Chromosome Mapping,Expression and Polymorphism Analysis of CRABP1 Gene in Pigs

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1) is a well-conserved member of cytosolic lipid-binding protein family. It is an important modulator of retinoic acid signaling. Long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE) analysis suggested that CRABP1 gene was differentially expressed during prenatal skeletal muscle development in porcine. Here, we obtained the full-length coding region sequence and genomic sequence of the porcine CRABP1 gene and analyzed its genomic structures. Subsequently, we examined CRABP1 chromosome assignment using INRA-University of Minnesota 7 000 porcine radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH) and explored its tissue distribution in adult Tongcheng pigs and dynamical expression profiles in prenatal skeletal muscle (33, 65 and 90 days post coitus, dpc) from Landrace (lean-type) (described as L33, L65 and L90) and Tongcheng pigs (obese-type) (described as T33, T65 and T90). The CRABP1 gene was mapped to chromosome 7q11-q23 and closely linked to the microsatellite marker SWR1928. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that CRABP1 mRNA was highly expressed in lung and stomach, moderately expressed in placenta and uterus, and weakly expressed in other tissues. Moreover, CRABP1 gene was down-regulated during prenatal skeletal muscle development in both Landrace and Tongcheng pigs and it was expressed much higher in T33 than L33. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by sequencing and mass spectrometry methods, allele frequency analysis indicated that g. 281 (G>A) and g. 2992 (G>A) were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the Landrace and DLY (Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)) pig breeds.     

Allelic Variation in Loci for Adaptive Response and Its Effect on Agronomical Traits in Chinese Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）

Heading date was an important trait that decided the adaptation of wheat to environments. It was modiifed by genes involved in vernalization response, photoperiod response and development rate. In this study, four loci Xgwm261, Xgwm219, Xbarc23 and Ppd-D1 which were previously reported related to heading time were analyzed based on three groups of wheat including landraces （L）, varieties bred before 1983 （B82） and after 1983 （A83） collected from Chinese wheat growing areas. Generally, heading date of landrace was longer than that of varieties. Signiifcant differences in the heading time existed within the groups, which implied that diversiifcation selection was much helpful for adaptation in each wheat zone. Photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-D1a was the ifrst choice for both landrace and modern varieties, which promoted the heading date about four days earlier than that of sensitive allele Ppd-D1b. The three SSR loci had different characters in the three groups. Predominant allele combination for each zone was predicted for wheat group L and A83, which made great contribution to advantageous traits. Xgwm219 was found to be signiifcantly associated with heading date in Yellow and Huai River Winter Wheat Zone （Zone II） and spike length in Middle and lower Yangtze Valley Winter Wheat Zone （Zone III）, which implied functional diversiifcation for adaption. Variation for earliness genes provided here will be helpful for whet breeding in future climatic change.     

奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼核型及DNA含量的比较研究

采用ＰＨＡ体内培养法，取鱼体肾细胞用空气干燥法制备奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的染色体，经核型分析，奥利亚罗非鱼为２ｎ＝４４，６ｓｍ＋２４ｓｔ＋１４ｔ；ＮＦ＝５０。尼罗罗非鱼为２ｎ＝４４，６ｓｍ＋２４ｓｔ＋１４ｔ；ＮＦ＝５０。经流式细胞仪测量外周血红血球的ＤＮＡ含量，奥利亚罗非鱼为２Ｃ＝２．２２ｐｇ（２．２２ｐｇ／Ｎｕｃｌ）；尼罗罗非鱼为２Ｃ＝２．２７ｐｇ（２．２７ｐｇ／Ｎｕｃｌ）。经对比分析，两种鱼     

Differential Proteomic Analysis of Leaf Development at Rice （Oryza sativa） Seedling Stage

To identify the function of differential expression proteins in different leaves of rice seedlings extracted from 2- to 5-leaf stages, the leaf proteins at the seedling stage of hybrid rice Shanyou 63 were studied by using the approach of plant proteomics, and those proteins were separated with two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and then analyzed with an imagemaster 2D Elite 5.0. The results showed that the 41 protein spots were detected differential expression, of which 17 new protein spots appeared after the 3-leaf stage, including 9 special protein spots, which were only detected at the 3-leaf stage. Thirteen protein spots increased first and then decreased in expression abundance gradually and finally even disappeared. For the other 11 protein spots, 3 protein spots decreased, but 6 protein spots were opposite in expression abundance, however, 2 protein spots expressed in an irregular pattern after the 2-leaf stage. Of the 41 differential leaf proteins, 15 protein spots were identified by ESI-Q MS/MS and categorized into 4 groups of functions. The results indicated that proteins were the carriers of the functions in cells, but were significantly influenced by the changes in cell function or intercellular environment; hence, the reason that caused the proteomic changes as mentioned earlier might be related to the occurrence of tillers at the rice seedling stage after the 3-leaf stage.     

