花期前后高温对不同基因型玉米光合特性 及产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究花期前后高温胁迫对不同耐热性玉米光合特性及产量品质的影响。【方法】以耐热基因型浚单20和热敏感基因型驻玉309为材料,分别于花前（吐丝前0-8 d）和花后（吐丝后0-8 d）进行高温处理,测定叶片的叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、光合及叶绿素荧光参数、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性及籽粒的产量和品质。【结果】花期前后高温胁迫导致2个基因型玉米产量显著下降,浚单20产量下降幅度小于驻玉309,且花后高温处理影响大于花前处理;高温处理降低了穗位叶净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光量子产量（ΦPSII）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性,提高了细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）和非光化学猝灭系数（qN）。【结论】花期前后高温胁迫对玉米的光合有显著影响,导致玉米产量显著降低,品质受到显著影响。高温胁迫下耐热玉米基因型比热敏感玉米基因型具有较高的叶绿素含量和光合能力,产量和品质受高温影响较小。     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis and photoprotection mechanisms in soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)

Potassium is an important nutrient element requiring high concentration for photosynthetic metabolism.The potassium deficiency in soil could inhibit soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) photosynthesis and result in yield reduction.Research on the photosynthetic variations of the different tolerant soyben varieties should provide important information for high yield tolerant soybean breeding program.Two representative soybean varieties Tiefeng 40(tolerance to K~+ deficiency) and GD8521(sensitive to K~+ deficiency) were hydroponically grown to measure the photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activity under different potassium conditions.With the K-deficiency stress time extending,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) of GD8521 were significantly decreased under K-deficiency condition,whereas the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i) was significantly increased.As a contrast,the variations of Tiefeng 40 were almost little under K-deficiency condition,which indicated tolerance to K~+ deficiency variety could maintain higher efficient photosynthesis.On the 25 th d after treatment,the minimal fluorescence(F_0) of GD8521 was significantly increased and the maximal fluorescence(F_m),the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry(F√F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_p),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)were significantly decreased under K~+ deficiency condition.In addition,the Rubisco content of GD8521 was significantly decreased in leaves.It is particularly noteworthy that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco content of Tiefeng 40 were unaffected under K~+ deficiency condition.On the other hand,the non-photochemical quenching(q_N) of Tiefeng 40 was significantly increased.The dry matter weight of Tiefeng 40 was little affected under K~+ deficiency condition.Results indicated that Tiefeng 40 could avoid or relieve the destruction of PSII caused by exceeded absorbed solar energy under K-deficiency condition and maintain natural photosynthesis and plant growth.It was an essential physiological mechanism for low-K-tolerant soybean under K-deficiency stress.     

外源一氧化氮对铝胁迫下烟草叶片光能利用和光保护系统及活性氧代谢的影响

以云烟100(耐铝)和云烟105(铝敏感)为材料,采用水培法研究外源一氧化氮(NO)对铝胁迫下烟草植株生长、叶片活性氧含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数、光呼吸和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫显著降低了烟草叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(FPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q P),提高了反应中心PSII过剩激发能,从而导致叶片超氧阴离子(O_2·)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量升高,植株生物量下降。外源NO可显著提高铝胁迫下烟草叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Fv/Fm、FPSII、q P和植株生物量,降低反应中心PSII过剩激发能和叶片O_2·、H_2O_2含量,且云烟105变化幅度高于云烟100。此外,外源NO还显著提高了铝胁迫下烟草叶片非光化学猝灭系数、光呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,说明NO可通过提高烟草叶片光化学反应能力、热耗散、光呼吸以及抗氧化酶活性来降低反应中心PSII过剩激发能,防止或清除叶绿体内产生的活性氧,缓解铝对烟草的毒害,这种缓解效应在敏感基因型云烟105中表现更明显。     

低温弱光胁迫对棉花幼苗叶绿素荧光特性及能量分配的影响

[目的]探讨低温弱光胁迫下不同基因型棉花幼苗叶绿素荧光特性及能量分配的响应机制,为棉花耐低温品种选育及筛选耐低温鉴定指标和方法提供理论依据.[方法]以6种不同基因型棉花幼苗为试材,通过5℃、100 μmol/( m2·s)低温弱光处理,测定12 h内叶绿素荧光相关参数.[结果]低温弱光胁迫提高了初始荧光Fo、光合功能相对限制值L(PFD),显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ实际光化学效率φPSⅡ、光合电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP等指标,非光化学猝灭系数NPQ则呈现先升后降的趋势;同时,PSⅠ激发能分配系数σ、天线热耗散速率Drate增大,PSⅡ激发能分配系数β、光化学速率Prate降低.[结论]低温弱光胁迫导致棉花幼苗叶片PSⅡ光化学活性降低,光合电子传递过程受抑,更多的光能用于天线热耗散,且干扰了PSⅠ和PSⅡ间的激发能分配和传递.综合各指标分析,新陆中28号与中棉所50号在低温弱光胁迫下表现出良好的光能分配、利用能力,耐低温能力较强,新陆早42号与中棉所43号次之,新陆早33号和新陆早19号较差.     

