秦岭2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对细菌群落多样性和组成的影响

研究秦岭山区2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对土壤细菌群落多样性和结构特征影响,为该区生态恢复及物质循环提供理论依据。以云杉林和红桦林土壤为对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术初步探讨了这2种林分不同季节土壤细菌多样性（Chao1指数和Shannon指数）和群落组成,并采用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法,探讨了土壤性质,包括pH、土壤温度、土壤含水量（SWC）、土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（EOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（DOC）对土壤细菌多样性和群落的影响。结果表明:1）2种林分土壤细菌Chao1指数和Shannon指数具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季最高,冬季最低,春季和秋季居中。2）2种林分土壤中酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门,酸杆菌门相对丰度在秋季最大,冬季最低,而拟杆菌门相对丰度则相反,在冬季达到最大值,秋季最低。3）相关分析表明,细菌多样性与温度负相关,与土壤pH、SWC、SOC、EOC、DOC和MBC含量正相关。4）RDA分析结果表明,SWC是影响真菌群落组成季节性变化的主要因素,其次是EOC和SOC含量。这些研究结果表明,秦岭林区土壤细菌群落多样性及群落组成的季节性变化是土壤养分及土壤环境因素（温度和含水量）共同作用的结果。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土细菌群落结构和数量的影响

 【目的】通过对土壤细菌数量和多样性的研究,揭示长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物生态的影响规律,为中国稻田土壤科学施肥、维护健康土壤微生物生态系统及农业可持续发展等方面提供重要理论和实践依据。【方法】采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析（T-RFLP）和实时定量（real-time）PCR方法,研究湖南省望城县施用化肥（NPK）和秸秆还田（NPKS）对水稻土细菌群落结构及其多样性和数量的影响。【结果】T-RFLP分析结果表明红壤性水稻土细菌的优势类群为变形菌（150 bp;相对丰度33%—37%）和放线菌（67 bp;相对丰度20%—25%）,施肥对土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性产生了显著影响。典范对应分析（CCA)表明不同处理间细菌群落结构差异显著,而土壤pH和有机碳是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要因子。多样性指数分析（香农指数和均匀度指数）显示秸秆还田处理的土壤细菌多样性最高,施肥处理（氮磷钾配施和秸秆还田）的土壤细菌多样性均高于不施肥处理。通过实时PCR技术定量了3种施肥处理的土壤细菌数量（4.34×1010—10.94×1010 个拷贝16S rDNA每克土）,与不施肥相比,施肥后土壤细菌数量增加了50%—100%。【结论】长期施肥对红壤性水稻土细菌群落结构及其多样性和数量均产生了深刻的影响,长期化肥和秸秆还田,土壤质量和土壤肥力提高,土壤细菌种群多样性和数量显著增加。     

紫泥田水稻土细菌群落对不同农艺调控措施的响应

为研究土壤细菌群落对不同农艺措施的响应,揭示土壤细菌群落结构与土壤环境因子的相互关系,以紫泥田水稻土为研究对象,设置石灰、商品有机肥、土壤调理剂3个处理,对土壤细菌16S rRNA基因测序,分析不同处理对细菌群落组成和多样性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,有机肥和调理剂处理提高了土壤细菌α多样性指数,而石灰处理降低了土壤细菌α多样性指数;石灰和有机肥处理的细菌α多样性显著高于调理剂处理。与对照相比,石灰、有机肥和调理剂处理酸杆菌门的相对丰度分别提高了64.77%、95.69%和67.52%,石灰处理变形菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度分别提高了10.40%和11.99%,而有机肥处理降低了9.17%和43.06%,调理剂处理降低了10.67%和31.07%。主成分分析结果表明,与对照相比,石灰和有机肥处理土壤细菌群落结构较为相似,但调理剂处理改变了土壤细菌群落结构。冗余分析结果表明,土壤pH和全钾是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要因子,阳离子交换量、全磷、有效态镉、全氮、微生物量碳和土壤有机碳影响较小。研究表明,不同农艺调控措施改变了紫泥田水稻土细菌的群落结构组成和多样性。     

Comparison of carbon sequestration efficiency in soil aggregates between upland and paddy soils in a red soil region of China

