Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption,Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with five tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18% and 12.16, 14.75% higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88% for the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No significant difference was found between the WUE of the flag leaf at the later filling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the flag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield (9573.76 and 9507.49 kg ha⁻¹ for 3-yr average) with no significant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efficient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.     

Effects of water application uniformity using a center pivot on winter wheat yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain(NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers(the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS; the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85 A impact sprinkler as the end gun(the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85 A along the radial direction of the pivot(CU_H) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot(CU_C) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant(P0.05); however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower(P0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation(CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CU_H of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.     

深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响,筛选砂姜黑土区适宜的土壤耕作制度,为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层提供依据。【方法】试验设置5个冬小麦-夏玉米周年耕作处理,分别为秋季旋耕+夏季免耕（ART+SNT,对照）、秋季深松+夏季免耕（ASS+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季免耕（ADMP+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季下位深松（ADMP+SSSS）和秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松（ADMP+SSSL）。研究深松（耕）方式对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤物理特性、根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】深松（耕）显著降低了土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值,促进了冬小麦和夏玉米根系生长,提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,且深耕的效应大于深松,在冬小麦季深松（耕）的影响大于夏玉米季。与秋季旋耕+夏季免耕相比,秋季深松（耕）土壤紧实度降低20.9%,土壤三相比R值降低12.9%,作物根系干重密度增加29.8%,冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产分别增加22.0%、8.8%和15.2%,冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率分别增加18.2%、7.9%和14.0%,经济效益增加19.8%。秋季深耕+夏季深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果优于单一秋季深松（耕）,其作物根系生长、产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。与单一秋季深松（耕）相比,秋季深耕+夏季深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值降低5.6%和15.0%,作物增产4.4%,水分利用效率和经济效益增加4.0%和3.3%。5个处理中,以秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果最好,作物根系生长量、产量和水分利用效率最高。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别降低28.4%和26.6%,夏玉米根长、根系表面积、根系体积和根系干重密度分别增加67.0%、45.3%、23.1%和49.5%。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松冬小麦、夏玉米和周年作物产量比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加5.5%、3.4%和4.4%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加27.8%、11.6%和19.4%;冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加3.7%、3.5%和4.1%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加20.9%、10.7%和18.1%;经济效益比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕增加24.4%。【结论】秋季深耕+夏季深松的作物产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。在5个不同的深松（耕）方式处理中,秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松的产量和水分利用效率最高,是砂姜黑土区适宜的深松（耕）方式。     

土壤深松和补灌对小麦干物质生产及水分利用率的影响

研究一次深松耕作后土壤水分对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据.于2008-2009和2009-2010两个小麦生长季,选用高产小麦品种济麦22,采取测墒补灌的方法,研究了深松+旋耕和旋耕2种耕作方式下土壤水分对小麦0-200 cm土层土壤含水量、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,(1)深松+旋耕40-180 cm土层土壤含水量低于旋耕处理;旗叶光合速率和水分利用率,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于旋耕处理.(2)W3(补灌至0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量播种期为85％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)成熟期0-200cm土层土壤含水量与W1(播种期80％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)和W2处理(播种期80％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)无显著差异;W3和W''3(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)60-140 cm土层土壤含水量分别低于W4(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)和W''4(播种期90％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)处理;W3和W''3灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率较高,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于其他处理,获得高的籽粒产量和水分利用率.综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用率和灌溉效益,在深松+旋耕条件下,两年度分别以W3和W''3为节水高产的最佳处理.     

Improved soil characteristics in the deeper plough layer can increase grain yield of winter wheat

In the North China Plain(NCP), soil deterioration threatens winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although rotary tillage or plowing tillage are two methods commonly used in this region, research characterizing the effects of mixed tillage on soil characteristics and wheat yield has been limited. A fixed-site field trial was carried out during 2011–2016 to examine the impacts of three tillage practices(5-year rotary tillage with maize straw removal(RT); 5-year rotary tillage with maize straw return(RS); and annual RS and with a deep plowing interval of 2 years(RS/DS)) on soil characteristics and root distribution in the plough layer. Straw return significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and SOC content, macro-aggregate proportion(R_(0.25)) and its stability in the plough layer. The RS/DS treatment significantly increased the SOC content, total nitrogen(TN), and root length density(RLD) in the 10–40 cm layer, and enhanced the proportion of RLD in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers. In the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers, an increase in SOC and TN could lead to higher grain production than commensurate increases in the surface layer, resulting in a sustainable increase in grain yield from the RS/DS treatment. Thus, the RS/DS treatment could lead to high productivity of winter wheat by improving soil characteristics and root distribution at the deeper plough layer in the NCP.     

