Alterations of Alternative Splicing Patterns of Ser/Arg-Rich （SR） Genes in Response to Hormones and Stresses Treatments in Different Ecotypes of Rice （Oryza sativa）

Ser/Arg-rich (SR) genes encode proteins that play pivotal roles in both constitutive and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. However, not much effort has been made to investigate the alternative splicing of their own pre-mRNA. In this study, we conducted comprehensive analyses of pre-mRNA splicing for 22 SR genes in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) ecotypes indica, japonica and javanica. Using different ecotypes we characterized the variations in expression and splicing patterns of rice SR genes in different tissues and at different developmental stages. In addition, we compared the divergence in expression and splicing patterns of SR genes from seedlings of different rice ecotypes in response to hormones application and environmental stresses. Our results revealed the complexity of alternative splicing of SR genes in rice. The splicing varies in different tissues, in different ecotypes, in response to stresses and hormones. Thus, our study suggested that SR genes were subjected to sophisticated alternative splicing although their encoding proteins were involved in the splicing process.     

Isolation, Cloning, and Identification of Expressed Sequence Tags from the Backfat Tissue in Duroc and Tongcheng Pigs by mRNA Differential Display

mRNA differential display technique was performed to discuss the differential expression of genes in fat tissue between introduced European and Chinese indigenous pigs. Four anchor primers in combination with five arbitrary primers （20 sets in total） were used and nearly 300 bands were observed in polyacrylamide gel, among which 29 differential display bands were obtained. Twelve of 29 cDNA fragments were identified using reverse Northern dot blot, and subsequently cloned and sequenced. Eight of 12 cDNAs had no matches in GenBank and were submitted to GenBank, and the other 4 showed similarity to identified genes from GenBank. Three among 8 novel ESTs were selected to be further identified by semiquantitative RT-PCR. In our experiment, silver staining DDRT-PCR and DIG primer DNA labeling reverse Northern dot blot were used to avoid radioactive pollution. The result showed that the expressions of 5 among 8 novel ESTs were stronger in the backfat of Tongcheng pigs and the others were weaker than that in Duroc pigs. These novel ESTs were prepared for selecting genes related to adipose cells.     

Characterization of the Promoter of a Homolog of Maize MADS-Box Gene m18

Maize （Zea mays L.） is one of the world’s major food crops, and often suffers from tremendous yield loss caused by abiotic stresses. The MADS-box genes are known to play versatile roles in plants, controlling plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses. However, understanding of regulation of their expressions by the conventional loss-of-function approach is very dififcult. So far, regulation of MADS-box gene expression is little known. The best approach to retrieve expression regulation of this category of genes is to characterize expression of their promoters. In this study, the promoter of a homolog （GenBank accession no. EC864166） of maize MADS-box gene m18 was cloned by way of genome-walking PCR, named Pro66. Predicative analysis indicated that Pro66 contains more than one TATA box and multiple cis-acting environmental conditions-responsive elements （ECREs）. Pro66 could drive expression of theβ-glucuronidase （GUS）-encoding gene in maize, and heterologous expression of GUS in red pepper stressed by water deifcit, salt, copper, iron deifciency, heat, cold, and grown under short and long photoperiods, echoing predicative ECREs. Conclusively, maize MADS-box gene m18 likely plays versatile functions in maize response to multiple abiotic stresses due to the promoter with multiple cis-acting elements. The complex arrangement of multiple cis-acting elements in the promoter features meticulously regulated expression of m18. The results give informative clues for heterologous utilisation of the promoters in monocot and dicot species. The copy of the ECREs and heterologous expression of the promoter in dicot species are also discussed.     

