盐度-光照强度-温度对小环藻Cyclotella sp. SHOU-B108生长及ARA和EPA含量的影响

采用L_9(3~4)正交实验法,研究了盐度(3、6、9)、光照强度[20、40、60μmol/(m~2·s)]和温度(10、20、30℃)3因素对半咸水小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)SHOU-B108生长及细胞中ARA和EPA含量的影响。结果表明:培养10 d后小环藻在盐度6、光照强度40μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃组具有最大生物量(干重)。盐度、光照强度和温度对小环藻细胞ARA和EPA含量的影响均有显著的交互作用,但温度是影响藻细胞ARA和EPA含量的主要因素。低的盐度(3)和高的温度(30℃)有利于小环藻细胞积累ARA;而高的光照强度[60μmol/(m~2·s)]则有利于细胞积累EPA。本研究表明环境因子对小环藻细胞中不同的脂肪酸会产生不同的诱导效应,通过调控小环藻的培养条件,能够获得特定营养物质含量丰富的饵料微藻。     

Eisenia bicyclis的克隆苗繁育及养殖技术研究

以从日本引进的Eisenia bicyclis雌、雄配子体为材料,研究了不同温度(10、15、20℃)和光照强度[20、40、60μmol/(m2·s)]对雌、雄配子体生长发育和幼孢子体生长的影响。结果表明：雌、雄配子体在温度为20℃时生长最快,15℃时次之,10℃时最慢,在温度为10℃时随光照强度的升高其生长速度加快,但随温度的升高不同光照组间的生长差异逐渐缩小;15℃和20℃是雌、雄配子体发育成熟的适宜温度,培养12 d后配子体的成熟率可达到95%~100%,而且高光照条件下的成熟率明显优于低光照下;幼孢子体生长的适宜温度为20℃,在各光照条件下的生长速度明显快于温度为15、10℃组;温度为10℃时,光照强度越高幼孢子体生长越快,温度为15、20℃时,幼孢子体在光照强度为20μmol/( m2·s)时的生长速度明显慢于40、60μmol/( m2·s)组,而40μmol/( m2·s)组与60μmol/( m2·s)组间生长差异不明显;将雌、雄配子体打碎进行克隆苗繁育,在室内培养至体长为800μm以上的幼孢子体,将其移至海区暂养,1个月后可生长成2 cm左右的幼体。     

不同环境因子对真江蓠四分孢子放散和发育的影响

真江蓠是我国重要的栽培藻类,具有较高的经济价值、药用价值和生态价值.为了优化真江蓠四分孢子放散、附着、萌发和生长等过程的培养条件,选择温度、光照度和盐度3个环境因子,采用单因素试验研究不同环境因子对真江蓠四分孢子放散和发育的影响.结果显示:温度、光照度和盐度对真江蓠四分孢子放散和发育具有显著影响(P<0.05),当温度为20～25℃、光照度为15～60μmol/(m2·s)、盐度为28‰～36‰时,真江蓠孢子放散量达到最大值2.8～3.3×106个/g;低温(15～25℃)、低光[15～60μmol/(m2·s)]和低盐(24‰～32‰)有利于四分孢子的附着和萌发,真江蓠孢子附着率高于85％,萌发率高于90％;中温(20～25℃)、高光[60～100μmol/(m2·s)]和低盐(24‰～32‰)有利于真江蓠孢子后期(直立体阶段)幼苗的生长发育,线性生长速率最高可达(148.95±4.28)μm/d.研究优化了真江蓠四分孢子放散和培育的条件,为探索真江蓠室内采孢子育苗提供了理论支持.     

金花茶幼苗光合生理生态特性研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统对金花茶盆栽幼苗光合生理特性进行研究。结果表明:1)在不遮阴的条件下,幼苗夏季光合作用有午休现象,最高峰出现在08:00,其净光合速率为3.38μmol/(m2·s);2)光饱和点和光补偿点都较低,分别为476.46和6.13μmol/(m2·s),是一种典型的阴生植物;3)在温度为30℃,光照强度为1000μmol/(m2·s),湿度为50%～60%的条件下,光合能力为12.58～13.50μmol/(m2·s),CO2浓度在25～1000μmol/mol的范围内,其净光合速率随浓度升高而显著上升,CO2饱和点约为1500.00μmol/mol,CO2补偿点为99.48μmol/mol,最大羧化效率为0.0118;4)幼苗喜热,在35℃下净光合速率最高,对低温有一定的适应能力,但不适应40℃的高温条件。5)幼苗不耐干旱,即使轻度水分亏缺也会抑制其光合作用。     

4株淡水微藻的适宜温度、光照强度及其细胞组成

采用单因子试验方法,研究了不同温度和光照强度对4株微藻(多芒藻Golenkinia sp.SHOU-F56,绿球藻Chlorococcum sp.SHOU-F93,月牙藻Selenastrum sp.SHOUF119和绿球藻Chlorococcum sp.SHOU-F124)生长的影响,并分析了在适宜培养温度和光照条件下4株微藻细胞的生化组成。结果表明:多芒藻,绿球藻SHOU-F93,月牙藻和绿球藻SHOU-F124的最适温度条件分别为29.5、19.3、21.5和24.3℃;最适光照强度分别为35.5、8.3、22.5和19.2μmol/(m2·s)。绿球藻SHOU-F93的色素和总糖含量最高,分别占细胞干重的3.26%和20.90%,蛋白质较高的为绿球藻SHOU-F93和月牙藻,分别为32.64%和33.91%,月牙藻的总脂含量最高(23.74%)。4株微藻主要的脂肪酸为16∶0、18∶1n-9、18∶2n-6和18∶3n-3。依据4株微藻的细胞组成特点,后续可作为淡水饵料微藻开发利用。     

