减量施肥对冬小麦生长及土壤养分的影响

研究了减量施肥对陇东旱塬区冬小麦生长及产量的影响。结果表明,化肥减量施用配施有机肥模式可增加0～60 cm土层有机质、速效钾含量,改善土壤肥力状况;化肥减量施用配合秸秆还田模式在一定程度上增加实施当年0～20 cm土层全氮、全磷、全钾含量,但短期内造成土壤0～100 cm土层内有机质、速效磷及0～60 cm土层土壤矿质氮和速效钾含量下降。氮磷钾肥配施有机肥、氮磷钾肥配秸秆还田的减肥措施均可有效提升冬小麦产量,折合产量分别为7 254.8、7 114.8 kg/hm~2,较不施肥模式分别增产8.13%、6.05%。     

河南秸秆还田技术显成效

<正>为跟踪秸秆还田技术的使用,河南省相关部门对40个玉米秸秆还田腐熟技术效果监测点进行监测,结果显示,土壤有机质提升项目实施后,土壤理化性状得到改善,与秸秆还田前土壤的基础地力或对照相比,施用腐熟剂秸秆还田有机质含量明显增长,全氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾等养分含量都有不同程度的提高,土壤容重略有下降。     

施肥耕作等农业措施对土壤质量的影响

本试验重点研究了长期定位施用化学氮肥、耕作措施、秸秆还田以及施用化学除草剂对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,施用化学氮肥主要影响土壤速效氮含量;粉碎以后结合耕作秸秆、还田或者粉碎以后覆盖还田对土壤质量改善明显,整秸秆覆盖还田以及免耕条件下还田效果不明显;常规的深浅轮耕耕作可以增加土壤速效氮的含量,但是也促进了土壤有机质的矿化分解,使土壤有机质含量降低。浅耕、少耕和免耕土壤无机氮含量相对于深浅轮耕明显降低,但土壤有机质含量与深浅轮耕相比则明显提高。施用除草剂使土壤有机质含量和土壤pH降低,但是增加了土壤速效养分含量。     

秸秆直接还田对土壤养分及物理性状的影响

调查了河北省石家庄市秸秆直接还田土壤的养分含量和物理性状。结果表明:随秸秆直接还田年份的增加,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均明显提高,土壤物理性状明显改善;秸秆直接还田提高了土壤的有效铁含量,但对有效铜、有效锌和有效锰含量影响不大。     

秸秆还田下化肥配施对水稻生育期内土壤养分变化的影响

分别在秸秆翻耕还田和覆盖还田方式下进行肥料运筹试验,研究水稻4个主要生育期内土壤养分的变化情况.结果表明:进入水稻成熟期后,与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,秸秆还田处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加14％ ～20％、53％ ～ 133％、55％～138％、46％～77％;相同施肥水平下,翻耕还田对土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的提升比覆盖还田处理更显著;同一还田方式下化肥投入增加对提升土壤速效养分的影响更显著;翻耕还田+化肥3(N - P2O5 - K2O=150 - 80 - 90 kg/hm2)处理对提高土壤养分的效果最显著;水稻不同生育期土壤中有机质及速效养分含量的变化趋势具有各自的特点,应根据各养分变化情况在水稻生育期后期适当追施钾肥.     

连续秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤养分的影响

5年连续秸秆还田定位试验结果表明，在施用化肥或不施化肥前提下，秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤有机质含量提高均较为明显，土壤全氮，速效磷含量也有提高；而速效钾含量虽比秸秆不还田处理提高，但比试验前有所下降，因此，连续秸秆还田还须适当增加钾肥的施用量，才能满足作物高产需求，达到土壤钾素平衡。     