遮荫对小麦旗叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

 【目的】研究长期遮荫对小麦旗叶光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】以扬麦158、扬麦11、南农9918和南农02Y393等4个冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种为材料,从拔节至成熟期进行遮光22%和33%处理。【结果】灌浆前中期,遮荫对较耐荫的品种扬麦158和南农02Y393旗叶SPAD（Soil-Plant Analyses Development）值无显著影响,而降低不耐荫品种扬麦11和南农9918的旗叶SPAD值,但遮荫显著提高了灌浆后期小麦旗叶SPAD值。遮荫降低了小麦旗叶光合速率（Pn）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）与干物质积累量,而提高了光系统Ⅱ的初始荧光强度（Fo）和最大光化学转化效率（Fv/Fm）。【结论】遮荫主要是通过降低叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率和光化学荧光猝灭系数,引起单叶光合速率下降,最终降低小麦干物质积累。     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Super High Yield Cultivar of Winter Wheat During Late Growth Period

The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.     

拔节期和开花期不同土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦 旗叶叶绿体超微结构和荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究拔节期和开花期土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦旗叶叶绿体超微结构和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】以济麦22小麦品种为试验材料,于2011-2012年和2012-2013年小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置4个测墒补灌土层深度（0-20 cm、0-40 cm、0-60 cm和0-140 cm,各处理土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%,以生育期不灌水为对照）,用透射电镜观察旗叶叶绿体超微结构、乙醇提取法测定叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,研究不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素荧光特性及籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。【结果】（1）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶绿体呈椭圆形,沿细胞膜紧密排列,叶绿体膜和细胞膜完整,基粒片层清晰且沿叶绿体长轴方向排列,基粒片层间由清晰的基质片层连接;依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理旗叶叶绿体超微结构均有损伤,不补灌的处理损伤最重,叶绿体变为圆形,在细胞内排列紊乱,叶绿体膜和细胞膜溶解,细胞壁断裂。依据0-60 cm土层测墒补灌与依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌叶绿体超微结构无显著差异,测墒补灌土层加深至0-140 cm,叶绿体膜完整,细胞膜部分损伤,基粒片层间出现缝隙。（2）相关分析表明,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数均与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.99**,0.99**,0.96**）。依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,是其叶绿素含量较高的主要原因;测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm和0-140 cm,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数无显著增加,叶绿素含量亦无显著增加。（3）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,灌浆中后期旗叶最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）和千粒重、籽粒产量及经济效益均比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,水分利用效率比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌的处理显著增加。测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm或0-140 cm,Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和ETR均无显著增加,千粒重、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益亦无显著提高。【结论】依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,旗叶叶绿体超微结构保持良好,叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数较多,小麦灌浆中后期叶绿素含量和荧光参数较高,是其千粒重和籽粒产量较高的主要原因。综合籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌的处理为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

不同连作年限土壤对甜瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响

[目的]探讨不同连作年限的土壤对甜瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响。[方法]选取连作1、3、5和7年的土壤盆栽甜瓜,以露地非连作菜园土壤为对照。定植后30d,测定甜瓜幼苗叶绿素含量、光合及荧光动力学参数的变化情况。[结果]随着连作年限的增加,甜瓜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率、光化学淬灭逐渐降低,但胞间CO2浓度和初始荧光升高。[结论]连作易造成甜瓜叶绿素合成受阻,PSⅡ反应中心受到光化学损害,光合电子传递受抑制,表明甜瓜不耐连作,尤其不适宜长期连作。     

Responsibility of non-stomatal limitations for the reduction of photosynthesis—response of photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme characteristics in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings to water stress and rehydration