葡萄染色体核型及带型研究初报

采用F-BSG法制备染色体标本,对野生莆萄和栽培品种白香蕉染色体核型和Giemsa带型进行了分析,二者在核型上基本相似,说明亲缘关系相近,但在进化过程中栽培葡萄品种核型有不对称的趋势。     

Study on Hsp90 Expression in Different Tissues and Its Antibody in Serum of Chickens Infected with Marek’s Diseases

To investigate the dynamic change of heat shock protein 90 （Hsp90） in the genesis and development of tumor, we successfully established tumor animal model using Marek’s disease and then determined the location of Hsp90 in the tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry method, the antibody titer level of Hsp90 in the serum and the expression level in the tissue using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method. Our result showed that Hsp90 location in the tumor tissue was signiifcantly associated with the tumor cell and most in the cytoplasm of the tumor cell, and Hsp90 expression level in the tissue and the antibody titer level in the serum was most signiifcantly increased with the development of tumor. This is the ifrst report to show the presence of Hsp90 in tumor tissues induced by the Marek’s disease, with its expression correlated to the tumoral grading. These data may also be valuable for developing new molecular anti-cancer therapies.     

紫背三七核型分析

采用酶解去壁低渗法对紫背三七幼嫩根尖进行染色体数目及核型分析。结果表明,其染色体数目为2n=20,染色体基数为x=10,属于二倍体植物,核型公式是K(2n)=2x=20=20m,未观察到次缢痕或随体;没有臂比>2的染色体,染色体长度比为1.638 4,核型为1A型,属于原始类型;核型不对称系数为56.05%,核型一般比较对称;染色体相对长度组成是2n=20=10M₂+8M₁+2S。该研究为进一步鉴定其种质资源、栽培和良种选育奠定细胞学基础。     

银白杨×白榆亲子核型分析

对银白杨（Populus alba）×［白榆（Ulmus pumila)+新疆杨（P.alba var.pyramidalis）失活花粉］的亲本和子代进行了核型分析。结果表明:银白杨,2n=38=1M+30m(1SAT)+4sm+1st+2t;银榆杨（P.× alba L.‘yinyu’）1号,2n=38=1M+30m(1SAT)+4sm+1st+2t; 银榆杨2号,2n=38=1M+30m(2SAT)+4sm+1st+2t。白榆的染色体2n=28。银白杨和银榆杨的染色体数目相同,核型差异很小。随体的数量可能与银榆杨和银白杨表型不同有关。推测,银白杨×白榆的杂种胚在发育时先形成了以银白杨染色体为主的单倍体,后经染色体自然加倍形成二倍体银榆杨。     

大西洋和费乌瑞它马铃薯品种的核型分析

为了探索大西洋和费乌瑞它马铃薯品种的细胞遗传学特征,采用去壁低渗法对两品种的核型进行分析。结果表明:1)大西洋和费乌瑞它马铃薯品种都属四倍体,2n=48。2)大西洋的臂比值为(1.00±0.11)～(1.89±0.23),染色体相对长度为(5.07±0.79)%～(13.80±1.56)%,最长染色体/最短染色体=2.32,属于1B核型,核型公式为2n=4x=48=7m+2sm+2M+st;费乌瑞它的臂比值为(1.43±0.17)～(2.12±0.56),染色体相对长度为(6.04±0.54)%～(12.90±0.79)%,最长染色体/最短染色体=2.13,属于2B核型,核型公式为2n=4x=6m+5sm+t。     

Contribution of Drought to Potential Crop Yield Reduction in a Wheat-Maize Rotation Region in the North China Plain

