析

本文描述了香港水果市场的组织;对需求与供应、进口水果的来源、种类和价格进行经济分析。研究表明我国内地出口水果在香港市场的形势是:数量不多、质量较差、价格较贱,受到外国水果的严重挑战。文章分析了造成我国内地水果在香港市场不利形势的主要原因。最后提出几点建议以期促进我国内地水果出口的发展。     

不同留果量对猕猴桃果实产量及品质的影响

以贵长、秦美2个猕猴桃树种为试验材料,研究了不同留果量和留果部位对猕猴桃果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明:单条结果蔓留果量以3～5个为宜,留果4个最佳.树体上部所留果的品质明显优于树体下部.说明,通过疏果来进行合理留果,能明显提高果实单产、大果率、果品的商品率以及经济效益.     

宁夏温室迷你彩椒品种筛选

为筛选适宜宁夏温室种植的迷你彩椒品种,引进国内外7个优新彩椒品种,比较其植物学性状、果实商品性状、果实品质。结果表明:63489出苗率高,植株长势较好,果实VC含量、果肉厚度以及单果重均最优,且田间抗病性较强;咪咪迷你彩椒系列,出苗率较低,但其植株长势较强,果实品质仅次于63489,口感较好;63200植株长势中等,果实紫色,果实品质中等。因此从产量和口感考虑,63489最适宜在宁夏大面积推广,咪咪系列次之,另外63200可作为独特的紫色彩椒品种进行推广。     

不同杨桃品种品质分析及草酸含量的测定研究

采用果实品质常规分析法和离子色谱法分别对10个杨桃品种果实进行了品质分析和草酸含量的测定.结果表明:各杨桃品种间可溶性同形物含量差异不显著,但本地酸杨桃的可滴定酸含量显著高于其他品种;多数杨桃品种间的草酸含量差异极为显著,本地酸杨桃可溶草酸含量是新加坡单皮5号的1051倍;说明新加坡单皮杨桃果实品质佳且含草酸量低.     

梨脱萼果与宿萼果品质比较

【目的】对多个梨品种的脱萼果与宿萼果的内外品质进行综合比较,为梨优质果实的评价和品质提升提供理论和实践指导。【方法】以玉露香梨、酥梨、玉酥梨、红香酥、硕丰5个品种为试验材料,采用质构仪分析果实质地特性等方法,研究脱萼果与宿萼果内外品质。【结果】不同品种脱萼果的单果重均显著低于宿萼果,可溶性固形物含量均高于宿萼果;不同品种的各个质地指标在脱萼果与宿萼果之间没有显著差异;脱萼果的果皮硬度及果肉硬度均小于宿萼果;单位面积果肉组织中,不同梨品种脱萼果的石细胞含量均高于宿萼果,但大直径石细胞团含量均低于宿萼果。【结论】综合比较梨脱萼果、宿萼果内外品质后可得,脱萼果果个更为适中、果形佳,且可溶性固形物含量更高,硬度及石细胞团直径较小,口感更好。     

不同品种苹果中的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性研究

[目的]通过对比不同品种苹果的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性,从而选择品质优良的苹果品种指导生产和消费。[方法]采用Folin-Ciocalteu法、DPPH法、水杨酸法及邻苯三酚自氧化法测定了4种进口苹果和2种国产苹果果皮和果肉的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性。[结果]抗氧化活性较高的为青蛇果、姬娜苹果和红玫瑰苹果,三者均为进口苹果;苹果果肉抗氧化活性均大于果皮;苹果果肉的品质决定了苹果的品质;多酚的组成相对其含量对抗氧化活性有较大影响。[结论]进口苹果相比国产苹果品质较优,苹果去皮食用对其抗氧化功能影响不显著。     

对19个猕猴桃品种果品品质的分析评价

运用合理—满意度和多维价值理论的合并规则的复合评价方法 ,以参评品种的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc 3个因子为评价目标 ,对 19个猕猴桃品种果实进行综合评价 ,初步确定了适宜在试验区及其周边地区栽培的优良品种。     

日光温室草莓品种畸形果评价

针对温室草莓促成栽培中存在畸形果严重、商品品质差的问题,本研究采用数量化评价指标对从欧洲引进的草莓新品种畸形果的发生率、发生类型、综合位次、平均级数、综合指数进行了比较分析。结果表明:草莓品种间畸形果的发生率和发生程度存在明显差异,美香莎-1品种发生最轻,安娜、蜜宝、土特拉最重,其他几个品种居中。另外,品种间畸形果的发生类型存在明显差异,美香莎-1仅是扁型和僵小型发生率高,其他类型发生率较低,特别是无偏心型、鸡冠型、凹陷型发生;蜜宝、土特拉的各类型发生率均较高。