There is limited information on carbon sequestration efficiency(CSE) of soil aggregates in upland and paddy soils under long-term fertilization regimes. In a red soil region of southern China, an upland soil experiment started in 1986 and a paddy soil experiment commenced in 1981. These experiments were conducted using different fertilization treatments. After 30 years, soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stock of different aggregate components were analyzed. The results showed that the SOC contents and stocks in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil. In both upland and paddy soils, the SOC contents and stocks of all aggregate components in NPKM(combined treatment with chemical nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K) fertilizers and manure) were the highest among all treatments. Compared with CK(no fertilizer), SOC content of all aggregate components in NPKM was increased by 13.21–63.11% and 19.13–73.33% in upland and paddy soils, respectively. Meanwhile, the change rates in SOC stock of all aggregate components in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil, although the change rate of SOC stock of all aggregate components in NPKM was higher than in other treatments. Furthermore, a linear equation could fit the relationships between carbon(C) input and change rate of SOC stock(P0.05). Results indicated that the sum of CSE from all aggregate components in upland soil(16.02%) was higher than that of paddy soil(15.12%) in the same climatic condition and from the same parent material. However, the CSEs from all aggregates were higher than that of bulk soil, although the result from bulk soil also showed that the CSE of upland soil was higher than that of paddy soil.     

北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落结构特征

土壤细菌的群落结构特征能够准确反映当前土壤生态系统稳定性,为城市道路绿地的管理提供重要参考依据。以北京市五环内道路绿地为研究对象,选取34个样点进行土壤细菌高通量测序,探究北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌的群落组成、多样性和丰富度,并采用冗余分析(RDA)法分析土壤环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度存在显著差异,且由市中心向外呈递减趋势;门分类水平下优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4类菌门,占土壤细菌总比的78%左右;属分类水平下主要由RB41、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、H16等优势属组成;属分类水平下细菌的群落结构组成较门分类水平呈现出更为明显的分异;RDA分析结果共解释了50.26%的变异,土壤含水量、全N、有机质和有效P与土壤细菌群落结构组成存在显著相关性。总体来看,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤养分状况处于中等偏下水平,可通过改善道路绿地的管理措施提升土壤质量,进而优化土壤细菌群落结构,提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.     

荆江地区湿地与稻田有机碳、微生物多样性及土壤酶活性的比较

【目的】通过湖北荆江地区湿地与稻田土壤有机质、微生物多样性及土壤酶活性比较分析,研究在人为培育下水稻土有机碳与微生物特性之间的关系。【方法】在湖北荆江地区采集代表性河流湿地和稻田耕层（0-20 cm）土壤样本,用硫酸-重铬酸钾消煮法和氯仿熏蒸-硫酸钾提取法测定土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳,用稀释平板菌落计数法和PCR-DGGE研究微生物区系数量和群落结构多样性,并配合比色法测定土壤酶活性。【结果】湿地在长期种植水稻后,土壤有机碳含量提高了55.42%,全氮和碱解氮也大幅度升高。而且,微生物生物量碳提高了180%。尽管细菌、真菌、放线菌和自生固氮菌的丰度与细菌和真菌多样性均未发生分异,但是稻田土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性比湿地分别提高了89%、70%和72%。微生物生物量碳和归一化的酶活性均与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关关系。【结论】在人为定向培育下,荆江地区水稻土有机碳含量明显提高,微生物生物量碳与酶活性也显著增强,同时,土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性可以作为稻田土壤有机质功能变化的指示指标。     

