调节剂对低温胁迫后恢复过程中棉花幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

【目的】棉苗经低温胁迫后喷施调节剂,研究不同植物生长调节剂对棉花幼苗低温冷害的修复作用,为棉花幼苗抵御低温冷害提供技术参考。【方法】以棉花品种新陆早57号为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,在子叶期4℃ 24 h处理后,叶面喷施清水为对照,分别喷施7种不同植物调节剂溶液后,置于25℃ 14 h/10 h(昼/夜)的人工气候箱内恢复,分析不同生长调节剂对棉花幼苗冷害的生长情况和生理生化特征的影响。【结果】与清水处理比较,喷施植物生长调节剂后棉花幼苗的株高增加了5.10%~9.87%,茎粗增加了5.28%~8.71%,主根长增加了5.24%~9.33%,鲜重增加了2.26%~5.98%,干重增加了2.38%~8.61%,冷害指数下降了1.79~5.29个百分点,脯氨酸增加了5.04%~5.58%,可溶性蛋白含量增加了5.07%~5.67%,可溶性糖含量增加了5.05%~5.87%;CAT酶活性增加了2.21%~7.95%。SOD酶活性增加了3.79%~5.56%,POD酶活性增加了2.18%~5.56%。【结论】在低温胁迫后,在常温恢复过程中叶面喷施生长调节剂可有效的提高棉花幼苗叶片的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长,修复低温胁迫对植株的伤害,以植物生长调节剂处理提高棉花幼苗抗寒性。其中,调节剂对低温胁迫后棉花幼苗恢复效果的综合作用排序为“阿泰灵”>α-萘乙酸钠>胺鲜脂>“碧护”>复硝酚钠>腐殖酸>黄腐酸钾Ⅱ型>对照。     

赤霉素和普诺马林对草莓繁殖效应的研究

本试验用GA_3、GA_(4+7)、普诺马林、GA_3+GA_(4+7)生长调节剂对提高草莓繁殖系数的作用进行了探讨。结果表明:上述药剂均显著地提高草莓的繁殖系数,其中以GA_3效果最好。喷布时期与浓度为母株展4～8叶株龄期和50～200ppm;最佳为4叶株龄期和50～100ppm。其次,应用药剂处理比对照和摘除母株花序不仅有利提高繁苗率,而且对其子株的生长、花果的发育等,均有明显的增效作用。     

北碚地区冬季低温冷害对花木的影响及其防御对策

[目的]为重庆北碚地区花木产业的发展提供指导。[方法]利用北碚地区1960～2009年的极端最低温度资料及2005～2007年三角花黄桷兰的侯生长状况与物候观测资料,分析该地区冬季低温冷害的温度幅度范围冷害影响时间及其对当地花木生长的影响。[结果]影响北碚地区花木生长的冬季低温冷害时间主要为12月下旬～2月上旬,其中影响较严重的时间为1月份,低温冷害的温度范围主要为-2～5℃;重庆北碚地区花木生长的最适温度为12～28℃,高于或低于该温度范围均影响花木正常越冬开花和生长等;冬季任意一侯中有3d极端最低温度小于6℃时,即出现低温冷害并对花木造成较大影响。[结论]根据冬季低温冷害的特点,结合趋势预报并采取相应措施可减小冷害对花木的影响。     

植物生长调节剂研究现状及其在茶树上的应用

植物生长调节剂已广泛应用于农业生产中,它能有效地改善作物生长状况,提高农作物的产量和质量,同时它在农业中应用的安全性也越来越受到重视。文章就近年研究得比较多的植物生长调节剂进行综述,并对其在茶树方面的应用进行了展望。     

