分子标记检测矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8在我国小麦中的分布

利用分子标记检测矮秆基因在我国主要麦区的分布,有助于提高小麦产量和改良株高。本研究利用小麦矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b的4对特异性分子标记,BF与MR1、BF与WR1、DF与MR2、DF2与WR2,以及微卫星Xgwm261标记对我国小麦主产区小麦主栽品种中矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的分布情况进行了分子标记鉴定。结果表明:1)在鉴定的129个品种中,58份含有Rht-B1b基因,占45.0%;24份含有Rht-D1b基因,占18.6%;73份含有Rht8基因,占56.6%;35份品种含有2个矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht8,占27.1%;16份品种含有Rht-D1b和Rht8基因,占12.4%。本研究未检测到同时含有Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8这3个矮秆基因的品种,以及同时含有Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的品种;2)3个矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8在各个生态区育成品种中的分布频率也不同。矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht8在黄淮冬麦区的分布频率较高,分别为55.4%和71.1%;Rht-D1b基因在西南冬麦区的分布频率较高,为37.5%;矮秆基因Rht8在不同的麦区都有广泛的分布,在不同的生态区具有广泛的适应性。     

宁夏春小麦矮秆基因分子标记检测分析

[目的]分析宁夏春小麦育种材料常用矮秆基因的分布,为本地小麦改良株高性状提供理论依据。[方法]以宁夏大学小麦遗传育种实验室212个(其中54个材料由中国农业科学院引进)春小麦育种亲本为材料,调查其株高、穗长、穗下茎节等农艺性状,利用分子标记检测分析材料中常用矮秆基因Rht-B1b(Rht1)、Rht-D1b(Rht2)和Rht8的分布。[结果]中国农业科学院引进材料的株高、穗长、穗茎节的平均值(分别为69.2、7.8、28.5 cm)明显低于现有亲本材料(分别为83.6、11.1、32.0 cm)。矮秆基因检测发现166份材料携带Rht-B1b基因,占总检测材料的75.1%;88份材料含有Rht-D1b基因,占39.8%;191份材料含Rht8基因,占总检测材料的86.4%。携带Rht-D1b基因的9个材料同时含有Rht-B1b和Rht8基因。其中,引进材料中Rht8、Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b分别占85.1%、72.0%、33.3%,与整体材料中各矮秆基因分布相似。[结论]目前宁夏春小麦育种材料中普遍含有矮秆基因Rht8,其次是Rht-B1b,但主栽品种和主推品种以及核心育种亲本材料均含有Rht-D1b,即现有亲本材料中含Rht8+Rht-B1b的材料所占比例较Rht8+Rht-D1b多,但新培育的品种以含有Rht8+Rht-D1b为主。这可能是主栽品种宁春4号(Rht8+Rht-D1b)在当地长期种植,并作为育种骨干亲本被长期利用的结果。     

部分新疆小麦材料Lr34/Yr18及矮秆基因分布规律研究

【目的】明确新疆小麦材料中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18、矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b及Rht8基因的等位变异组成和分布,以帮助小麦育种者进行慢病性品种选育和株高改良奠定基础。【方法】使用csLV34、NHBF.2与WR1.2、NH-BF.2与MR1、DF与MR2、Xgwm261标记,对新疆小麦材料中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18和矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的分布情况进行分子标记鉴定。【结果】在鉴定335个品种(系)中,含Lr34/Yr18的材料占总数的9.25%,可见含Lr34/Yr18慢病基因在新疆小麦育种材料中比较匮乏;有129个材料携带Rht-B1b基因,占总数的38.51%。221份携带Rht-D1b基因,占总数的65.97%;检测Rht8基因,有61份材料扩增出192 bp片段,占总数的18.21%。对于矮杆基团,同时扩出Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b/Rht8基因的材料有11份,占3.28%,扩出Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b基因的有70份,占20.9%,扩出Rht-B1b/Rht8基因的材料有8份,占2.39%。扩出Rht-D1b/Rht8基因的材料有22份,占6.57%。新疆育种材料中以Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b基因占主导地位。【结论】csLV34、NH-BF.2与WR1.2、NH-BF.2与MR1、DF与MR2、Xgwm261标记可以方便、快速、准确地检测Lr34/Yr18、Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b与Rht8基因,能作为小麦材料慢锈基因与矮秆基因鉴定的有效工具,直接利用此标记进行标记辅助选择。     