塿土旱作区施肥对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

研究了黄土高原南部塿土旱作区施肥对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结量表明,合理增施肥料能显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,最高施肥量分别提高了1611kg/hm~2和0.235kg/mm水分。施肥量增加使小麦叶片水势有所降低,0～200cm土层贮水量呈发育前期升高而后期下降的趋势,改善了小麦植株自身调节和保持水分的能力,提高了产量和水分利用效率。     

Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.     

渭北旱塬麦田保护性轮耕方式的产量和土壤水分效应长周期模拟研究

【目的】渭北旱塬是中国北方典型雨养旱作农区,干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素,降水偏少且季节分布不均,制约着旱地冬小麦生长及发育,导致其产量低而不稳。研究旨在探索长周期下渭北旱塬连作冬小麦区在不同轮耕措施下麦田的土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产效应。【方法】在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980-2009年渭北旱塬连作麦田连续翻耕、免耕/深松轮耕、翻耕/深松轮耕、免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕不同保护性轮耕方式下冬小麦产量和土壤水分效应。【结果】在30年模拟研究期间,随着降水量的逐年趋势性减少,不同轮耕方式下渭北旱塬冬小麦产量、年度耗水量以及水分利用效率均呈现波动性下降趋势;免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理产量较连续翻耕处理分别高14.4%、12.2%、2.4%和3.2%,以免耕/深松轮耕处理产量最高,30年平均值为3.53 t×hm^-2;免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率较连续翻耕处理分别高6.36%、6.13%、6.40%和6.41%,以免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率最好,30年平均值为8.68 kg×hm^-2×mm^-1;与连续翻耕处理相比,干旱年型免耕/深松、翻耕/深松、免耕/免耕/深松耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理耗水量明显增加,平水年型和丰水年型各耕作处理间耗水量差异不显著,以免耕/深松轮耕处理麦田耗水量高于其他轮耕方式。冬小麦田0-3 m土层土壤有效含水量呈现季节性波动降低趋势;与连续翻耕处理相比,免耕/深松轮耕、翻耕/深松轮耕、免耕/免耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理麦田土壤有效含水量分别高28.7%、27.2%、26.8%和26.7%;免耕/深松轮耕处理蓄水保墒效果最好,0-3 m土层土壤有效含水量平均为107.1 mm,翻耕/深松轮耕和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕次之,连续翻耕最差。麦田0-1 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水而上下波动性变化,在降水较多或者较为干旱的年份1-1.5 m土层土壤湿度也会发生变化,1.5-3 m土层土壤湿度较为稳定,不同轮耕处理间差异不大;免耕/深松轮耕土层土壤湿度较其他耕作处理稍高。【结论】与连续翻耕处理相比,翻耕/深松产量和土壤蓄水保墒效果较好,但水分利用效率稍低。免耕/免耕/深松和免耕/翻耕/深松轮耕处理水分利用效率和土壤蓄水保墒效果较好,但产量较低。综合考虑麦田产量和水分利用效率以及土壤蓄水保墒效果,在长期连作冬小麦田,免耕/深松轮耕处理为渭北旱塬麦田最适宜保护性轮耕模式。     

耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】黄淮海地区是中国粮食主产区之一,但农业生产中旱涝频繁发生,同时还存在土壤紧实、耕层变浅和土壤蓄水保墒能力低等问题,严重影响了该区的粮食生产。耕作方式和秸秆还田作为农业生产中两项重要的技术措施,对改善土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水能力和水分利用效率有显著作用。本文旨在探索耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响,为优化黄淮海地区的土壤耕作方式提供依据。【方法】采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法,设置常规耕作＋秸秆还田、常规耕作＋无秸秆还田、深耕＋秸秆还田、深耕＋无秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田、深松＋无秸秆还田6个处理,研究耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田耗水量、耗水模系数、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,分析不同耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、秸秆还田对土壤容重、农田耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均存在显著或极显著影响。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松主要降低了20-40 cm土层的土壤容重,增加了冬小麦、夏玉米和周年总农田耗水量,提高了0-100 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量,同时降低了休闲期无效农田耗水量。此外,深耕和深松还降低了夏玉米的株间蒸发量,但深耕显著增加了冬小麦的株间蒸发量,深松则相反。秸秆还田也可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤贮水消耗量,增加冬小麦农田耗水量,降低夏玉米和休闲期农田耗水量,增加冬小麦的株间蒸发量,降低夏玉米的株间蒸发量。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松处理的周年作物产量分别提高了10.7%和9.8%,周年水分利用效率分别提高了8.8%和6.3%。秸秆还田处理的周年作物产量和水分利用效率分别比秸秆不还田处理提高了6.3%和7.6%。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米的耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作＋无秸秆还田处理相比,深耕＋秸秆还田和深松＋秸秆还田处理的周年农田耗水量分别提高3.3%和2.4%,冬小麦-夏玉米的农田耗水量分别提高了4.2%和3.3%,休闲期的农田耗水量分别降低了7.0%和9.9%,周年作物产量分别提高了18.0%和19.3%,水分利用效率分别提高了15.9%和15.1%。【结论】在几种耕作模式中,深耕＋秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田的周年作物产量和水分利用效率最高,且二者无显著性差异,表明深耕或深松结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量和水分利用效率的提高。因此,在本试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上深松或深耕是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。     

基于AquaCrop模型的北京地区冬小麦水分利用效率

【目的】作物水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)是农业水分管理与决策的重要指标。北京是严重缺水的城市,其主要种植作物冬小麦灌溉用水占比高,开展冬小麦产量水分利用效率的分析研究,可为北京地区的冬小麦节水灌溉与增产平衡提供决策信息支持。【方法】利用2011—2012、2012—2013和2013—2014年国家精准农业示范研究基地冬小麦不同生育期不同灌溉处理下的田间实测数据,对AquaCrop作物模型进行参数本地化。统计北京地区2004—2014年冬小麦生育期的日降雨量数据,利用Pearson-Ⅲ型分布划分了3种降雨年型:湿润年(2012—2013年生育期)、平水年(2009—2010年生育期)和干旱年(2005—2006年生育期)。应用AquaCrop研究分析了3种不同降雨年型、14种灌溉情景下冬小麦籽粒产量水平和产量水分利用效率特征变化。【结果】基于AquaCrop模型的产量模拟值和实测值的R 2、RMSE和d分别为0.99、0.3 t·hm~(-2)、0.99。模型模拟的冬小麦产量水分利用效率:2011—2012年正常灌溉条件下为1.72 kg·m~(-3),2012—2013年正常灌溉条件下为1.67 kg·m~(-3),2013—2014年雨养、正常灌溉和过量灌溉条件下分别为1.27、1.74和1.64 kg·m~(-3),正常灌溉条件下产量水分利用效率最高,其次是过量灌溉,雨养条件下产量水分利用效率最低。在此基础上应用AquaCrop模型模拟分析了3种不同降雨年型冬小麦籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率随灌溉量变化的响应特征,其中,湿润年产量水分利用效率和籽粒产量达到最大值时所需的灌溉量分别为35和50 mm;平水年达到最大值所需的灌溉量分别为35和40 mm;干旱年达到最大值所需的灌溉量均为65 mm。【结论】AquaCrop模型可以很好预测北京地区不同年份不同灌溉条件下冬小麦的籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率。冬小麦产量与产量水分利用效率均随着灌溉量的增加逐渐增大,至最大值后开始减小,在干旱的情况下,植物通过自身适应策略会提高水分利用效率,随着水分的增加,水分利用率将降低,因此3种不同年型的产量水分利用效率的大小顺序依次为干旱年、平水年和湿润年。因此,在制定冬小麦灌溉策略时,要做到产量和产量水分利用效率兼顾。以上研究结果表明,利用Aqua Crop模型可以为北京地区冬小麦田间灌溉和决策提供指导。关于降雨年型本研究仅对湿润年、平水年和干旱年3种年型在越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期不同灌溉量和籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率之间的关系进行模拟,对于不同时期不同灌溉量对籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率的影响没有考虑,需要进一步研究验证。     

滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响

【目的】为解决黄淮海平原麦区冬小麦滴灌用水量和合理的水肥配合等问题,以山东省桓台县免耕农田为试验点,系统研究了滴灌施肥对土壤水分垂直运移、冬小麦产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率等的影响。【方法】采用测墒补灌和生育期滴灌施肥相结合的方法,以常规漫灌施肥处理为对照。设置65 mm（W1）、98 mm（W2）、130 mm（W3）、195 mm（W4）和260 mm（W5）5个滴灌梯度水平处理。在130 mm滴灌水平下,分别于冬小麦的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期5个生育时期设置相应的氮磷钾肥料配比,采用氮磷钾3个因素,每个因素4个水平的二次饱和D-最优设计方法进行田间试验。氮、磷、钾4个水平分别为：0水平（0、0、0）,1水平（94.5、42.4、59.2 kg•hm-2）,2水平（189、84.7、118.3 kg•hm-2）和3水平（270、121、169 kg•hm-2）。【结果】测墒补灌试验结果表明,W1、W3和W5处理滴灌后土壤水分主要向下运移至60、80和100 cm以下土层。滴灌量越大,土壤水分垂直运移深度越大。滴灌量260 mm时存在灌溉水深层渗漏的风险;W1处理在整个生育期土壤含水量明显低于其他滴灌处理,滴灌量130 mm以上的处理,整个生育期0-80 cm土层的含水量为田间持水量的75%-80%;滴灌施肥处理与常规漫灌施肥处理相比显著增加了冬小麦的有效穗数,不同滴灌处理中灌溉量与穗粒数呈正相关关系,与千粒重呈负相关关系;滴灌量130 mm时,小麦籽粒产量最高;滴灌显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率,并以W3处理最高,达2.28 kg•m-3;对滴灌施肥试验的拟合结果表明,试验区冬小麦最佳N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为206.63、86.72和88.07 kg•hm-2。【结论】在黄淮海平原地区免耕冬小麦采用测墒补灌和滴灌施肥相结合的方法可以显著提高水分利用效率和小麦籽粒产量,较常规对照分别提高了57.46%和21.13%。主要原因是滴灌后水分向下运移至作物根区内,减少了灌溉水深层渗漏的风险,促进了作物对随水施入肥料的吸收。合理的滴灌施肥配比下总体可节水51.85%,节约氮肥23.47%、磷肥28.33%和钾肥47.89%。     

耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及 籽粒产量的影响

【目的】 探讨耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响,明确适宜砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。【方法】 于2015—2017年连续2个冬小麦生长季,在豫东南砂姜土区设置旋耕（RT）、深松（SS）2种耕作方式为主处理和拔节期+开花期灌2次水（W2）、拔节期灌1次水（W1）、全生育期不灌水（W0）3种灌水为副处理的二因素裂区试验,深入研究耕作方式与灌水次数的主效应及其互作效应对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响。【结果】 耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土麦田耗水特性、水分利用效率及籽粒产量均具有明显的调控效应。SS较RT处理可显著增加土壤贮水消耗,有利于提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率,与RT相比,两年度SS处理的土壤平均贮水消耗量、降水、灌水利用效率分别提高13.69%、7.03%、6.51%;增加灌溉虽可明显增加冬小麦田间耗水量,但过多灌溉致使水分利用效率降低,两年度W2较W1、W0的水分利用效率平均值分别下降18.85%、16.69%。SS处理的籽粒产量显著高于RT处理,且以深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1的产量最高。相同耕作方式下,随灌水次数的增加,千粒重呈降低趋势,成穗数呈增加趋势;两年度穗粒数变化总体随灌水次数的增加呈先升后降的变化规律。耕作方式主要通过调控千粒重影响产量,灌水次数则主要通过调控穗粒数和千粒重而影响产量,但灌水过多会抑制穗粒数和千粒重的提高。【结论】 综合考虑耕作方式与灌水次数对冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的调控效应,深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1可作为适宜豫东南砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。     

