普通小麦与华山新麦草、簇毛麦杂交后代染色体形态观察

对普通小麦（Tritciumaestivum）与华山新麦草（Psathyrostachys huashanica）杂交后代H9802—6、普通小麦与簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa）杂交后代V9910—15—4花粉的减数分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明：H9802—6出现了异代换系和异附加系，因此该材料还不是很稳定；V9910—15—4后代个体中染色体数目、染色体构型多样复杂，染色体联会过程中出现了环状联会、顶端联会、单价体不联会等异常情况，其杂交后代的稳定及并利用较困难。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T4VS·6AL的选育

在小麦背景中离果山羊草3C染色体具有优先传递的作用.当离果山羊草3C染色体处于单体状态时会导致后代不含有杀配子染色体的配子中产生包括缺失和易位等染色体结构变异.簇毛麦4V染色体携有抗小麦眼斑病和全蚀病基因.为进一步利用簇毛麦4V染色体上的有益基因.利用染色体C-分带和基因组原位杂交分析,从普通小麦-簇毛麦4V染色体二体异附加系(DA4V)与普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体二体异附加系(DA3C)杂种后代中选育出小麦-簇毛麦纯合易住系T4VS·6AL.该易位系为杀配子染色体诱发形成的非补偿型易位;易位系T4VS·6AL高抗梭条花叶病.是小麦抗病育种的新种质.     

组织培养诱导普通小麦--簇毛麦抗白粉病易位系研究

采用白粉病抗性鉴定、谷草转氨酶GOT-2同工酶及分子原位杂交相结合的方法, 从幼胚培养T240组合(普通小麦×小麦-簇毛麦6D/6V异代换系) 的32个SC2 代株系中,筛选出T240-7株系, 其所有的抗病单株均缺失簇毛麦6V染色体长臂的GOT-V2 位点, 而具有6V染色体短臂上的抗白粉病基因。细胞学观察表明, 该株系易位染色体与小麦染色体可正常配对。经原位杂交分析, T240-7为杂合的臂间易位。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T6BS·6BL-2VS的选育

[目的]为进一步利用簇毛麦2V染色体上的有益基因,为小麦育种提供新种质。[方法]通过普通小麦-簇毛麦2V(2D)二体代换系(DS2V)与普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体二体异附加系(DA3C)杂交,综合运用染色体C-分带、基因组原位杂交和分子标记分析,并结合性状调查。[结果]从杂种后代中选育出小麦-簇毛麦纯合易位系T6BS.6BL-2VS,性状调查发现该易位系植株护颖颖脊上有刚毛。[结论]该易位系为杀配子染色体诱发的小片段易位;簇毛麦护颖颖脊刚毛基因定位于2VS的中部至端部。     

大赖草第2,7,14条染色体在小麦背景中的传递行为

配制普通小麦-大赖草Lr2、Lr7、Lr14 染色体二体异附加系(92G169、93G52-8、94G15) 与普通小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系 (92R149) 3 个杂交组合, F1 分别与扬麦5 号正反杂交和自交。对正反杂交后代和F2 代个体进行有丝分裂中期染色体C-分带, 分析大赖草Lr2、Lr7和Lr14 染色体在F1 代的传递行为。结果为: Lr2随雄配子和雌配子的传递频率分别为27.3% 和17.9% , 在92G169×92R149F2 群体中,Lr2 染色体单体添加个体占29.9% ,二体添加个体占4.3% ; Lr7随雄配子和雌配子的传递频率分别为28.6% 和15.6% , 在 93G52-8×92R149F2 群体中, Lr7 染色体单体添加个体占30.1% , 二体添加个体占4.3% ; Lr14 随雄配子和雌配子的传递频率分别为71.4% 和29.5% , 在94G15×92R149F2 群体中, Lr14 染色体单体添加个体占59.8% , 二体添加个体占20.5% 。表明大赖草Lr2、Lr7、Lr14染色体在小麦背景中的传递行为存在较大差异, 三条染色体随雄配子的传递频率均高于随雌配子的传递频率, 其中Lr14 染色体随雄配子有优先传递的可能。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T4VS·6AL的选育