黄淮麦区部分小麦种质资源中矮秆基因的分布

选用254份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系),利用BFMR1,DFMR2和微卫星xgwm261标记检测了矮秆基因Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8的分布.结果表明,在254份材料中,含有Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的材料分别有84,171和178份,平均株高分别为80.7,78.5和80.7 cm.只含有Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的材料分别有15,36和31份,平均株高分别为83.8,80.1和86.2 cm.只含Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因有16份,平均株高为73.7cm,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因具有累加效应,两个基因同时存在时株高降低幅度会更大.只含Rht-B1b和Rht8基因的有94份,只含Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的有28份,同时含有Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的有25份,同时不含这3个矮秆基因的有9份,说明黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)中绝大部分品种均含有不同种类的矮秆基因.微卫星WMS 261及基于PCR的2个STS标记可以分别用于对品种(系)中Rht8,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因型的鉴定以及育种世代该基因型的筛选.     

257份小麦品种资源中矮秆基因的分子检测

矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8等的广泛利用,不仅增强了小麦的抗倒性,而且提高了产量。明确矮秆基因的分布,可以为小麦矮化育种提供分子信息。采用STS和SSR标记检测257份小麦品种资源中Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的分布情况。结果表明,257份材料中,Rht8基因分布频率最高(106个品种,41.2%),Rht-D1b次之(88个品种,34.2%),Rht-B1b最低(70个品种,27.2%)。此外,部分材料中含有不同类型的矮秆基因组合,且分布频率不同,其中Rht-D1b+Rht8(25个品种,9.7%)>Rht-B1b+Rht8(24个品种,9.3%)>Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b(9个品种,3.5%)>Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b+Rht8(5个品种,1.9%)。上述结果为小麦抗倒伏育种以及矮化育种提供了重要的参考信息。     

用STS标记检测矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b在中国小麦中的分布

【目的】明确矮秆基因在中国小麦中的分布，有助于改良小麦株高和提高产量潜力。【方法】选用中国主要麦区品种（系）239份，用STS标记检测矮秆基因Rht-B1b （Rht1）和Rht-D1b （Rht2）的分布规律，验证其PCR标记在分子标记辅助育种中的可用性。【结果】（1）Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b特异性STS标记可以准确检测小麦品种的Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b矮秆基因。（2）Rht-B1b基因在全国的平均分布频率为24.3%，新疆冬春麦区高达62.5%，长江中下游冬麦区为42.3%，黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为28%、25.8%和25%，北部春麦区和西南冬麦区分别为9.1%和 8.3%，东北春麦区供试材料未携带Rht-B1b基因。（3）Rht-D1b基因在全国的平均分布频率为46.9%，北部春麦区和黄淮冬麦区分别为72.7%和69%，西南冬麦区、西北春麦区和北部冬麦区分别为38.9%、37.5%和35.5%，长江中下游冬麦区和新疆冬春麦区分别为23.1%和12.5%，东北春麦区供试材料未携带Rht-D1b基因。【结论】分子检测结果和系谱分析表明，中国小麦品种（系）携带的Rht-B1b矮秆基因来自St2422/464和农林10，Rht-D1b矮秆基因来自农林10号、水源86、辉县红和蚰包麦。     

