杂交早稻的吸钾特性与产量形成的研究初报

杂交早稻威优49亩产450千克左右,每亩平均吸收氧化钾7.880千克,其中79.16%为土壤供钾。杂交早稻一生中前期吸钾量占38.60%,中期占42.29%,后期占19.11%.群体总吸钾量与总吸氮量呈1∶1的关系.肥料钾的利用率为28.12%.施钾明显促进抽穗前茎鞘醣的积累和抽穗后茎叶醣向谷粒的转运.施钾对产量的影响主要表现为总粒数、实粒数和千粒重的增加。在本试验中等供钾土壤条件下,杂交早稻亩施5千克氧化钾的增产效应最大.     

不同熟期杂交晚稻的氮素吸收特性与产量形成的研究

研究了在不同施氮水平下,不同熟期杂交晚稻的吸氮特性与产量形成的关系:早熟组合威优64的每亩平均总吸氮量为9.310千克,迟熟组合汕优63为10.292千克。汕优63比威优64多吸0.982千克,差异主要在于秧田期,大田吸氮量两组合仅相差0.1千克。大田各生育阶段的吸氮量,前期威优64多于汕优63,中期少于汕优63,后期相差甚微。统计分析表明:汕优63和威优64每亩最高产量吸氮量分别为10.243千克和10.847千克,每亩最高产量的穗数分别为18.12万和28.73万。本文最后讨论了不同熟期组合的施氮量,施氮技术及品种生育期与产量的关系。     

双季超级稻的最佳施氮量

以超级杂交早稻淦鑫203和超级杂交晚稻淦鑫688为材料,研究了施氮量对双季超级稻产量、干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,淦鑫203在施氮量为207千克/公顷时产量最高,淦鑫688在施氮量为232.5千克/公顷时产量最高;淦鑫203和淦鑫688分别在施氮量为234千克/公顷和232.5千克/公顷时的干物质生产量最大；     

施氮水平对旱秧本田期氮素营养和根系生长和产量形成的影响

以武育粳3号(粳)和汕优63(杂交中籼)为供试材料，研究不同施氮水平对旱秧本田期氮素营养、根系生长和产量形成的影响。结果表明粳稻旱秧本田期植株含氮量、吸氮量、根重和根系伤流强度均随施氮量的增加而增加。杂交稻施氮量过多，生育后期植株含氮量、根系伤流强度下降，吸氮量降低；与湿润秧相比，旱秧拔节前和抽穗后根系活力具有明显优势，植株含氮量高，吸氮量多，但拔节至抽穗根系活力较低；旱秧返青至N-n叶龄期具有明显的分蘖优势，N一n叶龄期之后分蘖消长速度低于湿润秧，茎蘖动态表现出速发稳降的特征；在适宜的施氮水平下，旱秧比湿润秧产量高，在穗粒结构上表现为穗数多、德型大、千粒重偏低的特点，提高千粒重是进一步发挥旱秧增产潜力的关键。     

淮北地区高产小麦植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性

1984–1986年在不同施氮水平下,研究了植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性,试验结果：亩产400–450公斤,植株每亩总吸氮量15公斤左右。各生育期植株含氮率为：出苗至分蘖期5%左右,拔节期3%左右,孕穗期2.5%,灌浆期1.8%左右。小麦一生应在分蘖至越冬始期和拔节孕穗期出现两个吸氮高峰,前者约占总吸氮量23%,后者占33.6%。吸氮强度：每日每亩吸氮量以拔节至孕穗期最大,依次为返青至拔节和分蘖至越冬始期;氮的相对积累速率则以分蘖至越冬始期最高,其次是拔节至孕穗期。土壤氮素供应量为18–20公斤/亩;土壤供氮与植株吸氮比值：分蘖期最高为11–12∶1,拔节后为1.6–1.8∶1,孕穗期为1.2∶1。土壤供氮与生育进程之间呈4次方程,据此可求得各生育期土壤供氮指标和补差施氮量。     

