Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.     

农户参与合同农业的影响因素分析—以山东青州和胶州地区大白菜产业为例

采用对山东胶州和青州2个地区农户的调研数据,对影响白菜种植户参与合同农业行为的因素进行了统计和计量经济分析。结果表明,政府对合同农业的支持和宣传、农户的家庭固定资产量、农业收入占家庭总收入的比重对农户参与合同农业有呈正相关作用;随着市场价格的上涨,农户参与合同农业的可能性将减小;风险厌恶的农户不愿意签约;有保底价的合同形式更受农户欢迎。青州和胶州这2个地区变量对农户是否参与订单农业也有显著影响。     

劳动力老龄化会使农户顺利流转农地吗?

从老年农户流出农地的现象入手,基于理论推导,使用“中国农村发展调查”数据,采用面板固定效应回归和倾向得分匹配等计量方法,分析农业劳动力老龄化对农地流转的影响。结果表明:(1)缓解了样本缺失问题后,老龄化对农地流转的估计系数得到增强。(2)对于拥有足额养老金、家庭劳均农业收入较少(低于村平均水平)或家庭农业收入占比较低(<0.25)的农户家庭,其在老龄化影响下流出的农地面积更大。(3)如果村庄被新型农村合作医疗保险政策覆盖或拥有养老院,老年农户流出的农地面积趋于增加。(4)如果村庄提供灌溉设施、机械化耕地服务等改善效率的公共品,家庭劳均农业收入较少或家庭农业收入占比较低的家庭将进一步流出农地。据此,提出加大对农村地区老年人的社会保障力度、积极投资改善农业生产效率的公共品的对策建议。     

Effects of Human Trafficking on Household Farm Labor Availability Among Arable Farming Households in Delta State,Nigeria

Trafficking in persons,especially women and girls has been on for long and is still going on.Persons in the female group constitute the mostly trafficked humans.This study was conducted to determine the effects of human trafficking on household farm labor needs available among farming households.Arable farming households involved in human trafficking were identified and purposively selected for this study with the aid of key informants in purposively selected communities.This led to the selection of 60 arable farming household heads in Delta North Agricultural zone,65 farming household heads in Delta Central Agricultural Zone,and 36 arable farming household heads in Delta south agricultural zone to give a total of 151 respondents.Data for the study were collected with the utilization of questionnaire and interview schedule.The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis with the application of frequency counts,percentages and means derived from 4-point likert-type scale.The hypothesis was tested using Tobit regression analysis.Human trafficking was found to be age and sex selective and the causes of human trafficking included both push and pull factors,such as high income in destination countries poverty,low risk profit,nature of trafficking in persons,ease in control and manipulation of vulnerable women and girls,low risk involved in working in destination countries,lacking of legitimate and fulfilling employment,sex selective migration policies,less access to information and peer pressure.Shortage of household farm labor was experienced by farming households in clearing and brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage.Human trafficking was found to affect household labor availability in clearing/brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage of farm produce.It is recommended that poverty alleviation programs should be specially organized for poor women,government and NGOs and international agencies should develop strategies to mitigate human trafficking.The government needs to collaborate with community based organizations and law enforcement agencies to create anti-trafficking committee in farming communities.Community education should be created for the farming communities to emphasize anti-human trafficking with the use of change agents;extension agents should integrate anti-trafficking messages in their interaction with farmers.     

农户风险规避行为对农业生产经营决策影响的实证分析

农户在追求收入最大化的同时,还要避免收入风险的冲击。本文采用Logistic回归方法,对四川省1 063户农户的问卷调查数据进行了计量分析,检验了在收入风险冲击下,农户可选的风险应对机制及这些机制对农户生产经营的影响。结果表明:在正规收入风险应对机制缺失的背景下,农户会选择一些非正规的机制应对风险。由于事后的风险处理机制受到限制,农户不得不在很大程度上依靠事前机制来处理收入风险。目前,生产经营中的保守行为是农民规避风险的主要方式,但这种事前机制将同时在效率和公平方面带来负面影响。     

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.     

“公司+基地+农户”生产经营模式分析

“公司+基地+农户”的生产经营模式是以技术先进、资金雄厚的农业公司为龙头,利用基地的作用把分散的农户集中起来,最终以合约的形式把农户和公司结合在一起.“公司+基地+农户”生产经营模式使农户实现了订单农业生产,一方面改变了农户长期以来靠天吃饭的生产方式,极大地降低了农户生产的风险,使农户的收入得到了保障;同时使原来分散的...     

