利于苏北沿海滩涂土壤有机碳固定的绿肥粉垄耦合种植模式研究

为探索利于苏北沿海滩涂土壤有机碳固定的绿肥粉垄耦合种植模式,在苏北沿海滩涂设置：裸地+常规深耕(15 cm)(对照)、裸地+粉垄(20 cm)、裸地+粉垄(30 cm)、裸地+粉垄(40 cm)、种植苕子+常规深耕翻压(15 cm)、种植苕子+粉垄翻压(20 cm)、种植苕子+粉垄翻压(30 cm)、种植苕子+粉垄翻压(40 cm) 8种种植模式试验,研究对比8种模式土壤有机碳固定表现以及下季玉米产量。结果表明：粉垄耕作降低了沿海滩涂土壤容重,提高了土壤>2.00 mm、>0.25～2.00 mm粒级土壤团聚体质量百分数,降低了0.05～0.25 mm、<0.05 mm粒级团聚体质量百分数。粉垄耕作可使沿海滩涂土壤物理结构,尤其是大团聚体结构得以有效改善。绿肥粉垄耦合模式下,土壤养分及可溶性有机碳、活性有机碳含量显著提高,土壤碳库指数、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数显著上升,土壤>2.00 mm、>0.25～2.00 mm粒级土壤团聚体质量百分数提高,0.05～0.25 mm、<0.05 mm粒级团聚体质量百分数降低,且各粒级团聚体中有机碳含量、>...     

不同轮作模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

选择干旱区玛纳斯河流域绿洲长期连作棉田土壤为研究对象,研究连作棉田、轮作玉米、轮作大豆、玉米//大豆间作和休闲免耕5种模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征的影响。结果表明：不同种植模式对土壤团聚体有明显的影响,土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量在粒径53～250 μm为最高,占39%～53%,水稳性团聚体含量呈最低; >250 μm机械稳定性团聚体含量在不同种植模式间差异显著,表现为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>休闲免耕>棉花连作>玉米//大豆间作; 秋季作物收获后,轮作大豆和玉米//大豆间作模式土壤团粒指数比春季分别减少18.7%和15.6%; 土壤团聚体有机碳及微生物量碳含量主要集中在>250 μm大团聚体中,而在微团聚体中含量较少; 不同模式土壤有机碳含量顺序为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>棉花连作>休闲免耕>玉米//大豆间作。比较几种种植模式,大豆轮作和玉米轮作有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,可作为长期连作棉田较为理想的短期轮作倒茬模式。     

保护性耕作下土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征

依据吉林省德惠市田间定位试验(始于2001年),对玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作模式下秋翻(MP)、垄作(RT)和免耕( NT)3种耕作方式的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体粒级分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳含量及团聚体稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,3种耕作方式下,＞0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量均在70％以上,最高可达93.29％,各粒级含量在两个土层中表现规律性不强.水稳性团聚体含量均在20％以上,最高可达35.5％,且表层高于底层.与干筛法测定的团聚体相比,＞0.25 mm团聚体含量明显减少,最大减少幅度为58.76％.两个土层中玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下的机械稳定性团聚体与水稳性团聚体对耕作处理的响应表现出一定的相似性,即RT＞NT＞MP.水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随粒径的减小而增大,3种耕作方式下有机碳含量表现为NT＞RT＞MP,表层高于底层,且玉米-大豆轮作高于玉米连作.比较3种耕作方式,垄作更有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,且玉米-大豆轮作好于玉米连作.     

不同轮耕模式对豫东地区小麦—花生轮作田土壤质量、团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

为探明不同轮耕模式对豫东地区小麦→花生轮作田土壤质量、团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。于2018—2022年,通过田间定位试验,以连续旋耕(RT)处理为对照,设置旋耕-深翻-旋耕-深翻(RDRD)处理、旋耕-免耕-旋耕-免耕(RNRN)处理、深翻-免耕-深翻-免耕(DNDN)处理、旋耕-免耕-深翻-免耕(RDN)处理共4种轮耕模式,研究不同轮耕模式对土壤养分含量、酶活性、容重、孔隙度、团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。结果表明,与RT处理相比,不同轮耕模式均能提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量及土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性;不同轮耕模式能够降低土壤容重,提高孔隙度,促进>0.25 mm粒级团聚体形成,提高团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量(R_0.25),降低团聚体分形维数(D)。其中,0～20 cm土层中,与RT处理相比,RDN处理容重显著降低6.25%(P<0.05),孔隙度、MWD、GMD、R_0.25分别显著提高13.66%、15.22%、17.80%、10.90%。RDN处理...     