2个柽柳Prx基因的克隆及表达分析

过氧化还原蛋白（Prxs）是植物体内重要的抗氧化酶。为深入研究Prx基因在柽柳非生物胁迫中的作用,从柽柳cDNA文库中获得了2条Prx的单一序列ThPrx1与ThPrx2,其中ThPrx1为部分序列,ThPrx2为全长序列。生物信息学分析表明,2条ThPrx与植物Prx同源基因的氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,并且ThPrx1和ThPrx2分别属于Prx的PrxⅡ和2-Cys Prxs亚家族。通过实时定量PCR对这2个ThPrx基因在不同非生物胁迫（NaCl、PEG、CdCl2、低温及ABA）处理的柽柳根和叶中的表达模式分析显示, 2个ThPrx基因在胁迫下的表达模式不同:NaCl、PEG和ABA均能够诱导ThPrx1基因在根中的表达,而CdCl2和低温胁迫则抑制了该基因在根和叶中的表达;ThPrx2基因在低温处理的柽柳中的表达量下降,其他胁迫处理不同程度上影响了ThPrx2基因的表达。结果表明,ThPrx1与ThPrx2是2个新的Prx基因,推测其可能参与植物的逆境胁迫过程。      

玉米锌指蛋白基因ZmAN14过表达转基因烟草对非生物胁迫的响应

【目的】ZmAN14是玉米A20/AN1型锌指蛋白基因家族成员,该家族在水稻中广泛参与非生物胁迫应答。通过分析玉米旱21（H21）及转ZmAN14烟草在非生物胁迫下的表达情况,为玉米ZmAN14及其家族的功能和分子机制的全面解析提供新信息。【方法】通过对ZmAN14进行序列分析,发现其属于玉米A20/AN1型锌指蛋白基因家族。以玉米自交系H21为研究材料,在三叶期时对其进行非生物胁迫和ABA诱导处理,0、1、3、6、12和24 h时取整株样品,同时在玉米不同生长期取根、茎、叶、胚芽鞘、雌蕊、雄蕊、花丝、苞叶等不同组织样品,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法对ZmAN14的组织表达谱和非生物胁迫及ABA诱导的表达谱进行分析,并结合启动子区顺式作用元件分布情况进行对比分析。将ZmAN14编码序列克隆至GFP表达载体pMDC85,利用亚细胞定位技术验证ZmAN14在胞内的定位情况。将ZmAN14克隆至GAL4 DNA结合结构域载体,并转化酵母,将其涂布在缺陷培养基上观察酵母生长情况,分析其有无转录激活活性。将ZmAN14编码区与植物表达载体p1300-221连接构建超表达载体,并将其转入烟草,选择ZmAN14 mRNA 表达量高的T₂纯合体株系进行盐、干旱胁迫和ABA诱导,观察其对非生物胁迫的应答。【结果】序列分析表明,ZmAN14开放阅读框（ORF）为516 bp,编码一个171个氨基酸的蛋白,预测分子量为18.3 kD,等电点是8.28。ZmAN14具有A20和AN1结构域,属于玉米A20/AN1型锌指蛋白基因家族。实时定量荧光PCR结果表明ZmAN14在叶中大量表达,受NaCl、干旱胁迫和ABA诱导上调。ZmAN14与GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞质和细胞核中,定位结果与ZNF216 和ZmAN13类似,而ZmAN14本身并没有核定位信号,暗示ZmAN14与其他蛋白结合进入细胞核中发挥其生物学功能。ZmAN14在酵母中表达时不能在酵母缺陷培养基（SD/-Leu-His medium）上生长,因此,未发现其具有转录激活活性。将ZmAN14在烟草中过表达会增加烟草苗期对盐和干旱的抗性。【结论】ZmAN14属于玉米A20/AN1型锌指蛋白基因家族。ZmAN14主要在叶中表达,受非生物胁迫和ABA诱导,在烟草中过表达可以提高烟草苗期对盐和干旱的抗性。ZmAN14可能通过与其他蛋白的互作行使功能。相比较于其他的A20/AN1型锌指蛋白,在转基因烟草中,ZmAN14也参与非生物胁迫应答。ZmAN14与ZmAN13具有高同源性,但在盐和干旱胁迫时,二者却具有向反方向调控的功能。     

陆地棉GELP家族基因鉴定及其响应胁迫的表达分析

GELP型脂肪酶(GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins,GELPs)是一类N端含有GDSL-motif的脂质水解酶,在植物生长发育、应激反应及病原菌防御中均发挥非常重要的作用.基于最新发布的陆地棉基因组数据,从全基因组水平上鉴定出210个陆地棉GELP基因,根据系统发育关系将其分为10个...     

