Reductions in arterial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent

A 70 percent reduction in the rate of blood flow through the common carotid artery in rabbits caused a 21 percent decrease in the diameter of this artery within 2 weeks. The smooth muscle relaxant papaverine did not attenuate the response; therefore, such reductions in diameter probably reflect a structural modification of the arterial wall rather than sustained contraction of smooth muscle. This arterial response to reduced blood flow was abolished when the endothelium was removed from the vessels. It appears that the endothelium is essential for the compensatory arterial response to long-term changes in luminal blood flow rates.     

Localization of PDGF-B protein in macrophages in all phases of atherogenesis

Lesions of atherosclerosis occur in the innermost layer of the artery wall and consist primarily of proliferated smooth muscle cells surrounded by large amounts of connective tissue, numerous lipid-laden macrophages, and varying numbers of lymphocytes. Growth-regulatory molecules may be involved in intimal accumulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells responsible for the occlusive lesions of atherosclerosis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B-chain protein was found within macrophages in all stages of lesion development in both human and nonhuman primate atherosclerosis. Thus macrophages may play a critical role in the disease by providing PDGF, a potent chemotactic and growth-stimulatory molecule, to the intimal smooth muscle cells.     

藏猪肺组织与高原低氧适应性的初步研究

利用光镜和计算机图像分析系统观察了6月龄藏猪和三元杂交(长白×约克×杜洛克)生长肥育猪(简称白猪)的肺组织结构和肺动脉血管结构特性,并就藏猪的肺组织结构特点与高原低氧适应性进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)藏猪与白猪单位面积肺泡数(MAN)差异不显著(P>0.05),但藏猪肺泡膈厚度(MAST)明显大于白猪,差异显著(P<0.05),肺泡膈内毛细血管丰富;(2)藏猪的肺动脉大多为肌性动脉和弹性动脉,白猪的大多为部分肌性动脉,弹性动脉仅占23.1%;(3)藏猪肺动脉管径小、管壁厚,肺动脉中膜基层占血管外径的百分率(MT)高。由此可见,藏猪的肺动脉平滑肌含量丰富,该结果可为藏猪和引进外来猪种对高原低氧适应性结构机理和解决平原地区的动物引进高原并适应高海拔的低氧环境及保持正常的生产能力提供理论依据。     

低温诱发肉仔鸡肺血管重塑研究

[目的]为预防和治疗肉鸡腹水综合征提供理论依据.[方法]运用图像分析仪对低温处理组和常温对照组肉仔鸡的肺小动脉进行定量检测,动态观察低温诱发肉鸡腹水综合征发生发展过程中肺小动脉的形态学变化,并探讨低温诱发的肺血管重塑与肺动脉高压间的关系.[结果]通过组织病理学观察发现低温组血管内膜及中膜细胞增生、肥厚,外膜弹力纤维和胶原纤维增生.低温组肺小动脉膜厚度占外径的百分比（mMTPA）显著高于常温组（P＜0.05）,说明低温使肺小动脉中膜增厚.低温组肺小动脉管壁面积/血管总面积（WA/TA）显著高于常温组（P＜0.05）,说明低温使血管壁增厚.低温组肌型动脉（MA）占位比例极显著高于常温组（P＜0.01）,而非肌型动脉（NMA）占位比例极显著低于常温组（P＜0.01）,低温使肺小动脉明显肌化.[结论]低温诱发了肉仔鸡肺小动脉中膜平滑肌增生、管壁增厚及非肌型小动脉肌化的血管重塑现象.     

鸡胚肺动脉内皮细胞与平滑肌细胞的分离培养及鉴定

探索简单快速实用的鸡胚肺动脉内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞培养方法:在严格无菌条件下对肺动脉内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞分离培养,待细胞融合度达约80%时进行传代,得到的内皮细胞利用差速消化法纯化,并观察2种细胞形态特征及培养特性,待细胞稳定生长后,采用荧光免疫组化技术鉴定细胞,并进行冻存和复苏,观察复苏后细胞活性。结果显示:24 h后组织块周围即有少量细胞爬出,内皮细胞大量生长后呈突起状排列,立体感强,平滑肌细胞在培养后的第5天呈现"峰谷"样外观,经免疫荧光法证明是内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞的纯培养,冻存于液氮中1~2个月复苏后细胞的活性都较好,可以恢复旺盛生长。结论:本研究提出的组织贴块法能成功获得内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞的纯培养,比酶消化法操作简单,更适合小血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞的原代培养。     