叶片喷施H_2O_2以及转入Cu/Zn SOD和APX基因对甘薯幼苗冷后恢复的作用

【目的】研究转入铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/ZnSOD)和抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)基因甘薯幼苗在短时间冷胁迫处理后的恢复过程中与其非转基因对照株比较是否具有抗冷优势,以及用外源过氧化氢(H2O2)于冷胁迫前预处理甘薯叶片能否增强幼苗的冷后恢复能力。【方法】以转入Cu/ZnSOD和APX基因的甘薯幼苗及其非转基因对照株为试验材料,研究在5℃下冷胁迫一夜(12h)后,植株的细胞膜透性、各种抗氧化酶活性以及光合作用的各项指标的变化过程,以了解植株的冷后恢复情况;以及用1.0mmol·L-1H2O2于冷胁迫前4h叶片喷施预处理对其抗冷性的影响。【结果】(1)在短时间(12h)冷胁迫后的很短时间(2h)内,非转基因植株的APX、SOD、CAT(过氧化氢酶)这3种抗氧化酶活性及类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,膜透性升高,光合色素以及光合电子传递链受到破坏,光合速率显著下降;在经过26h的室温恢复后,植株的上述3种抗氧化酶活性及类胡萝卜素含量都得到显著提升,但膜透性继续增加,光合电子传递链得到修复,而光合色素却显著下降,光合作用恢复。(2)与非转基因对照植株相比较,转基因植株在冷胁迫后表现出较高的上述3种抗氧化酶活性及类胡萝卜素含量、较低的膜透性、较强的光合色素以及光合电子传递系统保护能力,其光合速率也相对较强。(3)用1.0mmol·L-1H2O2预处理组的植株对比未预处理的对照株,在冷胁迫后的恢复过程中,表现出了较强的SOD与APX酶活性的恢复能力,较低的MDA产生量以及膜透性,且冷处理后植株的生长状况更加良好。【结论】转基因植株在冷胁迫处理中较非转基因对照表现出较强的冷耐受性,在冷后恢复过程中也显示出更强的恢复能力,转基因甘薯幼苗更具有抗冷优势;用1.0mmol·L-1H2O2预处理植株能够显著提高甘薯幼苗的冷后恢复能力,增强其抗冷性。     

低温胁迫对处于不同水分状态柑桔光合作用的影响

研究了低温胁迫对处于不同水分条件下柑桔光合作用的影响规律.结果表明,低温胁迫对柑桔光合作用的影响与土壤水分状态关系密切.对于正常供水的植株,低温能明显降低Pn和Gs.Ci/Ca的比值升高表明低温主要抑制了叶内细胞的光合能力;而适宜的根部温度能够提高受低温影响叶片的Pn和Gs,但从酶的大幅度增加可知,这是以散失大量水分为代价的.而对于受水分胁迫的植株,一方面低温对Pn的抑制作用不明显.即水分胁迫使柑桔对低温胁迫变得不敏感;另一方面,与仅受低温影响的植株相比,提高根温反而使Pn下降幅度更大,但Gs和酶却增加,从而进一步加剧了水分胁迫状况.     

南宁市常见园林绿化植物冷害调查与分析

【目的】掌握低温对南宁市常见园林绿化植物的影响,为今后应对低温冷冻灾害及城市园林绿化树种引种驯化等提供参考依据。【方法】以南宁市城区常见园林绿化植物为对象,对2008、2011年遭受冷害的园林绿化植物进行冷害情况调查与数据收集。主要采用对园林植物外部形态进行感观鉴定的方法,对园林植物的叶、芽、枝、整株等的生长指标、组织褐变等进行观察。【结果】所调查的46科109种植物中,2008年有36科66种受害,受害率为60.6%,2011年有36科41种受害,受害率为37.6%。其中,受害等级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级的树种2008年为17科25种、2011年为3科3种;受害等级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级的树种2008年为14科17种、2011年为11科18种;其余树种受害等级均在Ⅱ级以下。【结论】造成园林绿化植物严重受害的主要原因是长时间的持续低温及南方对长期低温天气的防控应对措施相对薄弱。植物品种选择、植物冷害预防及植物冷害后的及时补救处理是避免植物大面积遭受冷害的关键。     