苹果异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1的克隆及功能鉴定

【目的】异三聚体G蛋白(Heterotrimeric G protein)作为植物生物体内重要的信号转导分子,在感受外界环境刺激、参与植物抗逆反应和跨膜信号转导等方面发挥着重要作用。克隆异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1,并在烟草中过量表达MdGPA1,对其进行生物学功能鉴定和生理指标分析,为多年生木本植物响应环境因子信号转导过程中的分子机理研究提供参考。【方法】本研究以‘嘎拉’苹果(Malus×domestica‘Royal Gala’)为研究试材,利用同源序列比对和PCR技术,克隆获得MdGPA1。使用MEGA5.0构建GPA1物种间系统进化树;利用qRT-PCR方法检测该基因在苹果受非生物胁迫诱导表达及组织特异性表达情况。构建MdGPA1植物过表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草叶片,比较干旱胁迫条件下野生型和转基因株系的表型与生理指标,验证MdGPA1在植物干旱胁迫条件下的生物学功能。【结果】克隆得到苹果异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1(基因序列号:MDP0000881842),该基因长为1 173 bp,编码390个氨基酸。进化树分析表明MdGPA1与白梨Pb GPA1亲缘关系最近,同源性最高。基因表达分析显示MdGPA1主要在叶片中表达,在根系中的表达量次之,在茎和果实中的表达量较低。定量分析表明,该基因参与干旱、低温和盐等非生物逆境胁迫响应,在150 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl、150 mmol·L~(-1)甘露醇、10%PEG和4℃胁迫条件下表达量明显下调,在5%H_2O_2胁迫处理下表达量明显上调。在烟草中过量表达MdGPA1,发现MdGPA1转基因烟草表现出对干旱敏感的表型特征,其叶片鲜重、叶绿素含量以及脯氨酸含量明显低于野生型烟草。在地下部,MdGPA1转基因烟草同样表现出对干旱敏感的表型特征;其根系形态相比于野生型较小,干重也明显低于野生型。【结论】MdGPA1参与了植物感受外界环境刺激的过程,对干旱、低温和盐等非生物逆境胁迫都存在着不同程度的响应。在烟草中异源表达MdGPA1后,提高了烟草对干旱的敏感性,转基因烟草表现出不耐干旱的表型,受干旱胁迫比野生型烟草更为严重,说明MdGPA1在响应植物抗旱胁迫中起着负调控作用。     

水稻GSK基因家族的鉴定及其对多种激素和逆境应答的表达量分析

通过序列比对分析鉴定出9个GSK同源基因(命名为OsGSK1-9),它们分布在水稻的6条染色体上。聚类分析表明预测的OsGSK蛋白和其他植物中的GSK蛋白可被分为4个亚组。通过实时定量PCR进一步分析了OsGSK基因家族的基因在水稻各种组织和器官以及在多种逆境胁迫和植物激素处理条件下的表达量。结果表明:大多数OsGSK基因在水稻全生育期都有较高的表达量并且受多种激素(如脱落酸、生长素、油菜素内酯)和逆境(如干旱和盐胁迫)胁迫诱导表达,表明OsGSK基因家族在水稻发育和逆境适应过程中可能起重要作用。     

Constitutive Overexpression of Myo-inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase Gene (GsMIPS2) fromGlycine soja Confers Enhanced Salt Tolerance at Various Growth Stages inArabidopsis