莱氏拟乌贼成体副缠卵腺超显微结构

通过组织学和透射电镜技术对莱氏拟乌贼副缠卵腺的超显微结构进行了研究。结果显示,副缠卵腺由腺壁组织、腺体小管和结缔组织组成,其中腺壁组织由柱状上皮细胞和肌肉细胞组成；腺体小管由单层上皮细胞环绕构成,上皮细胞内细胞器数量丰富,包括线粒体、内质网和高尔基复合体等,管道数量众多且排列紧密,在管腔中可见大量杆状细菌和上皮细胞的分泌物质,管腔内壁着生微绒毛和纤毛；腺体小管外充满结缔组织,其中分布着少量血管和肌纤维。分析认为,莱氏拟乌贼副缠卵腺属于分泌型腺体,分泌物质包括形成卵鞘的凝胶状物质和为共生菌提供营养的物质,共生菌来源属于“水平传递”,其分泌物质具有抗菌活性。     

Functional arteries grown in vitro

A tissue engineering approach was developed to produce arbitrary lengths of vascular graft material from smooth muscle and endothelial cells that were derived from a biopsy of vascular tissue. Bovine vessels cultured under pulsatile conditions had rupture strengths greater than 2000 millimeters of mercury, suture retention strengths of up to 90 grams, and collagen contents of up to 50 percent. Cultured vessels also showed contractile responses to pharmacological agents and contained smooth muscle cells that displayed markers of differentiation such as calponin and myosin heavy chains. Tissue-engineered arteries were implanted in miniature swine, with patency documented up to 24 days by digital angiography.     

5-羟色胺转运体抑制剂对肺动脉高压肉鸡肺小动脉中膜5-HT量和平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

【目的】探讨肉鸡肺小动脉中膜5-羟色胺（5-HT）含量与肺小动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的关系,明确5-羟色胺转运体（5-HTT）是否参与了肉鸡肺动脉高压的发生。【方法】20日龄科宝肉鸡分成非诱病组（静脉注射生理盐水,包括空白对照组、氟西汀、西酞普兰组,30只/组）和诱病组（静脉注射纤维素微粒,包括药物空白对照组、氟西汀组、西酞普兰组,50只/组）。自21d起,记录肺动脉高压综合征（PHS）发病率,并分别于21、28、35、42d从各组随机抽样,测定右心室/全心室重量比（RV/TV）,采用免疫组织化学技术、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）染色和核仁组织区嗜银蛋白（AgNOR）染色方法检测肺小动脉中膜5-HT量及肺小动脉平滑肌细胞增殖情况。【结果】诱病组PHS发病率、RV/TV明显高于非诱病组（P＜0.05）,肺小动脉中膜5-HT量增加,平滑肌细胞上嗜银颗粒增多,PCNA阳性细胞增多,而两种5-HTT抑制剂（氟西汀和西酞普兰）能明显减少肉鸡PHS发病率和肺小动脉中膜5-HT量,抑制平滑肌细胞增殖,但两种药物之间无明显差异。【结论】在肉鸡肺动脉高压发生过程中,由5-HTT介导的肺小动脉平滑肌细胞内5-HT增多,引起肺小动脉平滑肌细胞过度增殖,导致肉鸡PHS发生,5-HTT可能是防治肉鸡PHS的有意义靶分子。     

Contraction of granulation tissue in vitro: similarity to smooth muscle

Strips of granulation tissue from three different experimental models contract in vitro when treated with substances that induce contraction of smooth muscle. Because the fibroblasts in such tissues have some ultrastructural features typical of smooth muscle, our findings indicate that fibroblasts are able to modulate toward a cell type that is morphologically and functionally close to smooth muscle.     

Isoform-specific modulation of Na+, K+-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression in hypertension

Sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) is hypothesized to be involved in systemic vascular hypertension through its effects on smooth muscle reactivity and myocardial contractility. By means of RNA blot analyses of cardiac, aortic, and skeletal muscle RNAs in two rat hypertensive models, Na+,K+-ATPase alpha-subunit messenger RNA isoforms (alpha 2 and alpha 3) were shown to be deinduced in response to increased intravascular pressure. The changes were observed after 48 hours or more of experimental hypertension. Under these conditions, there is coordinate induction of another alpha isoform (alpha 1) and of beta-subunit messenger RNAs, probably in response to alterations in sodium flux rather than to elevated blood pressure.     