中国小麦主要矮秆基因的分布及其对株高的影响

为了了解矮秆基因在中国冬麦区的分布及利用情况和明确矮秆基因对小麦株高的影响,进一步提高小麦的水肥利用效率,利用前人开发的矮秆基因分子标记和收集的210份冬小麦材料研究矮秆基因RhtB1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8在中国冬麦区的分布和利用情况。结果表明:210份冬小麦材料含有矮秆基因RhtB1b的材料有51份,占总材料的24.3%;含有矮秆基因Rht-D1b的材料有40份,占19.0%;含有Rht8矮秆基因的材料有94份,占44.8%。含有Rht-B1b的小麦材料平均株高为84.0cm,不含有Rht-B1b的小麦材料的平均株高为93.7cm;含有Rht-D1b的小麦材料平均株高为77.9cm,不含有Rht-D1b的小麦材料的平均株高为94.6cm;含有Rht8的小麦材料平均株高为90.0cm,不含有Rht8的小麦材料的平均株高为92.5cm;Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8对小麦平均株高的降秆作用分别为9.7cm、16.7cm和2.5cm。进一步分析不同矮秆基因组合的联合分布情况,同时分析不同矮秆基因的联合降秆作用,结果表明3个矮秆基因的联合降秆作用大于2个矮秆基因的降秆作用,2个矮秆基因的联合降秆作用大于单个矮秆基因的降秆作用;另外还对分子标记在小麦矮秆基因的选择利用方面进行了探讨。     

黄淮南部地区小麦品种矮秆基因的分布及其对稀播和密播下农艺性状的影响

利用分子标记检测了黄淮南部麦区198份小麦品种的矮秆基因Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8,并在5个稀播和4个密播环境下对其15个主要农艺性状进行了表型鉴定,分析了不同矮秆基因的分布及对稀播和密播下农艺性状的影响。结果表明,在198份材料中,携带Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b和Rht8材料的分布频率分别为12.12%,80.81%和80.30%,共检测到7种矮秆基因组合,没有发现携带3个基因的材料,分布频率高低次序为Rht-D1b+Rht8(66.67%)Rht-D1b(13.13%)Rht-B1b+Rht8(7.58%)Rht-B1b(6.06%)Rht8(3.54%)None(2.02%)Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b(1.01%)。除可育小穗数、穗长和穗粒数外,矮秆基因对其他农艺性状的影响较大,不同基因组合在稀播和密播条件下对绝大多数性状的影响较一致,但是密播的效应普遍小于稀播。降秆作用最大的是Rht-D1b,Rht-B1b次之,二者差异不显著,Rht8的作用最小,与Rht-D1b的差异达到显著水平。在稀播和密播条件下,单基因分别降低株高35和30 cm以上,双基因分别降低株高45和40 cm左右。基因之间存在明显的累加效应,至少携带2个矮秆基因才能满足黄淮南部地区小麦株高为80 cm的育种目标。矮秆基因的存在能够使抽穗提前、旗叶长度缩短、旗叶宽度增加、旗叶夹角大幅度变小、不育小穗数增加、单位面积穗数增加、千粒质量提高和单穗质量增加。黄淮南部地区主要利用的矮秆基因为Rht-D1b和Rht8,其广泛利用使小麦品种的农艺性状得到了改良,可能是产量潜力提升的主要原因。     

小麦新矮源矮秆番麦的赤霉素敏感性分析

选用四倍体矮秆番麦、高秆对照品种Langdon（LDN）和六倍体中国春、矮秆推广品种川麦42、川麦43、川麦55六份材料,测量其赤霉素处理前后的幼苗高度,计算赤霉素敏感系数(GRI)并推断矮秆番麦赤霉素反应类型。利用分子标记检测供试品种所含的矮秆基因,同时测量6个品种的胚芽鞘长度,分析Rht22基因对胚芽鞘长度的效应。结果表明,矮秆番麦及供试的其他5个品种均为赤霉素敏感型小麦。川麦42含有Rht8基因;川麦43含有RhtB1b+Rht8基因;川麦55含有RhtB1b基因。Rht22基因降低胚芽鞘长度的效应小于川麦42、川麦43中含有的矮秆基因。矮秆基因降低胚芽鞘长度的效应为Rht22<Rht8<RhtB1b+Rht8。     

利用STS标记检测CIMMYT小麦品种（系）中Lr34/Yr18、Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因的分布