在小麦背景中离果山羊草3C染色体具有优先传递的作用。当离果山羊草3C染色体处于单体状态时会导致后代不含有杀配子染色体的配子中产生包括缺失和易位等染色体结构变异。簇毛麦4V染色体携有抗小麦眼斑病和全蚀病基因。为进一步利用簇毛麦4V染色体上的有益基因,利用染色体C-分带和基因组原位杂交分析,从普通小麦-簇毛麦4V染色体二体异附加系（DA4V）与普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体二体异附加系（DA3C）杂种后代中选育出小麦-簇毛麦纯合易位系T4VS·6AL。该易住系为杀配子染色体诱发形成的非补偿型易位;易位系T4VS·6AL高抗梭条花叶病。是小麦抗病育种的新种质。     

西藏小麦地方品种“棒型小麦”并列小穗基因的染色体臂定位

 三联小穗小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .concv .tripletum)是一种特殊穗型的普通小麦 ,是混生在西藏小麦地方品种中的一种特殊小麦类型 ,遗传性稳定。它是连接大麦亚族与小麦亚族的例证标本。西藏小麦地方品种“棒型小麦”就是典型的三联小穗小麦 ,有稳定的三联小穗特征。对三联小穗小麦“棒型小麦”并列小穗基因进行染色体臂定位研究 ,发现 :(1)正常穗型与并列小穗相比遗传呈显性。小麦中国春遗传背景中存在抑制并列小穗表达的基因 ;(2 )控制并列小穗的基因定位在 5AL、4BL、6BS、7BL、7DL染色体臂上 ;(3)分枝麦与正常小麦杂交后代出现并列小穗这一现象可能受 5AL和 4BL染色体臂控制。     

具簇毛麦6V染色体小麦抗白粉病NIL培育与抗病遗传特性分析

以小麦-簇毛麦染色体代换系6A/6V为Pm21抗病基因供体,农艺性状优良的京411为轮回亲本,经杂交和连续7代回交、自交后培育了小麦抗白粉病近等基因系(京411♀/6A/6V♂//京4117),白粉病抗性遗传和抗病性检测表明,Pm21呈显性单基因遗传,近等基因系强抗白粉病。     

硬粒小麦-簇毛麦-黑麦三属杂种及后代的形态和细胞遗传学研究

以硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体(AABBVV,2n=6x=42)为母本,荆州黑麦为父本,经杂交获得硬粒小麦-簇毛麦-黑麦三属杂种F_1代。杂交结实率为8.2％。杂种自交不孕。形态上呈双亲中间型,并保持双亲具有的优良抗逆性。杂种体细胞染色体数目为2n=4x=28,减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体平均配对构型为26.63Ⅰ 0.68Ⅱ 0.004Ⅲ。用普通小麦作回交亲本获得的回交一代仍自交不孕,染色体数目的变幅为37～49。本文对簇毛麦、黑麦的有用种质在小麦改良中的综合利用进行了讨论。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦2V染色体端体异附加系的选育与鉴定

簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa) 具有抗多种病害、耐旱、耐寒等优良性状,是可供小麦改良利用的优良遗传资源.本研究综合利用根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体Giemsa C-分带、花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型分析、荧光原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH) 及分子标记等技术,从普通小麦-簇毛麦2V(2D) 异代换系与含有Ph抑制基因的中国春高配对材料(pairing homoeologous inhibitor,Ph1) CO4-13的杂交后代中选了出分别含有簇毛麦2V长臂和短臂的普通小麦-簇毛麦2V端体异附加系.含有簇毛麦2V短臂的附加系在护颖颖脊上有刚毛,而在含2V长臂的附加系的护颖颖脊上没有刚毛,可将控制护颖颖脊刚毛性状的基因进一步定位在簇毛麦2V染色体的短臂上.筛选出町以追踪2V染色体短臂的SSR标记wmc25.该分子标记和护颖颖脊刚毛形态标记可用来追踪导入小麦遗传背景中的簇毛麦2V染色体短臂.     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T6BS·6BL-2VS的选育(英文)

[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T6BS·6BL-2VS的选育(英文)

[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.     