退耕植被演替过程中土壤团聚体与胶结物质的协同响应

以陕西王茂沟流域为研究区,进行野外调查取样和测定,采用方差分析和相关性分析,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕植被演替过程中土壤团聚体稳定性与团聚体胶结物质间的协同响应关系。结果表明:退耕植被演替显著提高了5 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量,降低了0.25~2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量,显著增大了团聚体MWD。不同粒级团聚体SOC、EE-GRSP和T-GRSP含量均随植被演替呈现不同程度增加趋势,其稳定性的改善主要取决于5 mm粒径团聚体SOC和5 mm各粒径团聚体T-GRSP含量的提高。黄土丘陵区退耕植被演替过程中,SOC和GRSP含量的提高协同改善了土壤团聚体稳定性。     

绿肥还田对土壤团聚性、可蚀性及有机质的影响

通过对比分析苕子、二月兰还田和空白对照3个处理水平下大田土壤的团聚体和有机质分布特征,探讨绿肥还田对土壤结构,特别是团聚体稳定性的影响。以华北地区玉米田为例,于2021年5月和9月分别采集苕子、二月兰还田和对照的大田土壤,测定各粒级土壤团聚体质量及有机质含量,计算其相应的土壤平均重量直径(MWD)、土壤几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)和可蚀性因子(K)。结果表明,苕子还田处理显著增加了0.25～2.00 mm粒级的大团聚体含量(P<0.05),而二月兰还田处理则显著增加了>2.00 mm的大团聚体含量。从指标的角度而言,5月时二月兰处理的土壤稳定性与抗蚀性均显著高于对照(二月兰处理的D和K显著低于对照),而9月苕子处理的土壤反超前者,具有更好的稳定性和抗蚀性。进一步分析发现,土壤团聚体分布及其有机质含量具有相关性,且最强的相关性表现在>2.00 mm粒级的团聚体中。随着时间的推移,经绿肥还田处理后的土壤大团聚体和微团聚体间发生转化,且还田处理0.25～2.00 mm团聚体含量增加主要由0.05～<0.25 mm团聚体含量减少引起。因此,绿肥还田能提高土壤团...     

石漠化区林草恢复与传统农耕对土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响

为探明石漠化治理区林草植被恢复后土壤团聚体的粒径分布、结构稳定性、有机碳的分布特征,以关岭-贞丰花江石漠化治理示范区4种林草植被（金银花、火龙果、花椒和草地）与传统种植方式玉米地进行对比研究,采用湿筛法进行团聚体分离和测定,对比分析了石漠化治理方式与传统农耕方式下土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳分布规律。结果表明：①5种样地水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）粒级含量为主,大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）含量表现出草地＞金银花地＞火龙果地＞玉米地＞花椒地,团聚体含量总体上随粒级的减小而降低;②团聚体的平均质量直径和几何平均直径均为草地＞金银花地＞火龙果地＞玉米地＞花椒地;③土壤团聚体有机碳含量表现为金银花地＞草地＞火龙果地＞花椒地＞玉米地,说明从传统种植方式转变为林草植被后,土壤有机碳含量得到提高。除花椒地外,其他样地土壤团聚体稳定性均优于玉米地,土壤有机碳含量都高于玉米地。综上所述,石漠化治理区退耕还林和植被恢复有利于土壤结构改善和碳库容量提升,促进喀斯特石漠化生态环境的改善。     

生物炭不同添加量对旱作覆膜农田土壤团聚体特性及有机碳含量的影响

【目的】研究西北旱作区长期地膜覆盖农田添加不同量生物炭对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响,为旱作覆膜农田地力提升、作物的可持续生产提供科学依据。【方法】在连续多年双垄沟覆膜农田基础上,采用裂区设计,主区为全膜双垄沟覆盖种植和传统平作不覆膜种植2个处理,副区为生物炭添加水平,分别为不添加(N)、低量添加(L):3 t·hm^-2、中量添加(M):6 t·hm^-2和高量添加(H):9 t·hm^-2。测定生物炭不同添加量对覆膜农田不同粒级土壤团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性、团聚体有机碳含量及玉米产量的影响。【结果】生物炭连续添加两年后,各覆膜处理能显著提高0—60 cm土层土壤大粒级(>0.25 mm)团聚体的机械稳定性(6.1%—8.7%)及水稳性团聚体的百分含量(15.9%—83.6%),玉米产量可显著(P<0.05)提高35.0%—41.8%。在覆膜条件下,添加生物炭能显著提高土壤大粒级团聚体百分含量及其稳定性,干筛>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量(MR_0.25)和湿筛>0.25 m...     