植物生长调节剂与不定根的形成

综述了几种常用植物生长调节剂影响不定根形成的机理、植物生长调节剂处理插条生根的常用方法及其在各类植物中的应用。     

Productivity and quality of seeds of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench under treatment with virescenosides a and a sum of glycosides of marine fungus Acremonium striatisporum at super low concentrations

The paper presents results of the experimental studies of the effect of new growth regulators that are capable of stimulating the development, growth, and physiological processes of plants Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. It is shown that, under treatment of seeds and plants of the buckwheat varieties Izumrud and Pri 10 with diterpene glycosides virescenoside A and a sum of diterpene glycosides isolated from the marine fungus Acremonium striatisporum KMM 4401, their stimulating effect on the growth of sprout roots, yield, and seed quality is observed.     

南宁市常见园林绿化植物冷害调查与分析

【目的】掌握低温对南宁市常见园林绿化植物的影响,为今后应对低温冷冻灾害及城市园林绿化树种引种驯化等提供参考依据。【方法】以南宁市城区常见园林绿化植物为对象,对2008、2011年遭受冷害的园林绿化植物进行冷害情况调查与数据收集。主要采用对园林植物外部形态进行感观鉴定的方法,对园林植物的叶、芽、枝、整株等的生长指标、组织褐变等进行观察。【结果】所调查的46科109种植物中,2008年有36科66种受害,受害率为60.6%,2011年有36科41种受害,受害率为37.6%。其中,受害等级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级的树种2008年为17科25种、2011年为3科3种;受害等级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级的树种2008年为14科17种、2011年为11科18 种;其余树种受害等级均在Ⅱ级以下。【结论】造成园林绿化植物严重受害的主要原因是长时间的持续低温及南方对长期低温天气的防控应对措施相对薄弱。植物品种选择、植物冷害预防及植物冷害后的及时补救处理是避免植物大面积遭受冷害的关键。     

Influence of furolan-treated seeds on sowing characteristics of winter wheat cultivars

The study was carried out at the All-Russian Rice Research Institute, Belozerny, Krasnodar, Russia in 2009. The seeds of three varieties of winter wheat namely; Bat’ko, Deya and Krasnodarskaya 99 were grown in different concentrations of growth regulators namely; Furolan, (2-furyl-2)-1,3-dioxolane, gibberellins (plant hormone) and water as control. The influence of the growth regulators on seed germination energy and germinating power were determined. The effect of the regulators was higher in all the experimental variants than in the control. However, this increase was insignificant (LSD_0.05 = 6.88). Application of Furolan in concentration of 0.001 and 0.0001% in Deya’s variety decreased germination energy in comparison with that of concentration 0.01%. Weak concentration virtually did not stimulate germination energy of seeds. The different varieties investigated in this study showed very positive response to growth regulators at different stages of ontogenesis of the plants. The effect of the factor B (growth regulators) on the formation of sprout length was 11.7%. Interaction of factors A and B was very small; its effect was only 0.6%.     

Responses of Antioxidant Enzymes to Chilling Stress in Tobacco Seedlings

Chilling is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting yield and quality of many important crops. For better understanding of chilling stress responses in tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum）, growth rate and antioxidant enzymes of seedlings in 2 tobacco cultivars, viz., MSk326 （chilling sensitive variety） and Honghuadajinyuan （HHDJY, chilling tolerant variety） at chilling temperature （5℃） were studied. The results showed that the relative growth rate in chilling period to that in recovery period was significantly higher in roots than that in shoots for both cultivars, suggesting that shoots growth was more easily affected by chilling stress. Chilling stress increased peroxidase （POD） activity and reduced superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in shoots of HHDJY, and catalase （CAT） activity was little affected. In the roots of HHDJY, chilling stress increased SOD and CAT activities, and had little effect on POD activity. For MSk326, chilling treatment increased SOD activity in shoots and declined CAT activity in roots. MDA concentration in both varieties was increased under the chilling stress, while it was decreased after seedlings were recovered growth for 4 d at normal temperature （25℃）. It showed that tobacco seedlings might have the capacity of recovering from chilling injury for a short term, The relationship between the growth rate and antioxidant enzyme activity was analyzed by stepwise regression. It was found that there was a close relationship between relative growth rate of tobacco seedlings and CAT activity under chilling stress condition and regression equations containing CAT could be used in predicting seedling growth rate of tobacco under chilling stress condition.     