The enzymemyo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS EC 5.5.1.4) catalyzes the first step ofmyo-inositol biosynthesis, a product that plays crucial roles in plants as an osmoprotectant, transduction molecule, cell wall constituent and production of stress related molecule. Previous reports highlighted an important role of MIPS family genes in abiotic stresses particularly under salt stress tolerance in several plant species; however, little is known about the cellular and physiological functions ofMIPS2 genes under abiotic conditions. In this study, a novel salt stress responsive gene designatedGsMIPS2 from wild soybean Glycine soja07256 was functionally characterized contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 533 bp coding a peptide sequence of 510 amino acids along with mass of 56 445 ku. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed its 92%-99% similarity with other MIPS family members in legume proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated thatGsMIPS2 was induced by salt stress and expressed in roots of soybean. The positive function ofGsMIPS2 under salt response at different growth stages of transgenicArabidopsis was also elucidated. The results showed thatGsMIPS2 transgenic lines displayed increased tolerance as compared to WT andatmips2 mutant lines under salt stress. Furthermore, the expression levels of some salt stress responsive marker genes, including KIN1,RD29A, RD29B,P5CsandCOR47 were significantly up-regulated inGsMIPS2 overexpression lines than wild type andatmips2 mutant. Collectively, these results suggested thatGsMIPS2 gene was a positive regulator of plant tolerance to salt stress. This was the first report to demonstrate that overexpression ofGsMIPS2 gene from wild soybean improved salt tolerance in transgenicArabidopsis.     

谷子NADP-ME的鉴定及其对逆境胁迫的响应

【目的】鉴定谷子NADP-ME家族成员,研究不同成员对非生物逆境胁迫的响应,为揭示SiNADP-ME在谷子逆境应答信号途径中的作用奠定基础。【方法】 利用生物信息学方法鉴定谷子基因组中的NADP-ME家族成员。采用GSDS2.0、plantCARE、Clustalx、MEGA6.0等软件及网站ExPASy对鉴定成员蛋白和基因序列进行生物信息学分析。采用qRT-PCR方法检测SiNADP-ME在苗期不同逆境、不同生育期干旱胁迫及不同光照强度下的表达情况。【结果】 谷子NADP-ME家族由7个成员组成,它们在谷子的第2、3、5、7染色体上呈不均匀分布。保守功能域分析显示7个基因都含有NADP-ME特征保守功能域。序列比对发现谷子NADP-ME成员之间序列非常保守,相似性较高,7个谷子成员序列一致性为77.30%,而不同物种NADP-ME序列之间相似性为56.52%。序列分析显示SiNADP-ME1、SiNADP-ME4、SiNADP-ME5、SiNADP-ME6序列较长,分别编码576、639、652和636个氨基酸,而SiNADP-ME2、SiNADP-ME3、SiNADP-ME7序列较短,分别编码213、265和149个氨基酸。基因结构分析显示SiNADP-ME1有2个可变剪切,SiNADP-ME5有3个可变剪切,其他基因无可变剪切。SiNADP-ME1、SiNADP-ME2、SiNADP-ME3、SiNADP-ME7含内含子较少,而SiNADP-ME4、SiNADP-ME5、SiNADP-ME6含内含子较多。蛋白参数预测显示谷子NADP-ME成员间分子量跨度较大,在161.94—725.43 kD,等电点为5.32—8.05,不稳定指数为23.01—45.01,脂肪系数介于89.19—107.77,平均疏水指数介于-0.218—0.004。亚细胞定位预测显示SiNADP-ME成员主要被定位在叶绿体、线粒体和细胞质中。顺式元件分析显示SiNADP-ME成员启动子区域主要包括激素类应答、逆境应答、光应答以及其他类生长调控相关的顺式元件。聚类分析发现谷子SiNADP-ME基因在单、双子叶植物分离之前就已存在。不同物种同源基因对在进化树中广泛存在揭示它们在进化上可能存在共同祖先,也暗示它们在某些信号通路中可能具有相似的功能。苗期逆境表达分析表明所有谷子SiNADP-ME家族基因表达量在本文应用的4种逆境胁迫下都被明显诱导。SiNADP-ME1在ABA、低温、NaCl处理后被诱导的最高相对表达量分别为对照的460.53、411.50和15.24倍;SiNADP-ME6在ABA、低温、PEG、NaCl处理后被诱导的最高相对表达量分别为对照的211.13、15.21、772.41和643.99倍。进一步分析表明SiNADP-ME1和SiNADP-ME6在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期干旱胁迫下表达量上调。【结论】 从谷子基因组中鉴定了7个NADP-ME基因家族成员;7个成员间序列非常保守并且都含有NADP-ME基因典型特征结构域;7个谷子NADP-ME家族基因参与了植物非生物逆境应答,特别是SiNADP-ME1和SiNADP-ME6可能在ABA、盐、干旱、低温等逆境应答信号途径中起重要作用。     