减施化肥下紫云英和秸秆还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响

以湖北省武汉市紫云英、秸秆还田及不同化肥施用量的12个田间试验为基础,结合添加2%和4%紫云英的室内培养实验,研究紫云英种植还田(MV)、水稻秸秆还田(S)和化肥减施(40%～100%NPK)对水稻土表层土壤(0～20 cm)养分及活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:相比紫云英与秸秆不还田与不施肥的对照(CK)处理,紫云英、秸秆还田下施用40%～100%化肥均能有效提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、颗粒有机碳的含量,增幅分别为3.98%～46.49%、4.46%～35.88%、3.59%～35.77%;单独种植紫云英还田处理土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量降低,在配施秸秆、施用化肥后含量显著增加;土壤各养分含量在80%化肥施用量下最高。与不添加紫云英处理相比,添加2%和4%的紫云英处理均能有效提高土壤pH以及有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、颗粒有机碳的含量,增幅随着紫云英添加量的增加而升高。     

四种耕作方式下的土壤肥力变化

为了研究适应于干旱地区春小麦的栽培技术，在新疆地区，通过田间试验，研究了传统耕作、秸秆还田、免耕不覆盖和免耕覆盖4种耕作方式下土壤有机质及速效养分含量的动态变化，结果表明：免耕覆盖处理对提高土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷养分含量最佳：秸秆还田处理主要提高了20～30厘米土层有机质含量，在其余各土层，秸秆还田处理的土壤有机质、     

长期添加外源不同有机物对土壤性状和甘薯产量的影响

为了探究添加外源有机物对土壤性状、甘薯生长发育的影响,在2019—2022年通过田间定点试验,设置氮磷钾肥单施+秸秆不还田(CK)处理、氮磷钾肥单施+秸秆还田(T1)处理、50%氮磷钾肥配施生物有机肥+秸秆还田(T2)处理、50%氮磷钾肥配施羊粪+秸秆还田(T3)处理、50%氮磷钾肥配施基质+秸秆还田(T4)处理5个处理,研究化肥添加外源有机物对土壤养分、酶活性、容重、孔隙度、含水量、团聚体分布及稳定性和鲜薯产量、淀粉率变化的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,化肥添加不同外源有机物的处理不仅能够提高土壤养分含量、酶活性、鲜薯产量及薯块淀粉率,还能够降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度与含水量、提高大团聚体质量分数、提升团聚体稳定性。而化肥添加外源有机物的对比试验结果表明,T2处理能够明显提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、全氮、全磷含量及土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性;T3处理能够提高土壤速效钾、有机质含量及蔗糖酶活性;T4处理能够提高土壤孔隙度与含水量。此外,T4处理能够提高>2.000 mm粒径团聚体质量分数,而T1处理能够提高0.250～2.000 mm粒径团聚体质量分数。T4处理土壤团聚体的...     

秸秆腐熟剂在全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培中的应用效果

在庄浪县旱作区全膜双垄沟播条件下,试验观察了秸秆还田施用秸秆腐熟剂对玉米产量及土壤养分的影响,结果表明,秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂能有效提高土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾等速效养分的含量,玉米平均产量可达12537.9 kg/hm2,较对照增产10.6%     