铁皮石斛在人工光型密闭式植物工厂的适宜光照强度

人工光型密闭式植物工厂适于高附加值植物尤其是珍贵药用植物的大规模/低成本化生产,其环境调控对珍贵药用植物的产量和质量有重要影响。笔者研究探索在控制温度、湿度、CO2浓度和光周期的条件下,光照强度对铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)组培苗生长发育的影响,以期找到铁皮石斛组培阶段在人工光可控环境下的适宜光照环境。鲜重约300mg的铁皮石斛单腋芽作为外植体在温度24±1℃、湿度65±5%、光周期12h/d、及光期CO2浓度800±50μmol/mol的环境条件下,设置光照强度为37、68、92、120μmol/(m2·s)的4组试验区,并使用容积为380mL的方型聚碳酸酯组培容器在人工光型密闭式植物工厂中培育92d。组培容器的顶部留2个直径为10mm的圆孔覆盖高分子透气膜用来与容器外进行气体交换。铁皮石斛组培苗的生长发育和生理活性在光照强度为68μmol/(m2·s)时最佳,超过92μmol/(m2·s)时呈现明显的光抑制;多糖含量随着光照强度的增强而增加,超过92μmol/(m2·s)时呈下降趋势,但是68和92μmol/(m2·s)光照强度试验区的多糖含量没有显著性差异。因此,铁皮石斛组培苗在人工光型密闭式植物工厂内培育的适宜光照强度为60￣70μmol/(m2·s)。     

不同红蓝光质比和光照强度对金娃娃萱草试管苗生长的影响

【目的】研究LED红蓝不同光质比和光照强度对金娃娃萱草试管苗生长的影响,为提供高品质的金娃娃萱草试管苗提供理论依据。【方法】采用LED光源的红光R(主波长640nm)、蓝光B(主波长464nm),设计5种不同光质配比(100%R、80%R+20%B、70%R+30%B、50%R+50%B、100%B),以普通荧光灯作为对照(CK),从中筛选出最佳光质比;在最佳光质比条件下,设置不同光照强度(30,40,50,60μmol/(m~2·s)),测定不同光质比和光照强度处理下金娃娃萱草试管苗的形态指标、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量以及根系活力。【结果】金娃娃萱草株高和可溶性蛋白含量以单一蓝光处理最大,最大根长和可溶性糖含量以单一红光处理最大,叶数、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和根系活力均以70%R+30%B处理最大,根数和干鲜质量均以80%R+20%B处理最大。株高、叶数、根数、干鲜质量、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量均以光照强度为50μmol/(m~2·s)处理最大,最大根长以光照强度为30μmol/(m~2·s)处理最大,可溶性糖含量和根系活力以光照强度为60μmol/(m~2·s)处理最大。【结论】当LED红蓝光质比为70%R+30%B、光照强度为50μmol/(m~2·s)时,更适于金娃娃萱草试管苗的生长及品质的提高。     

黄海海域漂浮浒苔的生理特性

研究温度、盐度、光强等重要环境因子对黄海海域漂浮浒苔PSⅡ活性(有效光化学效率ΔF/Fm’,Yield;最大光化学效率Fv/Fm)和光合放氧速率的影响。对藻体的光合生理活性而言,20~30℃是最适范围,25℃下PSⅡ活性和光合放氧速率都较平稳;在高温(35℃)下培养时,漂浮浒苔很敏感,不能正常生长。当盐度为0时,藻体的PSⅡ活性和光合放氧速率均大幅下降,转入正常盐度3%后,藻体的PSⅡ活性都有所回升;大多数样品对本试验的高盐度(4%)都有较好的耐受性。在试验光强范围内,漂浮浒苔PSⅡ活性在400μmol/(m2·s)下的降幅较大,而160μmol/(m2·s)下的活性较强且较平稳;光合放氧速率表现出随培养光强增大而增大的趋势。     

金线莲驯化过程中光照强度(PPFD)对生长及光合速率的研究

[目的]研究光照强度对驯化过程中金线莲生长的影响。[方法]把金线莲器内苗分别在光照强度为20、50、100、150、200μmol/(m2.s)、光周期为16 h/d、温度为(25±2)℃的条件下,驯化培养3个月。[结果]结果表明,在50μmol/(m2.s)的光照强度下植株的鲜重和干重都最重,净光合速率最高。强光照强度降低叶绿素的含量,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)随着光照强度的增高而减弱。[结论]在光照强度强时金线莲诱发光抑现象,导致生长缓慢。50μmol/(m2.s)为驯化时最适光照强度。     

西藏林芝觉木沟藏杏光合日变化研究

为弄清藏杏Armeniaca holosericea光合日变化特征,以便为野生藏杏的人工驯化提供依据,采用便携式光合作用测定系统Li-cor-6400测定藏杏的光合作用特性和日变化.结果表明,自然环境条件下的藏杏光合速率表现为单峰型曲线,在中午11:30,光合速率(CO2)达到最高峰[6.51μmol/(m2·s)],其光合作用不存在"午休"现象;此时,水分利用效率(CO2、H2O)达到最大值[9.853 2μmol/(m2·s)/mm/(m2·s)],表观量子效率(CO2、photons)也达到最大值[0.024μmol/(m2·s)];在藏杏的光合速率日进程中,维持高光合速率(CO2)值[大于4.00μmol/(m2·s)]的时间很短,大约2h左右,致使藏杏的光合产物积累非常困难,其现象为藏杏在逆境中的生长创造了有利条件.     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.