Water stress by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 solution (ψ _s = 0.2 MPa, stress time: 48 h, rehydration time: 48 h) was performed in leaves of two alfalfa cultivar (Long-Dong and Algonquin) seedlings. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, activity of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic pigment concentrations were measured to investigate the available photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme response to variable water conditions as well as stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. The results showed that non-stomatal limitations were responsible for the reduction of photosynthesis during water stress. At the beginning of water stress (12 h), water was lost and then the stomata closed rapidly, which resulted in a decrease of transpiration, net photosynthesis and CO₂ diffusion. Therefore, when intercellular CO₂ concentration and carboxylation efficiency decrease, water use efficiency and value of stomatal limitation would increase. However, the decline of net photosynthetic rate was faster than transpiration rate. At the same time, the maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly, the activity of antioxidant enzyme increased rapidly and the photosynthetic pigment concentrations changed slightly. The results also indicated that, at the initial period of stress, neither oxidative stress nor membrane lipid peroxidation was induced, nor were photosynthetic structures damaged, but photosynthetic functions were partly inhibited. Therefore, the stomatal limitation and non-stomatal limitations had the same responsibility for the reduction of photosynthesis. At the mid-late stage of water stress, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence decreased linearly with the decline of the relative water content. And the relative electron transport rate, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and photosynthetic pigment concentrations declined continually. The activity of antioxidant enzymes maintained at a higher level but malondialdehyde accumulated gradually with prolonging of water stress. Simultaneously, the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence increased obviously after water stress for 24 h. The remarkable decline of light saturated point of photosynthetic electron transport, that is, the initial point of photo-inhibition, was observed in advance. Therefore, non-stomatal limitations dominated the changes of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions during mid-late period of water stress. After 48 h rehydration, all the parameters except intercellular CO₂ concentration in Long-Dong recovered obviously but incompletely, which resulted from severe oxidative injury and photo-inhibition induced by water stress even though photo-protection was triggered during water stress in alfalfa leaves. Alfalfa seedlings were sensitive to water stress and there were certain differences between cultivars.     

产量15 000 kgha-1以上夏玉米灌浆期间的光合特性

 【目的】探讨产量15 000 kgha-1以上夏玉米籽粒灌浆期的光合特性及其与产量形成的关系。【方法】在多年高产试验基础上，选用3个具有高产潜力的玉米杂交种，采用78 000株/ha的密度大田种植。以地上生物量及其分配、果穗叶的光合特征参数来评价产量15 000 kgha-1以上的夏玉米光合生理活性；以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程。【结果】3个玉米杂交种均可实现15 000 kgha-1以上的高产，以先玉335（XY335）产量最高。对籽粒产量形成的Richards解析表明，籽粒灌浆启动快且高灌浆速率持续时间和生长活跃期（50 d以上）长的杂交种更容易实现高产。产量15 000 kgha-1以上3个杂交种表现出灌浆前期净光合速率、PEPCase活性和RuBPCase活性较高，后期净光合速率、叶面积指数和可溶性蛋白含量下降缓慢的特点，整个灌浆期间叶绿素a/b比值始终较高。3个杂交种中XY 335叶片光合生理活性最高，净光合速率和叶面积的高值持续期分别达50 d和60 d以上。【结论】在玉米高产高密度栽培条件下，重视叶片的光合生理活性的改善可提高光能利用效率，维持较高灌浆速率和较长活跃生长期，实现15 000 kgha-1以上的高产目标。     

外源一氧化氮对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗光合作用的影响

【目的】探明干旱胁迫下一氧化氮（NO）对玉米幼苗光合作用的调节作用。【方法】以驻玉309为试验材料,在光照培养箱内采用水培的方法,研究了外源NO供体SNP预处理3 d后,进行20% PEG-6000（-0.8 MPa）模拟干旱胁迫3 d后玉米幼苗的生长参数、叶绿体超微结构、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和D1蛋白表达的变化。【结果】干旱胁迫条件下玉米幼苗的光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）及光系统II（PSII）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII潜在活性（Fv/Fo）分别比对照下降了68.4%、87.2%、15.8%、31.3%;而J点的相对可变荧光（Vj）和单位反中心耗散能量（DIo /RC）则分别上升了20.9%和21.2%;此外,叶片的叶绿体结构明显遭到破坏,D1蛋白的含量显著降低。但是,与干旱胁迫处理相比,经过SNP预处理后进行干旱胁迫处理的玉米幼苗Pn、Gs、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo明显增加56.6%、202.5%、15.8%、30.7%,而Vj、DIo/RC下降了22.7%和25.4%;叶绿体的类囊体片层恢复整齐,基粒片层变清晰;D1蛋白的相对含量明显增加了94.7%;以上这些变化与干旱条件下SNP预处理后NO含量的增加有关。【结论】在干旱条件下,NO可能参与调节了PSII反应中心D1蛋白的表达并稳定PSII反应中心的结构和功能,以改善玉米幼苗的光合作用和生长发育,从而提高玉米幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的影响