饲料油菜作绿肥对后茬麦田土壤肥力及细菌群落的影响

【目的】探讨黄土高原旱地麦后复种饲料油菜还田对后茬麦田土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落的影响,为改善农田地力提供依据。【方法】设置饲料油菜播量（S1：小播量;S2：中播量;S3：大播量）和还田时期（D1：早期还田9月10日;D2：中期还田9月20日;D3：晚期还田9月30日）二因素试验,以常规农户复种夏玉米模式为对照,比较后茬麦田土壤养分及酶活性变化,并采用16S rRNA 基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和PICRUSt基因预测分析方法,比较后茬麦田耕层土壤细菌群落结构、多样性及代谢功能变化。【结果】与常规农户模式相比,饲料油菜还田可不同程度提升土壤养分及酶活性,其中有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性的提升范围最大,分别为11.73%—60.5% 和1.4%—94.5%;饲料油菜播量显著影响土壤养分和酶活性,还田时期显著影响土壤有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性,二者间互作效应显著影响碱性磷酸酶活性;播量、还田时期及其互作效应均显著影响细菌群落多样性;大播量晚期还田处理（S3D3）在所有指标中均表现最优。细菌群落组成方面,门水平上10个土壤样品共得到19个类群,其中优势菌群为变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和厚壁菌门;聚类结果显示,10个处理可聚为大播量、中播量、小播量和常规农户模式4类,表明不同播量油菜还田明显改变了土壤细菌群落构成。RDA分析表明,土壤养分、酶活性与细菌群落多样性密切相关。PICRUSt功能预测表明,土壤细菌群落具有丰富的代谢功能,其中编码新陈代谢的基因具有明显优势;二级预测功能分类中,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢是主要代谢功能路径。KEGG直系同源基因簇KO（KEGG orthologous groups）丰度热图结果表明,油菜还田增加了与土壤碳、氮代谢相关的细菌群落。【结论】合理复种饲料油菜并还田可提高后茬麦田土壤养分含量及酶活性,并有效改善细菌群落多样性,增加土壤有益菌群落数量。夏闲期引入饲料油菜作绿肥对提高黄土高原旱地麦田土壤肥力以及合理农作非常有利。     

Impact of Long-Term Fertilization on Community Structure of Ammonia Oxidizing and Denitrifying Bacteria Based on amoA and nirK Genes in a Rice Paddy from Tai Lake Region,China

Ammonia oxidizing （AOB） and denitrifying bacteria （DNB） play an important role in soil nitrogen transformation in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Effects of long-term fertilization on abundance and community composition of AOB and DNB were studied with targeting ammonia monooxygenase （amoA） and nitrite reductase （nirK） genes using polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） and real-time PCR, respectively. A field trial with different fertilization treatments in a rice paddy from Tai Lake region, centre East China was used in this study, including no fertilizer application （NF）, balanced chemical fertilizers （CF）, combined organic/inorganic fertilizer of balanced chemical fertilizers plus pig manure （CFM）, and plus rice straw return （CFS）. The abundances and riehnesses of amoA and nirK were increased in CF, CFM and CFS compared to NF. Principle component analysis of DGGE profiles showed significant difference in nirK and amoA genes composition between organic amended （CFS and CFM） and the non-organic amended （CF and NF） plots. Number of amoA copies was significantly positively correlated with normalized soil nutrient richness （NSNR） of soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （T-N）, and that of nirK copies was with NSNR of SOC, T-N plus total phosphorus. Moreover, nitrification potential showed a positive correlation with SOC content, while a significantly lower denitrification potential was found under CFM compared to under CFS. Therefore, SOC accumulation accompanied with soil nutrient richness under long-term balanced and organic/inorganic combined fertilization promoted abundance and diversity of AOB and DNB in the rice paddy.     

秸秆还田与施肥对稻田土壤微生物生物量及固氮菌群落结构的影响

利用氯仿熏蒸法和变性梯度凝胶电泳法(PCR-DGGE)研究了秸秆覆盖还田与施肥对灰棕冲积水稻土0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和固氮菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:土壤微生物量碳、氮和固氮菌多样性从0-10cm土层到10-20cm土层均呈现降低趋势。无秸秆覆盖处理(对照组)的土壤微生物生物量碳(SMB-C)和微生物生物量氮(SMB-N)量最小。在秸秆覆盖还田处理中,低氮和无钾处理的SMB-C和SMB-N都显著低于全量氮磷钾肥处理。虽然无磷处理的SMB-N低于全量氮磷钾处理, 但差异不显著。说明秸秆覆盖还田配施充足氮磷钾肥能显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮。由DGGE图谱多样性指数分析得知,配施充足氮磷钾肥的处理土壤的固氮菌多样性最丰富。UPGMA聚类分析显示,10种不同处理的聚类图也不同,对照(无秸秆)处理0-10cm和10-20cm的微生物不同于其它处理单独聚在了一个群里。DGGE条带测序得知,14个条带的近缘种大部分为非培养细菌nifH基因片段,主要优势菌群其归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)。应用PCR-DGGE技术可以解释灰棕冲积水稻土秸秆覆盖不同肥料用量固氮菌分子群落结构特点。     