秸秆还田配施化学氮肥可提高利用效率

秸秆还田配施适量化学氮肥可以提高氮效率，增加产量。在每公顷配施90千克、180千克和270千克的本次试验中．以秸秆还田配施纯氮270千克的产量最高，增产幅度最大。与单施氮肥相比，秸秆还田配施氮肥的小麦抽穗前干物质积累量及其占全生育期干物质积累量的百分比较低，     

施氮水平对旱秧本田期氮素营养和根系生长及产量形成的影响

以武育粳3号（粳）和汕优639杂交中籼）为供试材料，研究不同施氮水平对旱秧本田期氮素营养、根系生长和产量形成的影响。结果表明：粳稻旱秧本田期植株含氮量、吸氮量、根重和根系伤流强度 均随施氮量的增加而增加，杂交稻篱氮量过多，生育后期植株含氮量、根系伤流下降，吸氮量降低；与湿润秧相比，旱秧拔节和抽穗后根系活力具有明显优势，植株含氮量高，吸氮是多，但拔节至抽穗根系活力较低；旱秧返青至N－n叶龄期具有明显的分蘖优势，N－n叶龄期之后分蘖消长速度低于湿润秧，茎蘖动态表现出速发稳降的特征；在适宜的施氮水平下，旱比湿润秧产量高，在穗粒结构上表现为穗数多、穗型大、千粒重偏低的特点，提高千粒重是进一步发挥旱秧增产潜力的关键。     

施氮量对不同氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种物质生产及产量的影响

为明确施氮量对不同氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种物质生产及产量的影响,为籼稻品种的高产高效栽培提供参考依据,在盆栽土培条件下,以15个不同氮素吸收效率类型常规籼稻品种为供试材料,研究了不同施氮量条件下,不同氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种物质生产及产量的差异。结果表明,籼稻品种间、不同施氮处理间成熟期吸氮量的差异均达显著或极显著水平,随着施氮量的增加,各氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种成熟期吸氮量均呈增加的趋势。氮素高吸收效率类型籼稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后干物质生产量较大,生物产量大,经济系数大多较小。但不同氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种间经济系数均无显著差异。增施氮肥可有效提高各类型籼稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后和成熟期干物质生产量,降低经济系数。氮素高吸收效率类型籼稻品种的产量均高于氮素中、低吸收效率类型籼稻品种,随着施氮量的增加,各类型籼稻品种的产量均呈增加的趋势,同时,氮素高吸收效率类型籼稻品种在低氮(N_1处理)、常氮(N_2处理)条件下便能获得高产,而且这个产量水平要高于氮素低吸收效率类型籼稻品种在高氮条件下的产量。随着籼稻品种氮素吸收效率的提高,即吸氮量的增加,有效穗数均呈下降的趋势,千粒重均呈上升的趋势,每穗颖花数、结实率的变化趋势不一。增施氮肥有利于各氮素吸收效率类型籼稻品种有效穗数和千粒重的增加,但在高氮(N_3处理)条件下,千粒重有所下降,每穗颖花数、结实率呈先增加后降低的趋势。     

氮肥运筹方式对早籼15物质积累和分配的影响

以早籼15为材料,在总施氮量一致的情况下研究施氮比例对早稻干物质积累和分配的影响。结果表明:前后期施氮比例过高过低都不利于此期干物质积累,基肥施氮比例为40%~50%最利于拔节—抽穗期干物质的积累,施氮比例为5∶3∶2(基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥)最利于拔节—抽穗期干物质的积累,水稻的产量也最高;拔节—抽穗期基肥施氮量占总施氮量比例小于51.84%时,干物质积累量随施氮量的提高而增加;抽穗—成熟期基肥施氮量占总施氮量比例小于44.56%时,干物质积累量随施氮量的提高而增加。该试验条件下,基肥为40%~50%,分蘖肥为30%,穗肥为20%~30%较为适宜。     