【目的】探明夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的调控作用,为生产中塑造高产高效根群结构,提高籽粒产量提供理论依据。【方法】以高产夏玉米品种郑单958和登海661为材料,采用土柱栽培方式,设置3个处理（不断根处理：CK,地下40 cm处断根：T-40,地下80 cm处断根：T-80）,于开花期进行断根,研究不同土层根系对地上部生长及产量形成的调控作用。【结果】0—40 cm土层根系对花后氮素积累和转运量影响最大,切断40 cm以下土层根系后植株吸收氮素能力显著降低,植株营养器官氮素向籽粒库的转运量增加。花后40 cm以下土层根系对叶片保绿性和光合性能影响显著,切断深层根系后玉米单株叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)和SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量升高,光合高值持续期缩短,单株生物量和籽粒产量显著下降;0—40 cm根系对产量影响最大,40—80 cm根系对穗粒数和千粒重有显著影响,80 cm以下土层根系对千粒重影响较为显著。【结论】高产栽培中促进根系下扎,保持深层根系活力可以防止玉米早衰,提高叶片光合能力和对氮素的吸收能力,有助于提高玉米单产。     

青贮玉米耐旱关键指标的筛选及其遗传研究

以6份不同耐旱性的青贮玉米自交系为材料,采用GR IFFING方法2的双列杂交,经通径分析,明确了青贮玉米籽粒产量耐旱系数的关键指标为根冠比、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率4个指标,建立了籽粒产量耐旱系数回归方程;估算了关键指标的一般配合力、特殊配合力和相应的遗传参数。结果表明,5个指标的一般配合力方差明显高于特殊配合力方差,基因累加效应占主导地位。广义遗传力h2B(%)最高为光合速率达93.07。狭义遗传力h2N(%)最高为籽粒产量耐旱系数达18.62。籽粒产量耐旱系数指标宜在早代选择效果好,而根冠比、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率指标4个指标宜加强杂种优势的利用。     

青贮玉米耐旱关键指标的筛选及其遗传研究

以六份不同耐旱性的青贮玉米自交系为材料,采用GRIFFING方法二的双列杂交,经通径分析,明确了青贮玉米籽粒产量耐旱系数的关键指标为根冠比、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率四个指标,建立了籽粒产量耐旱系数回归方程;估算了关键指标的一般配合力、特殊配合力和相应的遗传参数.结果表明,五个指标的一般配合力方差明显高于特殊配合力方差,基因累加效应占主导地位.广义遗传力h2B(%)最高为光合速率达93.07.狭义遗传力h2N(%)最高为籽粒产量耐旱系数达18.62.籽粒产量耐旱系数指标宜在早代选择效果好,而根冠比、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率指标四个指标宜加强杂种优势的利用.     

山东小麦品种更替过程中光合特性的演变

【目的】探讨山东小麦品种更替过程中光合性能的演变规律,为今后小麦育种提供指导。【方法】选用山东省建国以来8次品种更替过程中的8个主要推广品种,在大田试验条件下测定了生育后期旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数,成熟时生物学产量、籽粒产量和收获指数（Harvest index,HI）。【结果】山东小麦品种更替过程中,籽粒产量和HI呈正相关性,但生物学产量并没有显著增加。旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率（net photosynthetic rate,Pn）、气孔导度（stomatal conductance,Gs）、羧化效率（carboxylation efficiency,CE）、光系统Ⅱ（photosystemⅡ,PSⅡ）实际光化学效率（photochemical efficiency,ΦPSⅡ）和呼吸速率（respiratory rate,R）在开花期到花后10 d达到最大值,然后开始下降,1980年以后选育的品种下降的速率低于1980年以前的品种;生育后期小麦旗叶Pn的下降是由非气孔因素引起的,Pn的初期下降并不是由叶绿素含量的变化直接引起,在此过程中,光合暗反应的羧化酶起了重要作用;灌浆中后期Pn的进一步降低与叶绿素含量、ΦPSⅡ、非光化学淬灭（non-photochemical quenching,NPQ）等密切相关。品种更替过程中,叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、CE、ΦPSⅡ等指标呈升高的趋势,叶片功能期延长,光合性能得到明显改善,这可能是籽粒产量提高的重要生理基础。但品种更替中呼吸速率呈升高的趋势,影响了同化产物的积累,不利于籽粒产量的提高。【结论】山东小麦品种更替过程中,叶片的光合能力提高,高光合持续期延长,HI和光能利用效率增加,综合性能的改善是品种更替过程中产量不断提高的生理基础。山东小麦品种HI仍有进一步改良的空间,但不能完全依赖株高的降低,必须综合考虑光能利用的各个环节,小麦高光效育种才有可能取得较大的突破。     