添加玉米秸秆和根茬对不同肥力黑土微生物残体碳氮的影响

【目的】作物秸秆和根茬是农田土壤有机质的重要来源之一,经微生物作用以微生物残体形式累积在土壤中,是稳定土壤有机质的重要组成部分。明确不同肥力土壤作物秸秆和根茬还田后微生物残体在土壤中的累积及其对土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）的贡献,以期为增加土壤碳氮的库容和稳定性提供依据。【方法】基于黑土长期定位试验站不同肥力水平土壤,利用¹³C¹⁵N双标记方法和氨基糖生物标识物技术,土壤中分别添加玉米秸秆和根茬后进行室内培养,在培养第30天和第180天采样,分析土壤中外源碳（秸秆碳和根茬碳）的残留率、外源氮（秸秆氮和根茬氮）的残留率、微生物残体碳氮的含量及其对土壤有机碳（SOC）和土壤全氮（TN）的贡献率。【结果】培养第180天,秸秆碳和根茬碳在土壤中的平均残留率分别为36.3%和31.7%,秸秆氮和根茬氮的残留率平均分别为95.8%和79.3%。添加秸秆和根茬处理SOC中外源碳含量与TN中外源氮含量的比值（¹³C-SOC/¹⁵N-TN）在培养第180天平均分别为17.6和28.5,与培养第30天相比平均分别下降了47.9%和28.2%。培养期间,高肥土壤真菌残体碳氮含量是低肥土壤的1.17倍左右,细菌残体碳氮含量是低肥土壤的1.31倍。第180天,添加秸秆处理土壤微生物残体（真菌和细菌）碳和氮含量平均比添加根茬处理增加了8.5%左右。培养结束后（第180天）,真菌残体碳对高肥和低肥土壤SOC的贡献率平均分别为37.0%和33.8%,细菌残体碳的贡献率平均分别为11.2%和9.2%;添加秸秆和根茬的处理真菌残体碳对SOC的贡献率平均分别为36.0%和34.7%,细菌残体碳的贡献率平均分别为10.8%和9.6%。第30天,真菌残体氮和细菌残体氮对TN的贡献率平均分别为55.2%和16.3%;培养第180天,真菌残体氮对低肥和高肥土壤TN的贡献率平均分别为63.5%和60.5%,细菌残体氮的贡献率平均分别为16.4%和17.5%。培养180天与初始土壤相比,细菌残体碳和氮对高肥土壤SOC和TN的贡献率平均分别增加了4.8%和7.4%,对低肥土壤平均分别增加了20.3%和32.5%。【结论】真菌残体对土壤有机碳库的稳定和氮库的扩容起着重要的作用。添加玉米秸秆较根茬更有利于微生物残体碳氮在土壤中的累积。低肥土壤添加秸秆和根茬有利于细菌残体碳和氮向土壤有机碳库和氮库的转化。     

鄱阳湖地区水稻土潜育化的发生及其改良对策

 土壤潜育化是人们关心的一个农田退化问题。本文研究了鄱阳湖地区水稻土潜育化发生、分类及其肥力特性，对农田潜育化现状及发展趋势作了估价。从成土母质、水文环境、排灌工程及耕作制度等因素，阐述了对水稻土潜育化的形成与发展关系。强调稻-稻-肥换茬制，并不是致潜的主导耕作因素，同时指出本区以次潜、弱潜及上位潜育型为主，并有所扩大，从土壤生态前景看不可忽视。提出了以“四沟”“四改”为主，工程措施与生物措施相结合的改良技术对策。     

淹水条件对稻田土壤肥力及理化性质的影响研究进展

笔者归纳综述了湖南省6种典型的稻田土壤类型及其成土母质,分析了淹水条件对土壤肥力及理化特性的影响,并探讨了高产土壤改良的策略,以期为湖南省高产稻田土壤的立地条件和主要肥力特性提供理论依据.     