连续种植不同绿肥作物耕层的土壤团聚体特征

【目的】为探明连续种植绿肥对土壤团聚体的影响。【方法】以箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)、肥田萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、蓝花苕子(Vicia cracca L.)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)、光叶苕子(Vicia villosa var.)为对象,研究连续种植不同绿肥对耕层土壤团聚体组成、直径的影响。【结果】连续种植光叶苕子主要提高 5 mm粒径的机械稳定性团聚体含量、2～0. 25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量,肥田萝卜主要提高5～2 mm粒径的机械稳定性团聚体含量、 5 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量,蓝花苕子和毛叶苕子主要提高2～0. 25 mm粒径的机械稳定性团聚体含量。 5 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体增加有利于水稳性大团聚体的积累,其中肥田萝卜的土壤水稳性大团聚体含量最高。连续种植肥田萝卜、毛叶苕子有利于耕层土壤平均重量直径、几何平均直径的提升,而光叶苕子降低了土壤团聚体直径。土壤水稳性团聚体含量越高,土壤平均重量直径、几何平均直径越大,土壤结构的团聚度越高。【结论】连续种植绿肥能够提高不同粒径土壤机械稳定性、水稳性团聚体含量,有利于土壤水稳性大聚体( 0. 25 mm)的形成,对土壤团聚体直径的影响表现不同。     

不同秸秆还田模式下水稳性团聚体有机碳的分布及其氧化稳定性研究

通过田间试验研究了不同秸秆还田模式条件下土壤团聚体分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量及其氧化稳定性。结果显示:不同秸秆方式对各级别团聚体影响有差异,秸秆还田降低了微团聚体(<53μm)的含量,增加了大团聚体(>2000μm)和中微团聚体(250~53μm)的含量;在不同的还田模式下,总体看来小麦秸秆高留茬还田、玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田或覆盖还田对团聚体的分布影响较大。短时期内不同秸秆还田处理对团聚体稳定性影响较小。在小麦秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田条件下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田更有利于大级别团聚体(>250μm)中有机碳的增加;在小麦秸秆不还田情况下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田或覆盖深松还田则有利于小级别团聚体中有机碳的提高。秸秆还田提高了较大团聚体(>2000μm和250~2000μm)有机碳的氧化稳定性。降低了较小团聚体(<53μm)有机碳的氧化稳定性。在同一小麦秸秆还田模式下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田有利于较大团聚体氧化稳定性的提高。相关分析表明:团聚体的平均几何直径(GMD)与250~53μm团聚体的有机碳含量和<53μm级别团聚体数量关系最密切。     

河西走廊中段边缘绿洲农田土壤性状与团聚体特征

 【目的】土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性与土壤质量、土壤侵蚀和农业可持续性有着密切联系。【方法】在甘肃河西走廊中段近几十年来开垦的边缘绿洲区4种土类中（砂质新成土、正常干旱土、旱耕人为土和干润雏形土）采集49个农田表层土样（0～10 cm），用干筛和湿筛法分析土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性，并分析了与土壤团聚体形成有关的土壤物理、化学性状。【结果】除干润雏形土外，大部分土壤粒级组成以沙粒为主；土壤有机碳含量低，平均为（5.88±2.52）g•kg-1，4种土类中有机碳平均含量平均为4.75～10.51 g•kg-1，以砂质新成土最低，干润雏形土最高；碳酸钙含量普遍较高，平均含量为84.7～164.8 g•kg-1，随土壤粘粉粒和有机碳含量的增加而增加；不同土类＞0.25 mm的干团聚体平均变动在65.2%～94.6%，干团聚体组成以>5 mm的大块状团聚体（土块）为主，平均重量粒径（DMWD）变动在3.2～5.5 mm；>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体变动在23.8%～45.4%，团聚体破坏率（PAD）为52.4%～66.8%，团聚体组成和特征有利于抵抗土壤风蚀，但稳定性差，灌溉后易于分散、沉实板结、通透性差。土壤粘粉粒、有机碳、碳酸钙及铁铝氧化物均对团聚体的形成有显著作用，以土壤粘粒和细粉粒作用最大，有机碳和碳酸钙作用次之；但有机碳和碳酸钙对团聚体的稳定性较粘粉粒的影响更为明显。退耕种植多年生苜蓿后，土壤有机碳、团聚体数量及其稳定性显著增加。【结论】对生态脆弱的边缘绿洲区新垦土地，退耕还草或推行草粮轮作，是改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、减轻土壤风蚀的可持续土地利用的有效途径。     