 【目的】明确慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18和矮秆基因Rht-B1b（Rht-1）、Rht-D1b（Rht-2）在CIMMYT小麦品种中的分布,帮助慢病性品种选育和株高改良。【方法】使用3个STS标记,检测慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18和矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b在263个CIMMYT小麦品种和高代品系中的分布。【结果】csLV34标记在含Lr34/Yr18的材料中扩增出一条150bp的特异带,在不含Lr34/Yr18的材料中扩增出229bp的特异带;利用2对互补引物NH-BF.2/WR1.2和NH-BF.2/MR1对Rht-B1a和Rht-B1b基因进行检测,在携带Rht-B1a和Rht-B1b的材料中分别扩增出一条400 bp的特异带;利用DF/MR2标记检测Rht-D1b基因,在携带Rht-D1b的材料中,扩增出一条280 bp的片段。在263个品种中,57个品种携带Lr34/Yr18基因,占总数的21.7%;216个品种含Rht-B1b,占总数的82.1%;38个品种含Rht-D1b,占总数的14.4%。含双矮秆基因型（Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b）的品种有12个,不含这2个矮秆基因的品种（Rht-B1a+Rht-D1a）有21个。【结论】这3个STS标记可以方便、快速、准确地检测Lr34/Yr18、Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b基因。在CIMMYT材料中,Rht-B1b基因频率很高,Rht-D1b较低。     

The Effects of Dwarfing Genes （Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b,and Rht8） with Different Sensitivity to GA3 on the Coleoptile Length and Plant Height of Wheat

Understanding the effects of wheat dwarfing genes on the coleoptile length and plant height is crucial for the proper utilization of dwarfing genes in the improvement of wheat yield. Molecular marker analysis combined with pedigree information were used to classify wheat cultivars widely planted in major wheat growing regions in China into different categories based on the dwarfing genes they carried. The effects of the dwarfing genes with different sensitivity to gibberellins （GA3） on the coleoptile length and plant height were analyzed. Screening of 129 cultivars by molecular marker analysis revealed that 58 genotypes of wheat contained the dwarfing gene Rht-B1b, 24 genotypes of wheat contained Rht-D1b gene and 73 genotypes of wheat possessed Rht8 gene. In addition, among these 129 cultivars, 35 genotypes of wheat cultivars contained both Rht-B1b and Rht8 genes and 16 genotypes of wheat cultivars contained both Rht-D1b and Rht8 genes. Wheat cultivars with the dwarfing genes Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b were insensitive to GA3, while the cultivars with the dwarfing gene Rht8 were sensitive to GA3. Most of the wheat genotypes containing combination of Rht8 gene with either Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b gene were insensitive to GA3. The plant height was reduced by 24.6, 30.4, 28.2, and 32.2%, respectively, for the wheat cultivars containing Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b ＋ Rht8, and Rht-D1b ＋ Rht8 genes. The plant height was reduced by 14.3% for the wheat cultivar containing GA3-sensitive gene Rht8. The coleoptile length was shortened by 25.4, 31.3, 28.4 and 31.3%, respectively, in the wheat cultivars containing Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b ＋Rht8 and Rht-D1b ＋ Rht8 genes, while the coleoptile length was shortened only by 6.2% for the wheat cultivar containing Rht8 gene. We conclude that GA3-insensitive dwarfing genes （Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b） are not suitable for the wheat improvement in dryland because these two genes have effect on reducing both plant height and coleoptile length. In contrast, GA3- sensitive dwarfing gene （Rht8） is a relatively ideal candidate for the wheat improvement since it significantly reduces the plant height of wheat, but has less effect on the coleoptile length.     

Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b,Rht-B1c小麦矮秆基因及其互作对小麦农艺性状的影响

利用2套近等基因系,在人工模拟气候室,研究了不同Rht近等基因系营养性状的遗传差异.结果证明:Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b矮秆基因系不但具有很好的降秆作用,而且可以在生长前期形成较多的干物质和较坚硬的秆子,为后期籽粒产量的形成奠定基础;Rht-D1b半矮秆基因根系长度明显长于其它基因系,可能较其它基因系具有较强的耐旱能力;Rht-B1c基因系的分蘖数量及次生根或总根发生量多于其它基因系,无论苗高或株高均显著低于其它基因系,可在单纯的提高单株分蘖或次生根生长量及降秆为目的的育种中发挥一定作用.     