Abundance and Community Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizers in Paddy Soil at Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is carried out by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA）. However, the relative importance of AOB and AOA to nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the nitrogen input amount on abundance and community composition of AOB and AOA in red paddy soil. Soil samples of 10-20 cm （root layer soil） and 0-5 cm （surface soil） depths were taken from a red paddy. Rice in the paddy was fertilized with different rates of N as urea of N1 （75 kg N ha＂ yr-1）, N2 （150 kg N ha~ yrl）, N3 （225 kg N ha1 yrl） and CK （without fertilizers） in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Abundance and community composition of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on amoA （the unit A of ammonia monooxygenase） gene. Archaeal amoA copies in N3 and N2 were significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in CK and N1 in root layer soil or in surface soil under tillering and heading stages of rice, while the enhancement in bacterial amoA gene copies with increasing of N fertilizer rates only took on in root layer soil. N availability and soil NO3--N content increased but soil NH4＋-N content didn＇t change with increasing of N fertilizer rates. Otherwise, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher （P〈0.05） than those of bacterial amoA gene in root lary soil or in surface soil. Redundancy discriminate analysis based on DGGE bands showed that there were no obvious differs in composition of AOA or AOB communities in the field among different N fertilizer rates. Results of this study suggested that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizers had active response to N fertilizer rates and the response of AOA was more obvious than that of AOB. Similarity in the community composition of AOA or AOB among different N fertilizer rates indicate that the community composition of ammonia-oxidizers was relatively stable in the paddy soil at least in short term for three years.     

稻田土壤有机碳固定研究及其展望

土壤有机碳是地球表层系统中最大且最具有活动性的生态系统碳库之一。我国农业土壤尤其是稻田土壤有机碳库的变化及其对陆地生态系统和大气CO2的源汇效应,对水环境质量和土壤肥力的影响,以及其在人类利用和管理与生态环境演变中的动态变化越来越受到重视。讨论了稻田土壤与旱地土壤有机碳固定的差异、有机碳在稻田土壤中分布、碳固定的可能机制及其施肥影响,并为进一步研究提出了展望。     

黑土细菌及真菌群落对长期施肥响应的差异及其驱动因素

【目的】研究长期施肥对黑土细菌和真菌群落结构影响差异,探索黑土肥力对长期施用化肥和有机肥响应差异的生物学机制,为黑土的肥力培育和合理施肥提供科学理论依据。【方法】基于35年的长期定位施肥试验,采用定量PCR方法和Miseq高通量测序技术,分析长期不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、有机肥（M）和有机无机配施肥（MN）处理下,黑土细菌及真菌的数量、群落结构和多样性的差异。同时结合土壤理化性状,探究不同施肥条件下细菌和真菌群落变化的环境驱动因子。【结果】N处理对土壤细菌的数量没有显著影响,但使其群落多样性降低了13.2%-48.5%。N处理使真菌的数量增加了24倍,多样性降低了4.6%-80.3%。与N处理相比,MN处理使细菌数量和多样性分别增加了2倍和7.7%-46.6%,而真菌的数量虽降低了14.2%,但其多样性提高了62%-237%。单施氮肥增加了土壤细菌酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）中的Acidobacteria_Gp1、Gp3及变形菌门（Proteobacteria）中的α-Proteobacteria的相对丰度,并使土壤真菌中伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）的相对丰度增加了41倍。与N处理相比,MN处理下细菌的各主要类群丰度未发生显著变化,但M处理下土壤细菌中的α-Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria_Gp1和Gp3丰度分别显著降低了26、97和81个百分点,Acidobacteria_Gp4、Gp6和Plancomycetes的丰度分别显著增加了11倍、9倍和2倍。细菌群落结构在MN与N处理之间无显著差异,明显区别于CK和M处理,pH为主要驱动因素,其阈值为6.07;真菌群落结构在CK、M和MN处理下相似,显著区别于N处理,两组处理之间差异由速效钾含量（125.5 mg·kg^-1）驱动。另外,有机质含量对于细菌和真菌群落均是重要的驱动因素,但调控细菌群落结构的阈值为28.4 g·kg^-1,而驱动真菌群落结构的阈值为30.8 g·kg^-1。【结论】黑土细菌对有机肥的响应较强,而真菌对化肥更为敏感。长期施用化肥会刺激土壤中嗜酸细菌和真菌的生长,而有机无机肥配施可提高土壤微生物群落多样性,刺激有益菌的生长。土壤pH和有效钾含量分别是调控细菌和真菌群落结构的重要影响因素,在黑土肥力培育中应引起充分的重视。     