施氮肥时期对土壤供氮、稻株吸氮及产量的影响

不同施氮肥时期对土壤供氮、稻株吸氮及产量的影响研究结果表明 :基肥对土壤供氮影响持续期长 ,一直持续到成熟期。蘖肥对土壤供氮仅影响到有效分蘖临界叶龄期。穗肥对土壤供氮影响到抽穗至成熟期。不施基肥与施基肥相比 ,植株各生育期的吸氮量少 ;不施蘖肥与施蘖肥差异较小 ,仅影响有效分蘖临界叶龄期到拔节期的吸氮量 ;不施穗肥的植株拔节到成熟期吸氮量下降 ,而不施粒肥仅影响抽穗至成熟期的吸氮量。基肥施用量在保证 N-n叶龄期达到够穗苗数的情况下 ,不施或少施蘖肥 ,增施粒肥量 ,有利于提高茎蘖成穗率 ,促进穗大粒多而高产。     

双季杂交稻高产施肥技术研究

采用田间试验研究施肥水平与杂交水稻产量的关系,以及不同生育阶段养分吸收量,据此,提出了夺取杂交水稻高产的施肥技术。 杂交早稻亩产540公斤,需吸收氮10.9公斤、五氧化二磷4.9公斤、氧化钾15.9公斤、二氧化硅43.8公斤;杂交晚稻亩产560公斤,需吸收氮15.9公斤、五氧化二磷5公斤、氧化钾19公斤、二氧化硅63.8公斤.同一施肥水平,杂交晚稻比杂交早稻多吸收氮20％～27.5％,钾7％～24.1％,磷相似。杂交晚稻秧苗期、分蘖盛期吸钾量高于杂交早稻,齐穗后低于杂交早稻;杂交稻要获高产在氮磷水平中上稻田,施钾是第一位因素,杂交早稻应重视中后期施钾,杂交晚稻应重视苗期及早施钾肥;早晚杂交稻要获超500公斤产量其氮磷钾最佳拖肥量分别为12、4、10.7公斤/亩和12、4、12公斤/亩。     

免耕条件下川香优9838氮磷钾吸收规律与氮肥合理施用(英文)

The aim of the study is to investigate the absorption laws of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium,and proper nitrogen application in Chuanxiangyou 9838 under no-tillage cultivation. Five nitrogen application treatments were designed to analyze the absorption laws of N,P and K,and to discuss the effects of different N fertilizer application amounts on yield and yield composition factors of Chuanxiangyou 9838. The results showed that gross nutrient absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was greatly varied at different developmental stages under rice-rape rotation with no-tillage. The maximum N absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 appeared at jointing stage followed by heading stage,thirdly the tillering stage; the P absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 presented the consecutively slight increase during seedling stage and mature stage; the K absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was mainly conducted from jointing stage to heading stage,during which K absorption accounts for 73.4% of the total absorption in whole developmental stage. Consequently,N fertilizer should be applied earlier (before jointing stage),P fertilizer is suitable as base fertilizer and application of K fertilizer should be preferably conducted at early-middle period. When the yield reached 11 t/hm2,the optimal N application amount in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was about 165 kg/hm2.     

Study on Absorption Law of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium and Proper Nitrogen Application in Chuanxiangyou 9838 under No-tillage Cultivation

The aim of the study is to investigate the absorption laws of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium,and proper nitrogen application in Chuanxiangyou 9838 under no-tillage cultivation. Five nitrogen application treatments were designed to analyze the absorption laws of N,P and K,and to discuss the effects of different N fertilizer application amounts on yield and yield composition factors of Chuanxiangyou 9838. The results showed that gross nutrient absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was greatly varied at different developmental stages under rice-rape rotation with no-tillage. The maximum N absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 appeared at jointing stage followed by heading stage,thirdly the tillering stage; the P absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 presented the consecutively slight increase during seedling stage and mature stage; the K absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was mainly conducted from jointing stage to heading stage,during which K absorption accounts for 73.4% of the total absorption in whole developmental stage. Consequently,N fertilizer should be applied earlier (before jointing stage),P fertilizer is suitable as base fertilizer and application of K fertilizer should be preferably conducted at early-middle period. When the yield reached 11 t/hm2,the optimal N application amount in Chuanxiangyou 9838 was about 165 kg/hm2.     