Molecular Characterization of a Triticum durum-Haynaldia villosa Amphiploid and Its Derivatives for Resistance to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Take-all is a serious disease found in wheat across the world. Haynaldia villosa is considered to be resistant to take-all at a high level. TH3 was an amphiploid （2n =42, AABBVV） between Triticum durum and Haynaldia viUosa with significant resistance to take-all fungus isolated from China. In greenhouse experiment, the derivatives of the hybrid between wheat and TH3 showed better resistance to take-all than that of the wheat control. One of the derivatives named HW918-5 was selected for further analysis. Cytological and genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） analysis indicated that a monotelosome originated from H. villosa existed in the genome of the offspring of the line HW918-5. The monotelosome with promising resistant gene for take-all was located on the 3V chromosome of H. villosa in the further PCR-based molecular analysis.     

The Meiotic Behavior of an Alien Chromosome in Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa Monosomic Addition Lines

By the combination of cytological analysis and using genomic in situ hybridization technique to identify an alien chromosome in wheat-Haynaldia villosa monosomic addition lines, we studied the meiotic behavior of the alien chromosome. The results indicated that the frequency of bivalent pairing was lower than the value expected in PMCs of two monosomic addition lines, the frequency of wheat chromosomes unpairing increased, and the wheat homologous chromosome pairing was interfered with by the added chromosome 6V at metaphase I. The chromosome 6V lagged in 20.3% -29.3% of PMCs, sister chromatids 6V early divided in 29.0% - 34.1% of PMCs, the single chromosome 6V in 18.2% - 26.1% of PMCs went to a pole randomly,the breakage frequency of chromosome 6V was 1.2% - 2.9%. Meanwhile, it was also found that several wheat chromosomes showed earlier division, lagging and breakage in a few PMCs. It revealed that the added chromosome 6V influenced the behavior of wheat chromosomes at anaphase. It was also found that the translocation was produced between 6V and wheat chromosomes in 1.2% of PMCs. It offered evidence for translocation between wheat and Haynaldia villosa 6V chromosomes.     

Structural Changes of 2V Chromosome of Haynaldia villosa Induced by Gametocidal Chromosome 3C of Aegilops triuncialis

Haynaldia villosa (2n =2X = 14, VV), a relative of wheat, plays important roles in wheat improvement mainly owing to its disease resistance. Powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 has been successfully transferred into wheat by Cytogenetie Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, China, and is widely used in the current wheat breeding programs. In this research, our objective is to further transfer and utilize the beneficial genes such as eye-spot resistance, yellow rust resistance, and gene of the tufted bristles on the glume ridge (a remarkable morphology) mapped on 2V of Haynaldia villosa. A disomic addition line with gametocidal chromosome 3C ofAegilops triuncialis added in Norin-26 was crossed to the wheat-H, villosa disomic substitution 2V(2D) and the hybrid F1 was then self-crossed. Chromosome C-banding, genomie in situ hybridization (GISH), and meiotic analysis in combination with molecular markers were applied to detect the chromosome variations derived from hybrids F2 and F3. To date, four translocations including one small segmental translocation T6BS.6BL-2VS, two whole arm translocations (preliminarily designed as T3DS·2VL and T2VS·7DL) and one intercalary translocation T2VS·2VL-W-2VL, one deletion Del. 2VS·2VL-, one monotelosomic Mt2VS, and one iso- chromosome 2VS·2VS line have been developed and characterized. One wheat SSR marker Xwmc25-120 tagging 2VS and one wheat STS marker NAU/STSBCD135-1 (2BL) tagging 2VL were successfully used to confirm the alien chromosome segments involved in the seven lines. The tufted bristles on the glume ridge appeared in lines T2VS·7DL, Mt2VS, 2VS·2VS as well as the parent DS2V(2D), whereas in T3DS·2VL, this trait did not appear. The gene controlling the tufted bristles was located on 2VS. Gametocidal chromosome 3C of Aegilops triuncialis could successfully induce chromosome 2V structural changes.     