冬小麦水氮有效利用的研究

本文针对作物高产、高效和节约水肥资源的目的，研究了不同土壤水和氧水平下的小麦冠、根生长状况、籽粒产量、蒸散、N素吸收状况以及水分利用效率（WUE）和小麦氮索利用效率（NUEw）。结果表明，当相对含水量为75％～85％，施N量较高情况下，可以使小麦冠、根发育良好，使蒸散与吸N量提高，从而增加籽粒产量，提高WUE，并使NUEw达适中水平。文中也强调了单纯追求籽粒高产（高产，低效）或高效（低产高效）的不可取性。     

半干旱区减氮增钾、有机肥替代对全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯水肥利用和生物量积累的调控

【目的】减氮增钾和有机肥替代是提高中国作物生产中资源利用效率、改善农田生态环境、提升农产品质量和降低作物生产病害风险的有效途径。研究明确半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯减氮追施、有机肥替代和增施钾肥对马铃薯干物质积累和水分利用的影响,为该区域实施水肥高效管理提供依据。【方法】在4年大田定位试验基础上,通过测定全膜覆盖垄沟种植条件下传统施肥(PM)、减氮25%并花期追施和增施钾肥(PMN)和减氮50%与有机肥替代并花期追施(PMO)的土壤贮水量、马铃薯的生物量和产量等指标,计算不同施肥模式的耗水量、生长速率、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力,以明确不同养分管理模式对马铃薯耗水过程的调控及其对干物质积累和水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】2011—2014年PMN花前耗水量较PM分别降低了17.4、28.7、26.8和34.2 mm,花后耗水量增加了31.1、34.7、36.7和49.2 mm;PMO没有显著降低马铃薯花前耗水,而花后耗水量分别增加了17.8、24.3、11.2和10.3 mm。与PM相比,PMN在盛花期后显著提高马铃薯地上地下生物量和生长速率,使马铃薯产量在2012—2014年平均增加2 595.1 kg·hm-2,并使水分利用效率(WUE)在2013—2014年分别增加了14.4%和6.3%,达到显著差异;PMO显著提高马铃薯各生育期的地上地下生物量和生长速率,4年平均马铃薯块茎产量增加了2 945 kg·hm-2,而且WUE在2012—2014年显著高于PM。PMN和PMO较PM均能显著提高马铃薯肥料偏生产力、化肥偏生产力、氮素偏生产力和化肥氮素偏生产力,表明PMN和PMO能协同提高作物的养分和水分利用效率,实现以肥调水和以水促肥的目标。2011年为严重干旱年份,虽然PMN和PMO能调节马铃薯花前花后耗水,提高地上地下生物量和生长速率,显著提高养分偏生产力,但产量和水分利用效率无显著提高。【结论】PMN和PMO均能显著调节马铃薯花前花后耗水量,增加生物量和提高生长速率,使得马铃薯块茎产量、水分利用效率和养分利用效率增加。与PMN相比,PMO对马铃薯产量、WUE和养分偏生产力的增加幅度更大,是资源更加高效和作物增产的养分管理模式。     

不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响

【目的】研究黄土高原雨养条件下,不同地膜覆盖方式对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和休闲期土壤水分补给的影响,为促进增产和提高水分利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2008-2009和2009-2010年小麦生长季,设置全膜覆土穴播（A）、全膜覆盖穴播（B）、垄膜沟播（C）和露地条播（CK）4种不同栽培模式,测量不同处理的土壤贮水量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率。【结果】全膜穴播可使冬小麦增产64.4%-79.1%,水分利用效率提高22.1%-24.0%,达到11.9-16.6 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;全膜覆土穴播可增产43.4%-44.4%,水分利用效率提高8.8%-14.6%,达到11.0-14.8 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;垄膜沟播可增产37.0%-39.3%,水分利用效率提高4.2%-4.4%,达到10.0-14.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。主要原因是,地膜覆盖可增加冬小麦拔节前0-200 cm土层贮水量,提高拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进生育期对土壤贮水的利用,同时干旱年份可促进冬小麦利用深层土壤水分,最终提高冬小麦成熟期的生物量和籽粒产量;虽然生育期耗水增加,但水分利用效率也提高。冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.96*）。覆膜的高产建立在高耗水基础上,但通过休闲期水分补充,地膜茬0-200 cm土层水分在冬小麦秋播前可恢复到露地水平。覆膜处理间的耗水差异远小于覆膜与露地间的差异。综合考虑产量、经济效益和田间操作难易程度,全膜覆土穴播一次覆膜可多茬使用,节省地膜成本,田间操作简单,经济效益高,是本试验条件下的最优栽培方式。【结论】全膜覆土穴播是西北黄土高原旱地小麦兼顾高产高效的栽培模式。     