With consecutive occurrences of drought disasters in China in recent years, it is important to estimate their potential impacts on regional crop production. In this study, we detect the impacts of drought on wheat and maize yield and their changes at a 0.5＆#176;＆#215;0.5＆#176; grid scale in the wheat-maize rotation planting area in the North China Plain under the A1B climate change scenario using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer （DSSAT） model and the outputs of the regional climate modeling system-Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies （PRECIS）. Self-calibrating palmer drought severity index was used as drought recognition indicator. Two time slices used for the study were the baseline （1961-1990） and 40 years of 2011-2050. The results indicate that the potential planting region for double crop system of wheat-maize would expend northward. The statistic conclusions of crop simulations varied considerably between wheat and maize. In disaster-affected seasons, wheat yield would increase in the future compared with baseline yields, whereas in opposite for maize yield. Potential crop yield reductions caused by drought would be lower for wheat and higher for maize, with a similar trend found for the ratio of potential crop yield reductions for both crops. It appears that the negative impact of drought on maize was larger than that on wheat under climate change A1B scenario.     

Haplll of TaSAP1-A1, a Positively Selected Haplotype in Wheat Breeding

Stress-associated protein （SAP） has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation, embryo development and response to abiotic stresses. TaSAP1-A1, one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1 （TaSAP1） members located on wheat chromosome 7A was isolated for polymorphism analysis. HaplII of TaSAP1-A1 was found significantly associated with thousand-grain weight （TGW） in multiple environments. In this study, HaplII also made a positive contribution to TGW in Population 2. The distribution of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was tracked among varieties released in different years and geographical environments of China. The frequency of HapIII showed an increasing trend during the breeding process in two different populations. The ItapIII was gradually selected and applied from 6.36% in landraces to 13.50% in modem varieties. These results exhibited that TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was positively selected during wheat breeding, which is beneficial for grain-yield improvement. The preferred HapIIl was initially selected and applied in the higher latitude areas of China in accord with the long day season and longer grain filling stage in these areas. Moreover, the frequency of HaplII in recent modem varieties was still quite low （19.29-26.67%）. It indicated a high application potential of TaSAP1-A 1 HapIII for improving grain yield in wheat breeding.     

EalspF1, Essential Enzyme in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis from Eupatorium adenophorum,Reveals a Novel Role in Light Acclimation

Isoprenoids are a functionally and structurally diverse class of natural organic chemicals. The universal precursors of all isoprenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate are synthesized through the mevalonate and 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 4-phosphate （MEP） pathways, respectively. Many isoprenoids produced through the MEP pathway play an important role in plant acclimation to different light environments. Eupatorium adenophorum, an invasive weed in China, presents a remarkable capacity to acclimate to various light environments, which constitutes its solid foundation of being a successful invasive species. Thus we aimed at gaining a deeper insight into the regulation of MEP pathway in E. adenophorum to further understand the invasive mechanism. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase （IspF or MCS） is an essential enzyme in the MEP pathway. In this paper, a novel IspF gene was cloned and characterized from E. adenophorum. Tissue-specific expression assays revealed a higher expression of EalspF1 in leaves than in stems and roots. The expression of EalspF1 was responsive to different light conditions. Some up-regulation of EalspF1 expression was also found after the treatments with signal compounds and after wounding stress. Interestingly, the over-expression of EalspF1 in Arabidopsis led to increase carotenoids contents, resulting in an enhanced tolerance to high light. Taken together, these results indicate that the EalspFl-derived enzyme participates in isoprenoid metabolism and among others, the expression of this gene in E. adenophorum is involved in the regulation of plastidial isoprenoids, which play an important role in acclimation to various light environments.     

口虾蛄染色体核型分析及DNA含量

为了解口虾蛄Oratosquilla oratoria核型组成及DNA含量,以野生口虾蛄为材料,采用秋水仙素内注射法,取其肝胰腺组织经低渗和固定后,获得染色体标本,并对其染色体核型进行了分析,以鸡血细胞DNA为标准,采用流式细胞仪测定口虾蛄不同组织的DNA含量。结果表明:口虾蛄二倍体染色体数目为88,即2n=88,核型组成公式为2n=62m+12sm+14t,染色体总臂数(NF)为162;口虾蛄不同组织的DNA含量有显著性差异(P0.05),各组织DNA含量从大到小依次为肌肉精巢卵巢肝胰腺血液,肌肉组织含量最高,为10.43 pg/2c,血液含量最低,为8.70 pg/2c,各组织DNA含量平均为9.61 pg/2c;以1 pg=978 Mbp计算,首次成功估算了口虾蛄基因组大小约为9398.58 Mbp。本研究结果可为口虾蛄种质资源保护及未来人工养殖研究提供基础资料。     

Investment Requirements in Extension to Achieve Zero Hunger and Adapt to Climate Change