保绿玉米与早衰玉米叶片衰老过程中叶绿素降解与光合作用光化学活性的关系

【目的】阐明玉米叶片衰老过程中叶片叶绿素降解与光合作用光反应活性的关系,为选育长效光合持续期的作物品种提供理论基础。【方法】本研究使用保绿型玉米品种“齐319”（Q319）和早衰型玉米品种“黄早4”（HZ4）为材料,在严格控制环境因素的条件下,用乙烯利诱导离体叶片衰老,通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线分析（OJIP test）和820 nm光吸收曲线技术,研究衰老过程中叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、光系统1（PSI）和光系统2（PSII）光化学活性的变化,并分析光化学活性下降与叶绿素降解的关系。【结果】在衰老过程中,与保绿品种相比,早衰品种HZ4叶片的光能吸收能力、能量的转化效率以及PSI和PSII电子传递的活性均衰退较快。虽然早衰品种在衰老过程中光化学活性的衰退快于保绿品种,但是当叶片的叶绿素含量下降相同程度时,保绿品种Q319叶片的光能的捕获、能量的转化以及电子传递活性都比HZ4叶片下降得更明显。【结论】光化学活性的快速衰退是导致早衰品种HZ4叶片在生育后期光合功能快速衰退的一个重要原因,但它在叶绿素降解时能维持较高的光化学活性。因此在长效光合持续期品种的选育中,应当同时重视两个典型性状：①衰老过程中维持较高的叶绿素含量;②在叶绿素降解时维持较高的单位叶绿素光能吸收、能量转换以及电子传递活性。     

两种C4作物不同叶位光合及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为探明同为C4植物的玉米和高粱抽雄期叶片光合生理的差异,对两种植物不同叶位相对叶绿素含量、光合生理特性、叶绿素荧光特性参数进行比较研究。结果表明:在该生育期,玉米上部叶位叶片SPAD值显著(P<0.05)高于高粱,下、中部叶位差异不显著(P>0.05);玉米不同叶位净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)等光合参数显著高于高粱,不同叶位上玉米表现较强的光响应能力,玉米不同叶位羧化速率(CE)和CO2饱和点(Cisat)分别比高粱高13.29%和29.33%;对比不同叶位实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qP),玉米显著高于高粱,但初始光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,玉米的光合适应性能强于高粱,其光合系统对环境有效光合辐射利用能力高于高粱。     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS, and antioxidant activities in maize (Zea mays L.)

Potassium(K)deficiency significantly decreases photosynthesis due to leaf chlorosis induced by accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).But,the physiological mechanism for adjusting antioxidative defense system to protect leaf function in maize(Zea mays L.)is unknown.In the present study,four maize inbred lines(K-tolerant,90-21-3 and 099;K-sensitive,D937 and 835)were used to analyze leaf photosynthesis,anatomical structure,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS,and antioxidant activities.The results showed that the chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s),photochemical quenching(q_P),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)in 90-21-3 and 099 were higher than those in D937 and 835 under K deficiency treatment.Parameters of leaf anatomical structure in D937 that were significantly changed under K deficiency treatment include smaller thickness of leaf,lower epidermis cells,and vascular bundle area,whereas the vascular bundle area,xylem vessel number,and area in 90-21-3 were significantly larger or higher.D937 also had seriously damaged chloroplasts and PSII reaction centers along with increased superoxide anion(O_2~-·)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2).Activities of antioxidants,like superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX),were significantly stimulated in 90-21-3 resulting in lower levels of O_2~-·and H_2O_2.These results indicated that the K-tolerant maize promoted antioxidant enzyme activities to maintain ROS homeostasis and suffered less oxidative damage on the photosynthetic apparatus,thereby maintaining regular photosynthesis under K deficiency stress.     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

氮胁迫对不同玉米自交系若干农艺性状和产量的影响

在施氮(N)和不施N条件下,对50个玉米自交系的穗位叶叶绿素含量、株高、穗位高和产量等性状进行了对比分析.结果表明,在N胁迫条件下,自交系的叶绿素含量平均降低5.73%,子粒产量平均下降15.89%,而不同自交系的叶绿素含量以及子粒产量降低幅度差异明显,变幅分别在0~22%和0~50%;N胁迫条件下,穗位叶的叶绿素含量可作为衡量玉米自交系对N胁迫反应敏感与否的生理指标;A 40,Q 3和许178等自交系对N胁迫反应不敏感,是低N条件下N素高效利用自交系,而凤可1,沈99-718,Q 2和综3等自交系对N胁迫反应敏感;在低N胁迫条件下,不同自交系的株高和穗位高的变化增减不一,缺乏规律性.