两个小麦LEA基因的特征及其对非生物胁迫的响应

【目的】分析小麦LEA基因TaLEA4和TaLEA5及其编码蛋白的特征,比较它们在干旱、高盐、热和冷胁迫过程中的表达模式,探讨这两个LEA基因在小麦抗逆调控过程中的生物学功能,为其在小麦抗逆分子育种中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术克隆小麦的LEA基因,通过生物信息学方法分析克隆基因及其编码蛋白的结构特性,采用qRT-PCR技术检测克隆基因对ABA及非生物胁迫的响应模式。【结果】克隆了2个包含完整编码框的小麦LEA基因TaLEA4和TaLEA5,分别编码180和163个氨基酸,推断其分子量分别为18.8和16.9 kD,理论等电点分别为5.6和7.2。基因组序列分析发现,2个LEA基因中均包含1个100 bp的内含子。氨基酸序列分析发现,这两个LEA基因编码蛋白均富含极性氨基酸（约占整个氨基酸序列的71%）,具有较强的亲水性。结构域分析显示,TaLEA4和TaLEA5蛋白中均包含1个典型的LEA_4（pfam:02987）保守域,属于LEA_4类蛋白。蛋白质高级结构分析显示,α-螺旋分别占TaLEA4和TaLEA5蛋白的96.7%和96.3%,并可形成弓形的空间结构;在TaLEA4中,检测到1个配体PEV（C₃₉H₇₈NO₈P）的结合位点,而在TaLEA5中存在2个这样的配体结合位点。表达特性分析显示,2个LEA基因均可被植物激素ABA诱导而上调表达,其中,TaLEA4的表达水平显著高于TaLEA5;TaLEA4在干旱、高盐和高温胁迫过程中均受胁迫诱导而迅速上调表达,但TaLEA5却只受干旱胁迫的诱导,且其表达水平显著低于TaLEA4;2个LEA基因对冷胁迫均无响应;干旱和高盐胁迫过程中,TaLEA4在根系中的诱导表达水平显著高于叶片,而热胁迫过程中该基因在叶片中的表达水平要显著高于根系,这可能与根系直接感受渗透胁迫而叶片直接感受热胁迫有关。【结论】小麦TaLEA4和TaLEA5均属于LEA基因家族的LEA_4亚类,具有较强的亲水性,它们属于依赖于ABA胁迫响应基因调控网络;TaLEA4可能在干旱、高盐和热胁迫过程中均发挥重要功能,TaLEA5仅参与小麦对干旱胁迫的响应,其作用要弱于TaLEA4。     

碱胁迫应答GsGASA1及GsGASA2基因表达特性研究

野生大豆具有很强的抗逆性和适应能力,是利用基因工程手段进行作物抗逆分子育种的重要基因来源供体材料.为了获得具有自主知识产权、在植物渗透胁反应中起关键作用的功能基因,利用前期构建的野生大豆碱胁迫基因芯片表达谱,从中选取两个碱胁迫处理下显著上调表达,经分析预测属于GASA基因家族的基因(probesets分别为Gma.15...