自然生草改变苹果园土壤根际细菌群落的组成与结构

【目的】为了研究自然生草对果园土壤微生物群落的组成、结构及时空变化特征的影响,进而对增强果园土壤肥力、改善理化性状、促进果树生长发育方面产生的积极作用。【方法】利用Miseq高通量测序技术对自然生草(TR)与清耕(CK)条件下,根际土壤细菌群落进行测定与分析。【结果】结果表明,与清耕相比,自然生草明显提高果实膨大期土壤0~20cm、20~40cm的土层的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量;降低土壤pH值。自然生草比清耕明显提高土壤细菌群落的丰度、种类丰富度和多样性指数(Shannon Index)。在门级水平上,宏基因组检测样本中共有37个门,变形菌门是比较明显的优势菌群,其次为酸杆菌门、浮霉菌门、放线菌门;在属分类级别上,宏基因组检测样本中共有470类菌属,芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、类似牙球菌属Blastocatella是优势菌属。自然生草明显提高Ohtaekwangia、Chryseolinea的比例,降低Gaiella、化螺菌属(Nitrospira)比例;韦恩图显示细菌群落自然生草与清耕共有470类菌属,自然生草有63类独特的菌属,清耕有72类独特的菌属。【结论】自然生草提高苹果园土壤细菌群落的多样性,改良群落的结构和组成,明显提升土壤的养分状况。     

长期应用稻鳖共生系统对土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的影响

【目的】探究长期应用稻鳖共生系统对稻田土壤养分含量、土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的影响,为阐释稻鳖共生模式对稻田土壤微生物多样性的影响机制提供科学依据。【方法】以2年稻鳖共生田（RT2）、5年稻鳖共生田（RT5）和8年稻鳖共生田（RT8）为研究对象,采集各处理0~10 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术探究土壤细菌群落结构,对比分析不同应用年限稻鳖共生田的土壤养分含量及土壤细菌群落多样性差异。【结果】长期应用稻鳖共生系统明显提高稻田土壤的全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量及土壤pH,5年稻鳖共生田的全磷和速效磷含量显著高于2年稻鳖共生田（P<0.05,下同）,8年稻鳖共生田的土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量显著高于2年稻鳖共生田,有机质、全钾和速效钾含量均以5年稻鳖共生田最高,8年稻鳖共生田最低。Alpha多样性分析结果显示,土壤细菌群落多样性Shannon指数、PD whole tree指数和Chao1指数均表现为RT5处理>RT8处理>RT2处理。各样本检测到的细菌类群隶属于51门136纲192目337科557属和113种。物种群落组成分析表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）是稻鳖共生田土壤细菌的主要优势菌群;不同年限的稻鳖共生田土壤细菌群落结构差异主要表现在物种均匀度上,RT2处理的变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）和奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）的相对丰度均存在显著差异;RT8处理则仅在变形菌门、拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门和互养菌门（Synergistetes）4种菌种间具有显著差异。【结论】长期应用稻鳖共生系统可在不施用化肥的情况下,维持土壤主要养分含量,增加稻田土壤细菌群落多样性,扩大优势菌群相对丰度,形成更稳定的土壤微环境。     

Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility

Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.     

两种母质红壤性水稻土的主要发生特性

不同水型红壤性水稻土及其起源土壤的表层腐殖质 H/F 值,由红壤→渗育型→潴育型→潜育型水稻土逐渐增大。晶胶率是区分不同水型红壤性水稻土的良好发生指标。渗育型水稻土剖面晶胶率自上而下逐渐增大;潴育型 W 层晶胶率较其它土层高;脱潜型 P 层晶胶率高于其它土层;潜育型 G 层晶胶率<1.0。红壤性水稻土磁化率大大低于起源土壤,不同水型水稻土具有不同的磁化率剖面.磁化率剖面也可作为水型的划分依据。母质对水稻土的粘粒硅铝率、粘粒铁富集系数、质地及耕层有机质含量都有明显的影响。红壤性水稻土分类中土属的划分必须对母质因素加以充分考虑。