长期施肥下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性研究

【目的】分析长期施肥条件下小麦产量的变化规律,试图探明淮北小麦产量稳定性对不同施肥模式的响应机制,为淮北砂姜黑土合理施肥管理、改善农田生态系统质量提供依据。【方法】以安徽杨柳长期定位试验为研究平台,通过研究小麦的平均产量、产量年际波动及土壤养分状况对5种施肥模式（不施肥、单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施（等氮）、有机肥与化肥配施（高氮））的响应,比较不同施肥条件下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性的优劣,并以此评判施肥的合理性。【结果】淮北砂姜黑土区长期不施肥的小麦产量总体呈下降趋势,年下降量为5.81 kg•hm-2;而长期施肥的小麦产量随时间呈锯齿状波动并总体上升的趋势,其中有机肥与化肥配施（高氮）处理（HMNPK）的产量趋势线最高,但其增产优势逐年减弱,有机肥与化肥配施（等氮）处理（MNPK）以9.75 kg•hm-2的年增长量缩短与其的差距;单施化肥处理（NPK）的小麦产量趋势线在试验前期高于单施有机肥（M）,但在22年后有被M处理赶超的趋势。从32年小麦平均产量来看,与不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施（高氮与等氮）的增产幅度最大,平均产量分别达5 544.3和5 200.6 kg•hm-2;NPK次之,比当年不施肥处理产量提高了614.6%,M增产幅度最低,但与NPK差异并不明显。砂姜黑土地力贡献率在试验前10年持续降低,降至10%左右趋于稳定,而肥料对小麦产量的贡献率则是在前10年持续增加至80%-90%便维持动态平衡。长期不施肥易导致小麦产量变异系数（CV）偏高、可持续性产量指数（SYI）偏低,产量稳定性最低;施肥处理中HMNPK和MNPK处理的CV最低、SYI最高,产量稳定性最高,而M处理的产量稳定性和可持续性不及NPK。与长期不施肥相比,施肥可明显提高淮北砂姜黑土全氮、有机质、有效磷和速效钾的含量,其中有机肥的施入显著提高了土壤全氮和有机质含量,而有效磷含量与化肥的投入相关,处理M土壤速效钾含量较高,但与其他施肥处理差异不显著;通过相关性分析可知全氮、有机质、有效磷含量与小麦产量呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。【结论】施肥可有效提高淮北小麦产量,且产量随时间呈锯齿状波动;有机肥与化肥配施（高氮和等氮）的增产效果最佳,但高氮与等氮水平间的产量差随种植年限的增长而逐渐缩短;在试验开始前一阶段单施化肥的增产效果优于单施有机肥处理,但在22年后有被赶超的趋势。与长期不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施的施肥模式更有利于促进小麦产量稳定性和生产可持续性的提高,其次为单施化肥,单施有机肥最低。施肥可有效提高砂姜黑土养分含量,其中有机肥对有机质、全氮及速效钾含量的提高作用较强,而化肥则对有效磷含量提高作用较强,且小麦产量与全氮、有机质和有效磷均呈极显著正相关关系。因此,安徽淮北砂姜黑土区有机肥与化肥配施为最佳施肥模式,土壤养分供应较均衡,小麦产量幅度最大且稳定性最佳,农田生态系统质量最优。     

Effects of long-term full straw return on yield and potassium response in wheat-maize rotation

The effect of long-term straw return on crop yield, soil potassium(K) content, soil organic matter, and crop response to K from both straw and chemical K fertilizer(K_2SO_4) were investigated in a fixed site field experiment for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 6 years for 12 seasons. The field experiment was located in northern part of North China Plain with a sandy soil in relatively low yield potential. Two factors, straw return and chemical K fertilizer, were studied with two levels in each factor. Field split design was employed, with two straw treatments, full straw return of previous crop(St) and no straw return, in main plots, and two chemical K fertilizer treatments, 0 and 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1), as sub-plots. The results showed that straw return significantly increased yields of winter wheat and summer maize by 16.5 and 13.2% in average, respectively, and the positive effect of straw return to crop yield showed more effective in lower yield season. Straw return significantly increased K absorption by the crops, with significant increase in straw part. In treatment with straw return, the K content in crop straw increased by 15.9 and 21.8% in wheat and maize, respectively, compared with no straw return treatment. But, straw return had little effect on K content in grain of the crops. Straw return had significant influences on total K uptake by wheat and maize plants, with an increase of 32.7 and 30.9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between crop yield and K uptake by the plant. To produce 100 kg grain, the wheat and maize plants absorbed 3.26 and 2.24 kg K2 O, respectively. The contents of soil available K and soil organic matter were significantly affected by the straw return with an increase of 6.07 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to no straw return treatment. K_2SO_4 application in rate of 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1) showed no significant effect on wheat and maize yield, K content in crop straw, total K uptake by the crops, soil available K content, and soil organic matter. The apparent K utilization rate(percentage of applied K absorbed by the crop in the season) showed difference for wheat and maize with different K sources. In wheat season, the K utilization rate from K_2SO_4 was higher than that from straw, while in maize season, the K utilization rate from straw was higher than that from chemical fertilizer. In the whole wheat-maize rotation system, the K absorption efficiency by the two crops from straw was higher than that from K_2SO_4.     