Dormancy of trees in winter

Early dormancy involves a number of phenomena: cessation of active growth, formation of terminal buds, formation of abscission layers in leaves, development of cold resistance, development of winter rest (a chilling requirement), and leaf fall. The buds of some tree species (or some races of a species) have a true rest or winter chilling requirement; usually the roots do not; perhaps the cambium does not. There is a wide range of genetic variation within and between species in response to photoperiod, winter chilling, water nutrients, and other environmental factors which affect the dormancy condition of plants. During the period of winter rest there are many metabolic and developmental processes going on in the buds and twigs. These processes include respiration, photosynthesis, some cell division, enzyme synthesis, production of growth stimulators, and dissipation of growth inhibitors. Dormancy of trees can be divided arbitrarily into three phases: early rest, winter rest, and after-rest. Each of these phases is marked by a distinct set of physiological processes. The transition between the three phases is gradual. Some processes of after-rest can proceed even though the winter chilling requirement (winter rest) of a tree has not been completed fully. Evidence from grafting experiments and chemical treatments to break winter rest, and studies of genetic variability indicate that the processes and phenomena of dormancy are at least partially independent of each other. Different buds and branches and other parts of the same plant may initiate dormancy, break dormancy, and renew vegetative growth independently. Initiation and cessation of dormancy can be triggered by a number of environmental variables: photoperiod, temperature, nutrition, water, an array of chemicals, and shock treatments. Dormancy regulation must either involve a variety of receptors or involve receptors that are responsive to a variety of stimuli. Unless dormancy is defined in a highly restricted sense (that is, possession of chilling requirement), it is hard to conceive of a single receptor or regulator that controls all of the phenomena of dormancy. A large number of genes are definitely involved and hence a large number of enzymes. The kinds of enzymes, their numbers, and their concentrations can be regulated by manipulating the environment.     

园艺植物抗冷生理研究进展

从活性氧清除系统、渗透调节物质、膜脂组成、钙、植物激素等与植物抗冷性之间的幕系综述了园艺植物抗冷生理的研究概况,并提出了需要进一步解决的问题。     

牛耳朵幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应

【目的】探明牛耳朵对低温胁迫的生理响应,为其人工栽培提供理论参考。【方法】牛耳朵幼苗在5℃下处理12、24、36h,然后在25℃下恢复生长24、48h,分别测定各处理叶绿素荧光参数、叶片相对含水量、电解质外渗率、SOD活性、MDA含量等生理指标。【结果】叶绿素荧光参数（Fv/Fm）值随低温处理时间延长而下降,处理结束后可逐渐恢复正常;叶片含水率呈下降趋势但不明显;电解质外渗率随低温处理时间的延长而增加,恢复生长后开始降低;SOD活性、MDA含量均随着低温处理时间呈先增加后降低趋势,但处理结束后均可逐渐恢复。【结论】5℃连续处理36h以内对牛耳朵植株造成一定的生理胁迫,但在胁迫停止后可逐渐恢复正常,不会造成致命伤害。     