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.     

优化氮肥配置提高冬小麦-夏玉米贮墒旱作栽培水氮利用效率

为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术,基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水,生育期内不灌水),在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验.试验设置4种施氮处理,分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1);冬小麦1...     

黄土塬区冬小麦产量及水分利用效率对播前底墒变化与生育期差别供水的响应

【目的】通过黄土塬区播前底墒变化和生育期差别供水(降水+补充灌溉)对冬小麦产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率影响的田间试验,揭示该区域农田有限水资源高效利用的调控机制,明确现有措施下冬小麦旱作生产潜力可实现水平。【方法】划设田间试验小区,在夏闲期通过覆盖保水与生物耗水措施形成底墒差异的基础上,设计如下试验:(1)由不同底墒+生育期降水形成4个冬小麦全生育期无补灌处理,以分析冬小麦产量及水分利用效率对播前底墒变化的响应。其2 m土层底墒变化范围为350—550 mm。(2)相同底墒下不同生育期灌一水处理:在平均底墒约为500 mm下分别在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期补充灌溉40 mm,探讨冬小麦不同生育期对等量灌溉的响应差别。(3)高底墒542.3 mm与571.6 mm下分别进行灌2水与4水处理,形成冬小麦全生育期比较充分的供水条件,研究冬小麦在低水分胁迫下产量提升的可能程度及其水分利用效率特征。【结果】(1)在黄土塬区降水季节分布特征下,播前底墒对冬小麦产量具有决定性作用,产量随底墒线性增加。在做好夏闲期蓄水保墒的基础上,旱作冬小麦产量可达到充分供水情况下能够取得产量的88%—90%水平。(2)与2 m土层底墒为500 mm且生育期无补充灌溉的处理比较,供水增加同为40 mm时,表现为底墒增加处理的产量提高了11.8%,次之是在拔节期与孕穗期分别补灌的处理,但三者间产量无显著差异;播前底墒较高并在拔节期及孕穗期补充灌溉的处理冬小麦产量达到试验年份较高水平,且作物水分利用效率(WUE)也得到提高。(3)冬小麦产量与耗水量表现为Logistic曲线关系,随着耗水量的增大,产量提升速率表现为先快后慢,边际水分利用效率(MWUE)则持续降低,而WUE表现为上升、达到峰值和下降三个阶段,且WUE到达其最高值的耗水量小于产量到达其最高值的耗水量。【结论】黄土塬区气候条件下,播前底墒差别与生育期差别供水对冬小麦产量均有影响,由底墒或不同生育时期分别增加等量供水在总供水水平相同时其增产效应基本一致;采用Logistic曲线模型可以较好地模拟冬小麦产量与耗水量之间的关系,揭示产量、耗水量及WUE间的内在联系。     

Effects of Phosphorus Application in Different Soil Layers on Root Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat Grown Under Semi-Arid Conditions

Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops’ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars: one drought-sensitive (Xiaoyan 22, XY22) and one drought-tolerant (Changhan 58, CH58). The four P treatments were no P (control, CK), surface P (SP), deep P (DP), and deep-band P application (DBP). CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments (DP and DBP) than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight (RW) and root length (RL) in deep soil layer (30-100 cm) were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58 (but not XY22), highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars (r=0.94, P<0.001). In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.     

Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha^–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha^–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha^–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.