长期定位施肥对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

[目的]探讨长期施用不同肥料对土壤小麦产量与土壤养分的影响。[方法]于2005—2015年进行长期定位施肥试验,对不同施肥方式下小麦产量以及土壤养分指标进行检测,研究不同施肥方式对小麦产量与土壤肥力的影响。[结果]长期定位施肥可以使作物增产;单施有机肥、无机化肥在提高小麦产量上效果相当,差异不大;无机-有机肥混合施用可增产78.6%,效果显著。施肥可以有效提高土壤有机质、速效磷、碱解氮与速效钾含量,有机肥可更有效地提高土壤有机质与速效钾含量。[结论]该研究为小麦科学施肥提供理论依据。     

豫北平原粮田土壤养分状况研究

选取豫北平原粮食主产县代表性地块,对耕层土壤养分进行测定分析,调查玉米产量、农业生产状况和农民施肥习惯,旨在查明豫北平原土壤养分状况,为合理利用土壤资源和指导科学施肥提供依据。结果表明:豫北平原土壤养分状况整体处于中等偏上水平,土壤有机质、土壤全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为15.54 g/kg、1.04 g/kg、63.80 mg/kg、20.72 mg/kg和101.93 mg/kg。与第二次土壤普查结果相比土壤有机质提高了38.75%,土壤速效磷含量提高了55.79%,而土壤速效钾含量下降了40.63%。应重视施用有机肥和推广秸秆还田,注意减磷补钾平衡施用化肥,重视宣传推广作物专用复合肥和新型缓/控释肥的施用,不断提高土壤肥力水平和作物产量。     

Changes of Organic Matter, N, P and K Content of Soils in Red Soil Areas Under Long-Term Experiment

The content of organic matter （OM）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） in the three selected soils, including Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols （purple sand-shale parent material）, Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols （quaternary red clay parent material） and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols （granite parent material） were studied under a long-term experiment by using crop straw and inorganic fertilizers at the Hunan Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that the contents of OM, N, P and K in the three selected soils increased after 23 years application of crop straw and inorganic fertilizers, but the contents increased much less when crop straw or inorganic fertilizers was applied alone. The nutrient contents in the three soils developed from granite changed more remarkably than those in the soil derived from quaternary red clay and purple sand-shale. It was also found that the contents of OM, N, and P increased slightly in the treatments without applying fertilizers or returning the crop straw to the root bed. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers and crop straw could remarkably increase the contents of OM, alkalihydrolyzable N and available K, the positive correlation between application of organic fertilizers and increase of OM in soil did not always happened, it provided evidence for the relation between appropriate C/N ratio and accumulation of OM in soil. The increase of nutrient content was influenced by the soil properties. By comparing the contents of nutrient in 0-20 cm depth in the three different soils, it was concluded that the most increases of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P were observed in Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols with the average increase by 3.03, 27.38, and 21.73 mg kg^-1, respectively. The available K increased in Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols with the average increase by 25.82 mg kg^-1, while it decreased in Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols. It was concluded     

Effect of Long-Term Application of K Fertilizer and Wheat Straw to Soil on Crop Yield and Soil K Under Different Planting Systems

Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK ＋ St 〉 NPK 〉 NP ＋ St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK ＋ St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.     

不同施肥措施对黄泥田土壤养分及水稻产量的影响

为农业有机废弃物的合理科学利用提供参考,在湖北省孝昌县单季稻区利用田间试验研究6种施肥措施对黄泥田土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同施肥措施对黄泥田土壤有效磷与速效钾含量的影响显著,对有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量的影响不明显。在6种施肥措施中,以化肥+畜禽粪肥配施黄泥田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量最高,分别为23.06 g/kg、1.34 g/kg、111.66mg/kg、30.77mg/kg和148.33mg/kg,且有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于其他施肥措施(P0.05);稻谷和稻草产量也最高,分别为9 638.38kg/hm~2和11 118.39kg/hm~2,也显著高于其他施肥措施(P0.05);水稻的综合农艺性状好。因此,在黄泥田水稻生产过程中,采用化肥和畜禽粪肥配施可有效培肥其土壤,提高水稻产量。     