The study reflects on previous World Bank and FAO reports that made the general recommendation to set both research and extension investment targets in developing countries at 1% of agricultural gross domestic product （AgGDP）. In order to define proxies for country-specific extension investment targets, authors developed an extension investment model （EIM） based on socio-economic macro-indicators （poverty, undernourishment, access to information and population density） and a method to define estimates for cost increases related to climate change. These parameters helped estimating the demand for agricultural extension and investments required for it. Results showed that about half of the 94 developing and emerging countries should spend more than 1% of their respective share of GDP derived from agriculture and about a quarter of the countries, mostly in Africa and South East Asia, need to spend more than 2% of their AgGDP. The paper reveals significant differences in average investment requirements in different regions and shows the additional extension costs related to climate change and other areas that currently lack investment.     

East Java Propolis Inhibits Cytokine Pro-inflammatory in Odontoblast-Like Cells Human Pulp

Inflammation in pulp tissue is caused by caries bacteria. Most bacteria found are Lactobacillus acidophilus. Propolis is a sticky resin material that is derived from the bees and the surrounding plants, which are reported to have several biological effects including anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study will prove the effectiveness of propolis against proinflammatory cytokines on odontoblast-like cells in human dental pulp. This study was performed on cultured odontoblast-like cells in pulp. Cell culture was derived from the pulp tissue of human M3 teeth that had been extracted. Odontoblast pulp culture was divided in three groups： group one, cultured cells with propolis; group two, cultured cells induced with inactive Lactobacillus acidophilus; group three, cultured cells induced with inactive Lactobacillus acidophilus and exposed to 3 μg/mL propolis. A measurement of TNF-α and TGF-β1 expression was done using the immunocytochemical technique to determine the effectiveness of propolis extracts from East Java Indonesia against proinfalmmatory cytokines. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance （ANOVA） test （P = 0.05）. Propolis extract can inhibit the expression of TNF-α and increase the expression of TGF-β1 on odontoblast-like cell in human dental pulp. Anti-inflammatory effects of East Java propolis extract are associated with cytokine modulation.     

昆嵛山萱草属植物细胞学研究及其应用分析

研究了两种来自昆嵛山萱草属(H.emerocallis)植物的染色体数目、核型,结果表明:黄花菜(H.citrina)的体细胞中期染色体核型:2n=2X=22=16m+4sm+2T,核型不对称系数为58.9%,染色体相对长度组成:2n=2X=22=6L+10M1+6S,染色体总体积为105.39μm3;北萱草(H.esculenta)体细胞中期染色体核型:2n=2X=22=20m+2T,核型不对称系数为53.8%,染色体相对长度组成:2n=2X=22=4L+2M2+14M1+2S,染色体总体积为99.43μm3。同时对染色体的性状进行了巢式方差分析,表明居群内个体间、细胞间染色体的形态和大小具有一定程度的变异,且居群内的变异主要来自于个体间;最后分析了该属植物的应用前景。     

Molecular Characterization and SYBR Green I-Based Quantitative PCR for Duck Hepatitis Virus Type 1

To determine the genomic sequence of a duck hepatitis virus type 1 （DHV-1） strain, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RTQ-PCR） assay based on SYBR Green I technology was developed to target 3D gene of DHV-1, Comparative sequence analysis showed that the genome has a typical picornarivus genetic organization, and strain DHV-1 R genetic organaiztion is 5＇ untranslated region （UTR）-VP0-VP3-VPI-2A1-2A2-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3＇ UTR, DHV-1 R has close relationship with Parechovirus, and has 95.1-99.1% nucleotide sequence identity with other DHV-1 strains. Based on the DHV-1 sequences in GenBank, three pairs of specific primers were designed to amplify DHV-1 using real-time PCR. The results showed that real-time PCR Tm value is 85.6℃ and the real-time PCR provides a broad dynamic range, detecting from 102 to 109 copies of DHV-1 cDNA per reaction. No cross-reactions were found in specimens containing DPV, AIV and NDV. It is concluded that DHV-1 belongs to a new group of the family Picornaviridae that may form a separate genus most closely related to the genus Parechovirus. All results showed that the real-time PCR has high sensitivity and specificity to detect DHV-1 using SYBR Green I dissociation curve analysis, isolates can be distinguished by their melting temperature. These methods are rapid, sensitive, and reliable, and can be readily adapted for detection of DHV-1 from other clinical samples.