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types (i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties (including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3t) of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52 g kg-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of　＞0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates (＞5 mm) is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMWD) ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and A13+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.     

Soil macroaggregates and organic-matter content regulate microbial communities and enzymatic activity in a Chinese Mollisol

The formation and turnover of macroaggregates are critical processes influencing the dynamics and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil aggregate size distribution is directly related to the makeup and activity of microbial communities. We incubated soils managed for >30 years as restored grassland (GL), farmland (FL) and bare fallow (BF) for 60 days using both intact and reduced aggregate size distributions (intact aggregate distribution (IAD)<6 mm; reduced aggregate distribution (RAD)<1 mm), in treatments with added glucose, alanine or inorganic N, to reveal activity and microbial community structure as a function of aggregate size and makeup. Over a 60-day incubation period, the highest phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) abundance was on day 7 for bacteria and fungi, on day 15 for actinomycete. The majority of the variation in enzymatic activities was likely related to PLFA abundance. GL had higher microbial abundance and enzyme activity. Mechanically reducing macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) by 34.7% in GL soil with no substrate additions increased the abundance of PLFAs (average increase of 15.7%) and activities of β-glucosidase (increase of 17.4%) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (increase of 7.6%). The addition of C substrates increased PLFA abundance in FL and BF by averages of 18.8 and 33.4%, respectively, but not in GL soil. The results show that the effect of habitat destruction on microorganisms depends on the soil aggregates, due to a release of bioavailable C, and the addition of substrates for soils with limited nutrient availability. The protection of SOC is promoted by larger size soil aggregate structures that are important to different aggregate size classes in affecting soil C stabilization and microbial community structure and activity.     

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates(2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 0.25 mm) and associated soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment(Abandonment), bare fallow(Fallow) and wheat-fallow cropping(Cropping). Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed: control(CK, no nutrient input), nitrogen only(N), nitrogen and potassium(NK), phosphorus and potassium(PK), NP, NPK, and manure(M) plus NPK(MNPK). Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates(0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter(MWD) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.     

免耕覆盖下土壤水分、团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布对小麦产量的协同效应

【目的】基于山西运城8年（2008—2015）长期定位试验,研究免耕覆盖下土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体活性有机碳分布特征、冬小麦水分利用效率和产量变化特征,分析土壤水分、土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳组分对小麦籽粒产量的协同关系,为选择适宜黄土高原旱作农业区最佳耕作模式提供理论依据。【方法】选取传统耕作秸秆翻耕还田（CT-SP）和免耕秸秆覆盖还田（NT-SM）两种耕作措施,在冬小麦收获期,利用干筛法测定土壤团聚体各粒级质量分数;测定各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳（SOC）及活性有机碳（可溶性有机碳,DOC;易氧化有机碳,EOC;微生物量碳,MBC）含量;测定土壤水分（土壤体积含水量,θ_v;播种前贮水量,SB;收获后贮水量,SA;生育期耗水量,ET;降水利用效率,PUE;水分利用效率,WUE）和作物产量等关键指标。【结果】（1）与CT-SP处理相比,NT-SM处理显著提高0.25—2 mm团聚体含量、>0.25 mm 团聚体含量（R_0.25）和几何平均直径（GMD）,分别提升13.9%、8.8%和9.6%。（2）与CT-SP处理相比,NT-SM处理中全土SOC、>2 mm和0.25—2 mm粒级团聚体SOC与MBC含量分别提升17.7%与23.6%、18.4%与18.2%和22.4%与39.2%。0.25—2 mm粒级团聚体对SOC和MBC的贡献率,分别提升18.4%和28.4%。（3）与CT-SP处理相比,NT-SM处理提高了SA、PUE、WUE和小麦产量,分别提升17.7%、8.92%、14.98%和8.92%,并且SOC、WUE、R_0.25、MWD和GMD等指标与小麦产量相关系数均达到0.9以上。（4）通过结构方程模型分析发现,土壤团聚体DOC和EOC通过协同效应影响MBC的变化,MBC含量对SOC的总效应为0.88,是影响SOC变化的主导因子。（5）土壤贮水量、土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布协同影响小麦产量,并且土壤团聚体稳定性对小麦产量表现为极显著正效应。【结论】在黄土高原旱作农业区,免耕秸秆覆盖还田可改善土壤团聚体结构,增加土壤水分含量,提高小麦水分利用效率,显著增加耕层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量,从而实现土壤固碳保墒和作物增产的协同效应。     