257份小麦品种资源中矮秆基因的分子检测

矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8等的广泛利用,不仅增强了小麦的抗倒性,而且提高了产量。明确矮秆基因的分布,可以为小麦矮化育种提供分子信息。采用STS和SSR标记检测257份小麦品种资源中Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的分布情况。结果表明,257份材料中, Rht8基因分布频率最高（106个品种,41.2%）,Rht-D1b次之（88个品种,34.2%）,Rht-B1b最低（70个品种,27.2%）。此外,部分材料中含有不同类型的矮秆基因组合,且分布频率不同,其中Rht-D1b+Rht8(25个品种,9.7%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht8(24个品种,9.3%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b(9个品种,3.5%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b+Rht8(5个品种,1.9%)。上述结果为小麦抗倒伏育种以及矮化育种提供了重要的参考信息。     

小麦新品种百农矮抗58及其亲本矮秆基因的检测

为探索百农矮抗58小麦所含的矮秆基因及其来源,应用赤霉素反应和分子标记检测了百农矮抗58及其亲本周麦11、豫麦49号、郑州8960的矮秆基因。结果表明:郑州8960为赤霉素敏感型,其他3个品种对赤霉素不敏感;分子标记检测显示,矮抗58、豫麦49号、郑州8960携带Rht-D1b基因,周麦11携带Rht-B1b基因,4个品种均没有扩增出Rht8基因的192bp标准带。     

The Value of Different GA Insensitive Rht Dwarfing Genes in Winter Wheat Breeding

The value of different dwarfing genes in winter wheat breeding was studied using 6 nearisogenic lines carrying different Rht dwarfing genes over three years experiment.Results showed that both the Rhtl and Rht2 semi-dwarfing genes had significantly positive effects on kernel number and grain weight per spike, and had significantly negative effects on 1 000-grain weight comparing to the tall line(rht) and the Rht3 line.The Rht3 dwarfing gene had a significantly negative effect on kernel number per spike,and had positive effect on 1 000-grain weight. The combination of the Rht2 and Rht3 gene showed significantly negative effect on yield components. All of these 5 dwarfing or semidwarfing genotypes mentioned above had a significantly negative effect on plant height and no significant effect on the area of flag leaf, spikelets per spike and spike length.     

Expansin Genes Expressed Differentially in Peduncle Elongation of Near- Isogenic Wheat Rht Lines

The introduction of reduced height （Rht） genes Rht-Blb and Rht-Dlb led to impressive increases in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yields during the Green Revolution. In the present study, the dynamic elongation of peduncle in a set ofnear-isogenic lines （NILs） carrying different Rht alleles （Rht-Blb, Rht-Dlb, Rht-Blc, Rht-Dlb＋Rht-Blb, and Rht-Dlb＋Rht-Blc） were investigated. The reduction of the final length of peduncle in NILs was dependent mainly on the elongation rate, which was reduced by Rht genes, during rapid elongation phase. Resin sections showed that Rht genes strongly reduced the cell extension in peduncle. The expression of expansin genes, which mediate cell wall loosening and leading to cell expansion, were analysed by using real- time quantitative PCR （qPCR）. Among the 23 possible wheat expansin genes, 17 were expressed in the peduncle. The spatial distribution of expression was further analysed for five expansins that showed high expression levels in the peduncles of Rht lines. Compared to wild type plants, the incorporation of Rht-Dlb allele decreased about 37 and 80% of the expression levels of ExpA 7 and ExpA3 in elongation zone, respectively. The presence Rht-Blc dwarfing genes, however, produced 53% reduction in the expression level of ExpA7, and seriously decreased about 70% of ExpB9 expression. Although the expression levels of five genes exhibited variability among the lines, an expansin gene, ExpB2, showed its expression level highly associated with the cell elongation rate in peduncle of different Rht lines.