牦牛肺脏的适应性结构

应用光镜和电镜技术，对牦牛肺脏的微细结构进行了系统观测，分析其结构特性与高原低氧环境适应性的关系。结果表明，牦牛肺小叶结构明显，肺泡I型上皮菲薄，构成肺泡壁的绝大部分。与其它动物不同，牦牛I型肺泡上皮见有间断处，为非连续型上皮。气－血屏障的算术平均厚度和调和平均厚度分别为0.53±0.10µm和0.44±0.07µm，明显比体格较小的其它家畜还要薄，这有利于气体交换时增加氧的弥散量。肺脏微动脉中膜的肌层厚度与血管外径的百分比为5.00±0.93%，与高原驼马的比值近似，而比奶牛和公牛的要小，可减少牦牛肺动脉高压的发病几率。肺胸膜、小叶间隔、肺泡隔、各级支气管管壁和血管壁内都有丰富的弹性纤维分布，并相互联系，构成一个完整的弹性系统，维持肺脏良好的扩张和回缩状态。杯状细胞不仅大量分布于各级支气管，细支气管粘膜上皮中也出现杯状细胞，其分泌的粘液有助于牦牛在干旱环境下保护呼吸道的通气量。这些结构特点是牦牛世代生活于高原低氧环境下所获得的适应性变化。     

Humoral agent from calf lung producing pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction

Saline washings obtained in vivo from the lung of young calves produce pulmonary hypertension upon intrayascular (systemic or pulmonary) injection into either the dog or the calf. This pulmonary hypertension is produced by vasoconstriction of small, precapillary pulmonary vessels. The active agent, pulmonary arterial constrictor substance, differs chemically and physiologically from other substances which have been investigated with respect to vasomotor activity in the pulmonary circulation. Although the chemical nature of the active agent is not known it appears to have a relatively large molecular weight. Whether this agent plays a role in the physiological regulation of the pulmonary circulation is not known.     

东方蝾螈、太行隆肛蛙、丽纹龙蜥心脏的比较组织学研究

采用H．E．染色、显微镜观察法对东方蝾螈、太行隆肛蛙、丽纹龙蜥的心脏进行研究．结果显示：东方蝾螈、太行隆肛蛙心脏结构基本相同,丽纹龙蜥的心脏与二者有一定差别．3种动物的心脏均为两心房一心室,但丽纹龙蜥的心室开始出现不完全分隔,为不完全的双循环系统;红细胞均为有核红细胞;心脏壁有内、中、外3层结构,分别为心内膜、心肌层及心外膜．心内膜位于心脏内层,表面是一层不规则的多角形内皮细胞,胞核为椭圆形．心肌层主要由心肌纤维构成,心肌纤维间充满结缔组织和血管．心肌纤维由心肌细胞组成,胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,位于细胞中央．心外膜位于外层,由结缔组织构成,内含较多弹性纤维．3种动物心脏结构的差别是两栖类、爬行类动物在进化过程中对环境不断适应的结果．     

肺动脉高压和脂质过氧化作用对肉鸡肺血管重构的影响

【目的】对比观察常温和低温饲养条件下肉鸡肺动脉压、血液脂质过氧化水平和肺阻力血管显微结构的变化，以探讨肺血管重构的机理及其在肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)形成中的病理意义。【方法】商品代艾维茵肉鸡180羽，14日龄时随机分为两组, 一组为常温对照组，按常规饲养；一组为低温诱病组。试验过程中连续测定肉鸡平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、右心/全心比（RV/TV）；测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性和丙二醛（MDA）水平；采集肺组织进行弹力纤维染色,应用计算机图像分析系统测定肺小动脉平均中膜厚度（mMTPA）和相对中膜面积（WA/TA）。【结果】低温组mPAP， RV/TV值和血浆MDA浓度比常温组显著升高；低温组肉鸡肺小动脉mMTPA和WA/TA显著高于常温组；回归分析表明,血浆MDA值与mMTPA，WA/TA显著正相关， mPAP与mMTPA，WA/TA亦呈显著正相关。【结论】低温条件下肉鸡体内脂质过氧化作用增强、肺动脉压升高，导致肺血管重构并进一步升高肺动脉压，这一改变是低温诱导肉鸡PHS形成的重要病理基础之一。     