坡地黑土碳氮分布及其与团聚体稳定性的关系

目的探究黑土区土壤团聚体碳氮分布规律及其与团聚体稳定性的关系,进一步对比耕地与林地团聚体破坏机制差异,为退耕还林以及其他植被恢复途径提高黑土区土地生产力等方面提供理论依据。方法以典型黑土区长期耕作的坡耕地和樟子松坡林地为研究对象,通过不同坡位(坡上、坡中上、坡中、坡中下、坡下)和不同粒级(2~5 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm、0.25~0.5 mm、 < 0.25 mm)水稳性团聚体总碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、碳氮比(C/N)及铵态氮与硝态氮比值(ANR)的测定与分析,探究团聚体碳氮分布特征及其与团聚体破坏率之间的相关关系。结果坡林地土壤团聚体有机碳和总氮在坡下沉积且富集在小粒径团聚体中;耕地土壤团聚体有机碳含量及C/N显著低于林地,氮对坡位和粒径变化的响应规律不明显。铵态氮含量在 < 1 mm土壤团聚体中含量较高,硝态氮含量则在>1 mm土壤团聚体中含量较高,且林地铵态氮含量显著高于耕地。耕地团聚体破坏率显著高于林地,以>1 mm粒级团聚体破坏率的表现最为显著,坡上、坡中和坡中下2~5 mm团聚体破坏率显著高于同坡位其他粒径团聚体。团聚体碳含量和团聚体氮含量分别与团聚体破坏率呈负相关和正相关趋势,但均未达显著水平,而综合指标C/N和ANR,以及单因素铵态氮均与黑土团聚体破坏率呈显著负相关关系;当耕地团聚体破坏率超过40%时,ANR、C/N均处于较低的水平。结论坡耕地与坡林地之间,由于养分归还方式与土壤侵蚀环境的不同,导致土壤团聚体碳氮分布规律与团聚体稳定性的差异。坡地黑土团聚体稳定性受团聚体内部有机碳氮的共同作用,与微生物代谢密切相关的综合性指标C/N和ANR,以及被微生物优先利用的铵态氮对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响较其他指标更为显著,可在微生物活性与团聚体稳定性的关系方面做进一步研究。      

Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach

In recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farak?-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum-fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

The effects of co-utilizing green manure and rice straw on soil aggregates and soil carbon stability in a paddy soil in southern China

The co-utilization of green manure (GM) and rice straw (RS) in paddy fields has been widely applied as an effective practice in southern China. However, its effects on soil aggregate and soil organic carbon (SOC) stability remain unclear. In the present study, the effect of GM, RS, and co-utilization of GM and RS on particle size distribution of soil aggregates and SOC density fractions were measured in a field experiment. The experiment included six treatments, i.e., winter fallow (WF) without RS return (Ctrl), WF with 50% RS return (1/2RS), WF with 100% RS return (RS), GM without RS return (GM), GM with 50% RS return (GM1/2RS) and GM with 100% RS return (GMRS). The results showed that the proportion of small macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates in the GMRS treatment was greater (by 18.9 and 3.41%, respectively) than in the RS treatment, while the proportion of silt+clay particles (<0.053 mm) was lower (by 14.4%). The concentration of SOC in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) and silt+clay particles was higher in the GMRS treatment than in GM and RS treatments individually. The concentration and proportion of free light organic carbon (fLOC) in aggregates of various particle sizes and bulk soil was greater in the GMRS treatment than the RS treatment, whereas the concentration and proportion of mineral-associated organic carbon in small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and bulk was lower in the GMRS treatment than in the RS treatment. The proportion of intra-aggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) was greater in the GMRS treatment than in GM treatment. The GMRS treatment had strong positive effects on iPOC in small macroaggregates, suggesting that SOC was transferred from fLOC to iPOC. In conclusion, co-utilizing green manure and rice straw cultivated the SOC pool by increasing the concentration of fLOC and improved soil carbon stability by promoting the sequestration of organic carbon in iPOC as a form of physical protection.     