低温胁迫对菜用大豆生长、叶片活性氧及多胺代谢的影响

选用两种耐低温性不同的菜用大豆品种——‘沪宁95-1’(耐低温)和‘台湾75’(低温敏感),对低温胁迫下两者的生长、叶片活性氧及多胺代谢进行了比较。结果表明,低温胁迫后两者生物量积累显著受到抑制,但‘沪宁95-1’受抑制程度显著小于‘台湾75’;低温胁迫下两者叶片抗氧化酶活性、O·-2生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量均显著升高,但‘沪宁95-1’叶片抗氧化酶活性显著高于‘台湾75’,O·-2生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量则显著低于‘台湾75’;低温胁迫后‘沪宁95-1’叶片不同形态腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量均显著上升,‘台湾75’叶片不同形态腐胺含量显著下降,游离态、结合态亚精胺和精胺含量显著上升,束缚态亚精胺和精胺含量变化不显著。以上结果表明,低温胁迫下不同形态腐胺、束缚态亚精胺和精胺与‘沪宁95-1’较低的生长抑制、较低的氧化损伤以及较高的保护酶活性有关,可能在菜用大豆耐寒性方面发挥重要作用。     

Alteration of productivity of spring wheat varieties with the use of growth regulators

The effect of Epin and Circon on the formation of productivity of spring wheat varieties under various water provision conditions is studied. The effect of the growth regulators depends on the variety response of the wheat plants.     

低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂对丹参生长及次生代谢产物的影响

[目的]研究低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂对丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiae Bge.）生长及次生代谢产物的影响。[方法]采用拌种加叶喷等方法施用不同浓度低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂,观察丹参生长情况及对次生代谢产物丹参酮IIA含量的累积变化情况。[结果]低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂较显著地促进了丹参酮IIA含量的提高。适宜浓度的低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂能促进丹参植株及根系的生长。[结论]该研究对揭示低聚壳寡糖植物生长调节剂对丹参活性成分的累积效应形成和积累机制,以完善中药材质量调控与药用植物栽培的理论和技术体系,建立优质丹参的规范化栽培技术,同时对促进中药材规范化的优良种植都具有重要的价值和意义。     

2011年早春我国香蕉寒害调查及寒害后恢复对策

【目的】了解2011年早春低温对我国香蕉生产的影响,提出寒害后香蕉恢复生产的技术措施,为香蕉抗寒栽培提供技术支持。【方法】2011年3月9～16日对我国香蕉主产区广西、广东、海南、云南、福建进行分片区实地寒害调查,对挂果株及待生产用的大、中、小吸芽进行田间解剖分析诊断。【结果】挂果株受寒害影响较吸芽植株敏感,大、中、小吸芽抗寒能力依次增强;同纬度区域高海拔香蕉受寒害比低海拔严重;此次低温对广西中部区域香蕉影响最为严重,挂果株产量损失超过50%,且只能留中小型吸芽作为生产株;广东、海南区域香蕉受寒害影响最小,其他区域居中。【建议】采用覆盖天地膜过冬、喷水保湿、套袋护果御寒等措施;选留受寒害后萌发的吸芽为下造生产株,做好蕉园管理工作,促进吸芽早萌发、早定芽;选育抗寒品种。【目的】了解2011年早春低温对我国香蕉生产的影响,提出寒害后香蕉恢复生产的技术措施,为香蕉抗寒栽培提供技术支持。【方法】2011年3月9～16日对我国香蕉主产区广西、广东、海南、云南、福建进行分片区实地寒害调查,对挂果株及待生产用的大、中、小吸芽进行田间解剖分析诊断。【结果】挂果株受寒害影响较吸芽植株敏感,大、中、小吸芽抗寒能力依次增强;同纬度区域高海拔香蕉受寒害比低海拔严重;此次低温对广西中部区域香蕉影响最为严重,挂果株产量损失超过50%,且只能留中小型吸芽作为生产株;广东、海南区域香蕉受寒害影响最小,其他区域居中。【建议】采用覆盖天地膜过冬、喷水保湿、套袋护果御寒等措施;选留受寒害后萌发的吸芽为下造生产株,做好蕉园管理工作,促进吸芽早萌发、早定芽;选育抗寒品种。