豫北平原土壤养分与施肥状况探析

为摸清豫北平原土壤养分状况、合理利用土壤资源和指导科学施肥,利用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)准确定位,在豫北平原进行网格取样(20km×20km),同时进行农业生产状况和农民施肥习惯调查.土壤样品分析结果表明:豫北平原土壤养分状况整体处于中等水平,土壤有机质、碱解氮,速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为1.43%,65.38mg/kg、17.7mg/kg和74.23mg/kg.与第二次土壤普查结果相比土壤养分含量有明显变化,土壤有机质、土壤速效磷含量显著提高,而土壤碱解氮、土壤速效钾含量下降.施肥调查表明:90%以上农户采用秸秆还田,重视施用氮、磷肥,而忽视施钾肥,存在所施肥料养分单一、养分配比、施肥方式不合理等问题.豫北平原应重视有机肥施用、推广秸秆还田,注意减少磷肥用量、注重补施钾肥,采用复合和缓/控释氮肥及合理的施氮技术.政府和农业科技部门应重视宣传和加大平衡施肥技术的推广.     

小麦玉米秸秆长期还田对砂姜黑土磷库组成的影响

为优化管理小麦-玉米轮作体系秸秆还田条件下的土壤磷素,本研究依托皖北砂姜黑土区秸秆还田定位试验,设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、常规施肥+小麦秸秆单季还田（FWS）、常规施肥+玉米秸秆单季还田（FMS）、常规施肥+小麦玉米秸秆双季还田（FWMS）5个处理,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初法及Bowman-Cole法分别测定了砂姜黑土无机磷和有机磷组分含量,运用相关分析和通径分析探究了土壤不同磷组分与有效磷之间的关系。结果表明：小麦玉米秸秆还田显著提高了砂姜黑土全磷和有效磷含量及土壤磷活化系数。秸秆还田可显著提高砂姜黑土无机磷组分中磷酸二钙（Ca₂-P）、磷酸铝（Al-P）及磷酸铁（Fe-P）的含量,与F处理相比,FWS、FMS和FWMS的土壤Ca₂-P含量分别增加32.3%、28.4%和43.8%,Al-P含量分别增加15.3%、10.7%和13.4%。土壤有机磷组分中活性有机磷（LOP）、中活性有机磷（MLOP）和中稳性有机磷（MROP）含量在秸秆还田条件下均明显增加。秸秆还田下砂姜黑土闭蓄态磷（O-P）含量无显著变化,FMS和FWMS处理的磷酸八钙（Ca₈-P）含量显著增加,磷灰石（Ca₁₀-P）和高稳性有机磷（HROP）含量下降。秸秆还田可显著增加砂姜黑土中Ca₂-P所占比例,降低O-P、Ca₁₀-P和HROP的占比。砂姜黑土中Al-P、Fe-P、Ca₂-P及MLOP与有效磷呈极显著正相关关系,其中Al-P、Ca₂-P和MLOP对有效磷的正向直接影响较大。研究表明,小麦-玉米轮作制中秸秆单季或双季还田均可促进砂姜黑土中无效态磷向有效态磷和缓效态磷转化,从而提升土壤磷素有效性,秸秆单季和双季还田处理在砂姜黑土磷素活化效果方面无显著差异。     

有机肥替代20%化肥处理对滴灌春小麦产量及土壤养分的影响

【目的】研究有机肥替代20%化肥对土壤养分含量及春小麦产量的影响,为干旱区绿洲小麦减施化肥培肥地力提供科学依据。【方法】采用连续2年大田试验。设置不施肥处理(T₁),常规施肥处理(T₂)以及有机肥替代20%化肥处理(T₃)3个处理。【结果】有机肥替代20%化肥处理与农户常规施肥处理均能增加小麦产量、提高土壤速效养分含量以及有机质含量,有机肥替代处理会在减少化肥施用的同时达到与农户常规施化肥一样的效果,且土壤各养分的增加效果随种植年限的增加而极显著。【结论】有机肥替代20%化肥比常规施肥更能显著的提高土壤养分含量,有机替代处理的小麦产量较常规施肥处理略有增加但差异不显著。