西北绿洲区间作模式对土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳含量的影响

间作种植有利于增加作物产量和提高资源利用效率,但目前关于间作对土壤有机碳的影响仍存在争议,为明确不同间作模式下土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳变化规律,本研究基于2016年在甘肃省武威市设置的间作模式定位试验,探究西北绿洲灌区间作种植模式对土壤团聚体的影响,试验包括7个处理：玉米单作（M）、豌豆单作（P）、油菜单作（R）、小麦单作（W）、玉米间作豌豆（M/P）、玉米间作油菜（M/R）和玉米间作小麦（M/W）。2019年10月作物收获后采集0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤样品,分析不同间作模式下土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量。结果表明,间作处理有增加土壤水稳性大团聚体（>0.25 mm）和微团聚体（0.053~0.25 mm）含量以及降低黏粉粒（<0.053 mm）含量的趋势。与M处理相比,M/W和M/R处理显著增加了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤团聚体平均质量直径和平均几何直径,而M/P处理则与M处理无显著差异。间作模式增加了土壤及土壤团聚体有机碳含量,M/W处理0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量比M处理显著提高11.5%,M/R和M/W处理20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量则分别比M处理显著提高4.3%和9.6%。M/W处理增加了土壤有机碳储量,在0~40 cm土层,M/W处理土壤有机碳总储量比M处理显著提高10.2%,M/W处理有机碳储量的增加是由于0~40 cm土层>0.25 mm和0.053~0.25 mm土壤团聚体有机碳储量提升。研究表明,西北绿洲灌区间作种植模式增加了土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量,有利于农田土壤固碳。     

长期施肥对紫色水稻土团聚体中有机碳和微生物的影响

【目的】土壤微生物在维持土壤肥力、土壤健康和提高作物产量等方面都具有非常重要的作用,探讨长期不同施肥措施对紫色水稻土团聚体微生物量及活性的影响,明确不同施肥制度下土壤不同粒级团聚体中微生物特性,为系统了解施肥管理对土壤肥力演变的影响提供理论依据。【方法】依托重庆市北碚区中性紫色水稻土22年的长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、氮磷钾（NPK）、稻草还田（S）、氮磷钾+稻草还田（NPK+S）4个处理,采集0-20 cm耕层土壤样品,采用湿筛法获得不同粒级土壤团聚体,研究不同粒级土壤团聚体中的有机碳以及微生物量、呼吸代谢熵等微生物特性。【结果】连续22年定位试验表明,与CK相比,各施肥处理均显著增加了耕层土壤中水稳性大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）含量,以NPK+S的促进作用最为明显,表明化肥与稻草还田长期配施有利于紫色水稻土水稳性大团聚体的形成;施肥还显著提高了团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳水平,以稻草还田（S和NPK+S处理）效果最佳。长期施肥改变了土壤养分及生物活性在不同粒径团聚体上的分布。土壤中有机碳、微生物量碳、呼吸代谢熵在不同粒级团聚体中呈异质分布,在2.00-1.00 mm和1.00-0.25 mm两个级别的水稳性大团聚体中土壤有机碳、呼吸速率和代谢熵显著高于0.25-0.053 mm和＜0.053 mm两个级别的水稳性小团聚体。【结论】＞0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体是土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的主要载体,2.00-1.00 mm团聚体的生物活性最强;长期氮磷钾配施结合稻草还田显著提高了紫色水稻土团聚体的水稳性及大团聚体中有机碳和微生物量碳的含量,是改善紫色水稻土团粒结构和生物功能的有效措施。