Farmers＇ Character and Behavior of Fertilizer Application - Evidence from a Survey of Xinxiang County, Henan Province, China

Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while decisions about applying chemicals are made by individual farmers. The critical decision-making role of farmers relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need for accurate information on their perceptions of various chemical-related hazards and the factors that may influence such judgments. Based on data collected from 177 land operators at Xinxiang County in Henan Province of China, an empirical analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between farmers＇ character and the behavior of fertilizer application. Study findings reveal that： the characteristics of household head and household, and the nature of farming management positively affect the amount of fertilizers applied; information on fertilizers and the knowledge about environmental impact of fertilizer application have negative impacts by contrast. To formulate effective pollution control policies at the farm level, it is imperative for policy-makers to convey information to producers by demonstration projects, technical assistance, and education programs. Under a changed political environment, some combination of education and economic incentives could be lower cost and more effective tools for achieving desired environmental conservative goals.     

Do cooperatives participation and technology adoption improve farmers’ welfare in China? A joint analysis accounting for selection bias

This study examines the impact of farmers' cooperatives participation and technology adoption on their economic welfare in China. A double selectivity model(DSM) is applied to correct for sample selection bias stemming from both observed and unobserved factors, and a propensity score matching(PSM) method is applied to calculate the agricultural income difference with counter factual analysis using survey data from 396 farmers in 15 provinces in China. The findings indicate that farmers who join farmer cooperatives and adopt agricultural technology can increase agricultural income by 2.77 and 2.35%, respectively, compared with those non-participants and non-adopters. Interestingly, the effect on agricultural income is found to be more significant for the low-income farmers than the high-income ones, with income increasing 5.45 and 4.51% when participating in farmer cooperatives and adopting agricultural technology, respectively. Our findings highlight the positive role of farmer cooperatives and agricultural technology in promoting farmers' economic welfare. Based on the findings, government policy implications are also discussed.     

山区农民林业收益分析及增收对策的案例研究

以浙江省建德市为案例,在分析林业发展过程的基础上,采用聚类分析的方法,对农户林业与收入进行了定量分析,并从农户收入类型、农户林业经营项目收益类型、农户所在区域差异等3个层面对聚类结果进行了深入剖析,将当地农户林业收入类型分为收入高型、收入中高型、收入中等型、收入偏低型以及收入低下型等5种类型。指出当地林业发展存在着林地经营面积分散、融资渠道窄、种植技术缺乏、劳动力外流和销售渠道不完善等主要问题。对促进当地林业发展,增加农民收入的对策进行了探讨,认为以政府制定优惠政策,加大林业资金投入和技术推广力度,完善销售网络为基础,鼓励个人承包山林,经营林业项目,发展经济高效林为主要手段是促进山区农民增收的必然途径。图1表1参12     

基于VAR模型下农业产业结构调整对农民增收的影响

以1983-2007年<江西统计年鉴>的农业总产值和农民纯收入为统计分析数据,运用计量经济的向量自回归(VAR)方法,从种植业、林业、牧业、渔业等几方面分析了宜春市农业各产业产值间对农民纯收入的影响.结果表明:宜春市农业总产值不是形成农民收入增长的关键因素.从长期来看,牧业产值对农民纯收入的影响因素最大,为32.36%;其次是渔业产值,为31.65%;第三是种植业产值为20.54%.另外,林业产值对农民纯收入的影响为9.67%.即牧业的发展对农民增收的贡献最大,其次是渔业、种植业.说明,牧业是宜春市未来农业产业结构调整的重点.     

Efficiency and productivity analysis of vegetable farming within root and tuber-based systems in the humid tropics of Cameroon

The study analyzes the technical efficiency of vegetable farmers in root and tuber-based farming systems within selected sites of the humid tropics of Cameroon. Multistage sampling was used to collect primary data from a cross-section of vegetable farmers drawn from eight selected sites in Santa sub division, Northwest region of Cameroon. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable farmer and to examine its determinants. The results showed that farmyard manure was the most productive factor input, followed by farm equipment and labor. The mean technical efficiency level was 67%, revealing production shortfalls and indicating possibilities of significantly increasing production with the current input levels. Female, as well as more educated farmers were found to be significantly more efficient than their counterparts. The results also showed that farmers become less technical efficient as farm sizes become larger. Our study findings suggest that smallholder farmers' access to manure, farm implements, and increased women participation in vegetable farming, will produce huge payoffs in vegetable production efficiency in Cameroon.     

Adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies and its impact on land productivity: Evidence from Rwanda

In an attempt to identify solutions to the effects of erratic rainfall patterns and droughts that limit agricultural production growth, the Rwandan government has recently increased investments in irrigation development. In this study, we analyze the adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies (SSITs) and its impact on land productivity using cross-sectional data from a sample of 360 farmers in Rwanda. The study uses the propensity score matching technique to address potential self-selection bias. Our results reveal that adoption decisions are significantly influenced by factors such as education, farm size, group membership, gender, extension services, access to credit, access to weather forecast information, risk perceptions, access to a reliable source of water for irrigation, awareness of rainwater harvesting techniques, and awareness of subsidy programs. In addition, the results show that the adoption of SSITs has a significantly positive impact on land productivity. The study concludes with policy implications that highlight the need to promote the adoption of SSITs among farmers as a strategy to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Rwanda.     

农机跨区作业与农业机械化*

 跨区作业既提高了农机利用率，增加了农民收入，又提高了农业劳动生产率，解决了家庭承包经营与机械化作业之间的矛盾，是现阶段农机服务产业化、社会化的有效途径之一。分析了跨区作业实践过程中出现的问题，就如何进一步搞好跨区作业，使之能够健康、稳步和持续发展提出了发展思路和具体措施。     

浅议北京远郊山区农民增收的有效途径

农民增收是"三农"工作的中心,北京远郊山区由于独特的自然环境和城市功能定位,农民收入增长相对缓慢,主要有六个方面的影响因素:农村从业人员以从事第一产业为主;城镇化速度慢,农村劳动力素质较低;农业组织化程度低,产业化水平不高;农业科技人才不足;市场建设不完善,商品流通不畅和政府补贴机制有待进一步创新。并提出了相应的对策建议。     

粮食主产区农户采用农业新技术及其影响因素的实证分析 ——以吉林省榆树县为例

 【目的】为粮食主产区农业新技术的普及提供参考,促进粮食生产能力的提升。【方法】采用参与性农户评估方法（PRA）对东北粮食主产区榆树县245户农户进行了分层随机抽样调查,从农业新技术的接受途径,农户主要的技术需求以及影响农户接受新技术的因素等方面进行分析。【结果】96.3%的被调查农户主要收入来源于种植业;38.4%的农户获取农业新技术主要来源是农业技术推广,64.9%的农户通过向邻居学习来获得农业技术信息;48.2%和51.4%的农户需求新型肥料和新型农机等农业新技术;90.2%的农户认为栽培粗放制约了玉米产量的提高;89.4%的农户对农技推广是很欢迎的,但有近50%的农户得不到推广服务。【结论】粮食主产区农业技术进步需要重点选育抗逆性强的高产品种,研究新型长效肥技术,研制适合单个农户的农业机械以及开发与品种配套的栽培管理模式。农业新技术的推广应注重技术的增产和增收,加大公益性技术推广服务和典型农户的示范带动。     

智能农业电话查询系统的研究

使用一台微机、语音板卡、电话和一套软件系统，将国际互联网信息、现代农业技术和农民紧密的联系，这就是智能语音电话。农民坐在家里，拿起电话，就可查询当天的全国农副产品行情、当前的农作物管理要点等，而不用农民直接上网，既节省开支又使信息为广大农民服务，实现农业增产、农民增收。     

论农业机械化发展的动力机制

农业经济发展水平关系到经营者对农机的购买力，使用农业机械的经济效益决定经营者是否购买或使用农机，是农业机械化发展的内在动力；政府对农业、农机、工业及农机科研与教育的扶持，是农业机械化发展的外在动力，中国农业机械化发展的各个阶段中、种种上动力因素起着不同的作用，政府作为外在动力主体，应采取促进农业机械化发展的政策。     

乡村旅游发展对农户增收的影响分析——基于中国CFPS数据的HLM分析

基于中国31个省份政府治理水平评价指标体系的宏观数据和CFPS农户家庭收入的微观数据，实证分析中国乡村旅游业发展对农户收入的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：乡村旅游的发展无助于农户收入的提高，大部分旅游业利润被农户以外的旅游企业和其他组织获取，而旅游业发展导致的生态成本却由当地农户承担；政府的有效治理有助于农户在乡村旅游发展中获得更多利润；乡村旅游发展需要改变农户生计模式，才能提高农民收入。因此，政府应积极提高治理水平，增强农户的旅游参与度，引导农户调整生计模式，提高工资性收入在农户收入中的比重，才能切实通过旅游发展助力农户收入提高。     

河北省不同收入水平农户收入状况分析

在介绍河北省农民收入现状的基础上,通过从农户家庭纯收入构成、农户平均受教育年限、农户资源占有状况和农户农业生产技术应用情况4个方面分析了影响农户收入差距扩大的因素,提出应鼓励中低收入户大力发展二、三产业,采取多方面的政策扶持中低收入户,提高中低收入户农民素质和完善农村的收入再分配政策,以缩小农户的收入差距。