Study on Absorption Law of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Proper Nitrogen Application in Chuanxiangyou 9838 under No-tillage Culti- vation

The aim of the study is to investigate the absorption laws of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and proper nitrogen application in Chuanxian-gyou 9838 under no-tillage cultivation. Five nitrogen application treatments were designed to analyze the absorption laws of N, P and K, and to discuss the effects of different N fertilizer application amounts on yield and yield composition factors of Chuauxiangyou 9838. The results showed that gross nutrient ab-sorption in Chuunxiangyon 9838 was greatly varied at different developmental stages under rice-rape rotation with no-tillage. The maximum N absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 appeared at jointing stage followed by heading stage, thirdly the filleting stage; the P absorption in Chuanxiangyou 9838 presented the consecutively slight increase during seedling stage and mature stage; the K absorption in Chuanxiangyon 9838 was mainly conducted from jointing stage to heading stage, during which K absorption accounts for 73.4% of the total absorption in whole developmental stage. Consequently, N fertilizer should be applied earlier (before jointing stage), P fertilizer is suitable as base fertilizer and application of K fertilizer should be preferably conducted at esdy-middle period. When the yield reached 11 t/hm2, the optimal N application amount in Chunnxiangyon 9838 was about 165 kg/hm2.     

免耕条件下川香优9838氮磷钾吸收规律与氮肥合理施用

笔者于2005～2006年开展免耕条件下不同施氮量对川香优9838生长及产量形成的影响研究,探讨川香优9838在免耕条件下对N、P2O5、K20的吸收及氮肥的管理技术措施。     

不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特性

【目的】 明确不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特性,为西南稻区中籼杂交稻机插高产栽培和品种选育提供理论和实践依据。 【方法】 以西南稻区的20个中籼杂交稻品种为材料,依据日产量将供试品种聚类为高日产、中日产和低日产3个类型,进而研究了不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻间的氮素积累、分配、转运及氮素生产利用效率的差异及其与日产量的关系。【结果】（1）不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻间氮素积累特性差异明显。较中日产和低日产类型,高日产类型机插杂交籼稻在拔节前（播种—拔节期）具有较低的氮素积累比例,但其能有效提高拔节期和齐穗期各器官及植株含氮量,成熟期穗部和植株含氮率,以及2017年拔节—齐穗阶段的氮素积累量和2018年齐穗—成熟阶段氮素积累速率,进而提高全生育期氮素积累速率,使全生育期植株氮素积累量分别增加了3.70%—5.97%和16.57%—18.63%。（2）高日产类型机插杂交籼稻具有较高的齐穗期茎鞘和成熟期穗部氮素分配比例,以及较低的成熟期叶片氮素分配比例,其地上部营养器官（特别是茎鞘）氮素转运量明显高于中日产和低日产类型。（3）低日产类型机插杂交籼稻显著提高了氮素干物质生产效率,而高日产类型则能有效提高氮素收获指数和偏生产力。（4）相关分析表明,随日产量增加,各生育时期植株含氮率,拔节—齐穗阶段植株氮素积累量和积累速率,齐穗期茎鞘氮素分配比例和氮素偏生产力均显著增加,拔节前氮素积累比例、成熟期叶片氮素分配比例和氮素干物质生产效率均显著降低。【结论】整体看来,拔节—齐穗阶段植株氮素积累速率快、积累量大,齐穗期茎鞘和成熟穗部氮素分配比例高,可作为高日产类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特征指标。     

超高产冬小麦氮肥运筹技术的研究

选用多穗型烟农19、中穗型周麦22及大穗型矮早八小麦品种为材料,在高产水平下进行了3种氮肥运筹方式试验。结果表明,在施N240kg·hm-2条件下,前轻中重后补法与前重后轻法、各半法相比在小麦产量形成上具有明显优势与特点,表现出前期干物质积累、高峰苗较低;中后期干物质积累、叶面积指数较高,最终茎蘖成穗率、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量较高;同时,抽穗前积累在营养器官中的氮素转移率低,对籽粒的贡献率小,单位吸氮量生产力低,但单位施氮量生产力高。前重法与前中各半法的上述效应差异明显。前重中轻法前期与前重法差异不显著,中后期与前中各半法趋于一致。综合表明,前中各半法施肥法是较适合超高产的施肥方法。