高钠饲料引起的肉鸡腹水、右心衰竭、肺动脉高压和肺小动脉肌型化研究

随机抽取30羽饲料钠离子过量所致的腹水综合征(AS)自然患鸡和30羽同种、同龄健康AA肉鸡,用生理学和组织形态学方法对患AS肉鸡和健康肉鸡肺动脉压和肺微细动脉结构变化进行定量检测和比较分析,结果显示:饲料钠离子过量显著增加了肉鸡AS的发病率、右心室与全心室重量比(RV/TV)、平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、肺末梢厚壁血管百分率(%TWPV)和肺微细动脉管壁平均中膜厚度(mMTPA)(P<0.05).从而揭示了饲料钠离子过量性AS患鸡发生了以肺微细动脉管壁增生肥厚为主要特征的肌型化和肺动脉高压.     

肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征自然病例肺微细动脉肌型化的观察

随机抽取12羽与缺氧有关的肺动脉高压\综合征（PHS）自然病鸡和12羽同种，同龄健康AA肉鸡，用组织形这方法对患PHS肉鸡和健康肉鸡肺细小动脉结构变化进行定量检测和比较分析，结果显示：患PHS肉鸡的肺细小动脉血管管壁面积与管总面积之比（WA／TA），中膜厚度与管外径之比均极显高于健康肉鸡（P＜0．01），以直径小于60um和直径小于200um的肺微细动脉 的末稍厚血管百分率和三型血管占位比例进行测定，结果患PHS肉鸡的肌化百分率也极显高于健康肉鸡（P＜0．01），组织病理学检查显示，血管内膜及中膜细胞增生，肥厚，揭示缺氧性肺动脉高压肉鸡的肺血管发生了以非肌性动脉肌型化，肌性动脉管壁增生，肥厚为主要特征的血管重构现象。     

Perineurium: evidence for contractile elements

Electron-microscopic study of mouse sciatic nerve reveals that perineurial cells contain filaments and associated opaque regions similar to those observed in smooth muscle. This finding is consistent with obsevations Which suggest that nerve might have a contractile property. In addition to their function in maintaining the connective tissue stroma of perineurium, as well as being a selective diffusion barrier, perineurial cells may serve the nerve in a contractile capacity.     

Contractile cells in human seminiferous tubules

Electron microscopic study of the peritubular connective tissue in human testis reveals the presence of "contractile-type" cells rather than of typical fibrocytes. Their cytoplasm has numerous fine filaments and other components. characteristic of smooth muscle cells. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, however, is relatively prominent In some instances, the nuclear surface appears scalloped or folded, and the cell surface presents an irregular profile, similar to that of contracted cells.     

Neoplastic transformation in vitro of hamster lens epithelium by simian virus 40

Hamster lens epithelium infected with simian virus 40 underwent transformation in vitro and produced tumors when injected into homologous hosts. Undisturbed lens epithelium in man and experimental animals has not been observed to undergo neoplastic change. The virus-induced tumors contained undifferentiated cells that were either polygonal or spindle-shaped. Their origin from lens epithelium seems certain since it is possible to isolate this unique structure free of connective tissue and blood vessels.     

肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征自然病例肺血管重构的形态学研究

抽取 2 0羽与缺氧有关的肺动脉高压综合征 (Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome,PHS)自然病鸡和与之相对应的 2 0羽同种、同龄健康 AA肉鸡 ,以腹腔存有大量腹水和右心室 (Rightventricle,RV )与全心室 (Total ventricle,TV )的重量比 (RV/ TV)作为判定肺动脉高压的主要临床指标 ,用组织形态学方法建立肉鸡肺细小动脉血管肌化的分型标准 ,并对患PHS肉鸡和健康肉鸡肺细小动脉结构变化进行定量检测和比较分析。结果显示 :患 PHS肉鸡的血管肌化百分率、RV/ TV均极显著性高于健康肉鸡 (P<0 .0 1) ;血管非肌化百分率和血管密度则极显著性降低 (P<0 .0 1) ;图片显示 ,血管内膜及中膜细胞增生肥厚。从而揭示了缺氧性肺动脉高压肉鸡肺血管已发生了以非肌性动脉肌型化 ,肌性动脉管壁增生肥厚为主要特征的血管重构现象。