利用离果山羊草3C染色体诱导簇毛麦2V染色体结构变异

【目的】簇毛麦是普通小麦的一个近缘物种,它具有许多抗病基因,在小麦育种中起重要作用。抗白粉病基因Pm21已被南京农业大学细胞遗传所成功地转移到小麦背景中,并被广泛地用于小麦育种实践。为了进一步转移和利用定位于簇毛麦2V染色体上的有用基因,如抗眼斑病基因、抗条锈基因和护颖颖脊刚毛基因,为小麦育种创造新种质。【方法】通过普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C二体异附加系与小麦-簇毛麦2V（2D）二体代换系杂交,综合运用染色体C-分带、基因组原位杂交、染色体构型分析和分子标记分析。【结果】从杂种F２和F３中鉴定出涉及簇毛麦2V结构变异的异染色体系7份,包括纯合缺失系1份（Del 2VS•2VL-）,易位系4份,其中纯合易位2份（初步推断为T3DS•2VL,T2VS•7DL）、小片段易位1份（T6BS•6BL-2VS）和中间插入易位1份（T2VS•2VL-W-2VL）,等臂染色体1份（2VS•2VS）和单端体1份（Mt2VS）。利用可分别追踪2VS 和2VL的分子标记Xwmc25-120和NAU/STSBCD135-1进行PCR分析,进一步证明这7份异染色体系中涉及簇毛麦2V染色体片段。【结论】涉及2V短臂的单端体Mt2VS,等臂染色体2VS•2VS和易位系T2VS•7DL在护颖颖脊上有簇状分布的刚毛,而涉及2V长臂的易位系T3DS•2VL无刚毛,进一步证实簇毛麦护颖颖脊刚毛基因位于2VS。离果山羊草3C染色体可有效诱发簇毛麦2V染色体结构变异。     

利用近缘种属创造小麦抗白粉病新种质（2）八倍体小簇麦与普通小麦杂交导入抗病基因

应用八倍体小麦－簇毛麦和普通小麦杂交、回交，试图将其抗白粉病基因导入普通小麦。通过细胞学分析和染色体分带分析证明双二倍体小簇麦含有５６条染色体，其染色体组为ＡＡＢＢＤＤＶＶ，其与普通小麦的杂种Ｆ＿１代减数分裂的中期Ｉ二价体数目常少于２１对，单价体数目常多于７个，并出现三价体、四价体和少量五价体。应用生物素标记的簇毛麦总ＤＮＡ探针对小簇麦杂种进行染色体原位杂交，能够清楚检测出簇毛麦的染色体，双二倍体小簇麦含有１４条簇毛麦染色体，９４００９—５—４含有Ｖ＿２，Ｖ＿３和Ｖ＿４３条簇毛麦染色体，９４００９－５－９含有１条簇毛麦的Ｖ＿６染色体。目前已选育了优良抗病品系，经温室和田间人工接种鉴定，表现高抗小产白粉病。     

利用小麦SSR标记追踪大赖草染色体Lr.2、Lr.7、Lr.14及其片段

定位于小麦7个部分同源群上的337对SSR引物中有113对SSR引物可检测到大赖草与普通小麦基因组间多态性，对小麦一大赖草Lr．2、Lr．7和Lr.14的异附加系和易位系的进一步分析表明，小麦7BL上的SSR引物gwm112在大赖草染色体Lr．2上具有特异扩增位点，可用来追踪Lr．2；5AS上的SSR引物gwm205、5AL的gwml56和5DL上的gwm212在Lr．7和Lr．14中均有特异扩增产物，可用于追踪Lr．7和Lr．14；而7AL上的SSR引物gwm63仅在大赖草染色体Lr．7上具有扩增位点。这不仅揭示了Lr．7可能存在第5和第7部分同源群染色体重排，而且也表明将引物gwm205、gwm156、gwm212与gwm63相结合可分别追踪大赖草Lr.7和Lr．14染色体及其片段。利用这些SSR引物可追踪同一植株中不同的大赖草染色体；与簇毛麦染色体6V上的SCAR标记相结合，能追踪同一植株中的大赖草和簇毛麦染色体片段。