Volatile metabolome and transcriptome reveal fragrance release rhythm and molecular mechanisms of Rosa yangii

Rose is a highly significant ornamental plant with substantial edible and medicinal value, cultivated worldwide primarily for perfume production. Recently, Rosa yangii, a new species found in northwestern Yunnan, China, has drawn attention due to its strong sweet scented flowers. In this study, the floral components of R. yangii were extracted at different flowering stages using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and analyzed through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 131 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected from R. yangii, including 69 odor compounds. The production and release of floral VOCs were the highest during the initial-open stage, making it the most suitable time for harvesting as a significant number of floral components were synthesized and preserved. The analysis of the odor activity values (OAV) highlighted several key aromatic ingredients of R. yangii, such as eugenol, methyleugenol, benzeneacetaldehyde and phenylethylalcohol, heptanal, decanal, (E)-2-hexen-1-yl acetate, caryophyllene, and others. Metabolome and time-order gene co-expression networks (TO-GCN) revealed that VOCs and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, along with associated genes, played a pivotal role in the overall floral regulatory network of R. yangii. MYB and bHLH were identified as the essential regulatory factors governing the regulation of eugenol synthase (EGS) and isoeugenol synthase (IGS), consequently influencing the sweet scent of R. yangii. The findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for enhancing fragrance through molecular breeding of ornamental plants. Furthermore, the study facilitated the development and utilization of this new plant’s essential oil material in various industries, including food storage, aromatherapy, cosmetic, and perfumery.     

高粱bmr和光周期敏感基因遗传分析及初步定位

通过田间和实验室相结合把低木质素、高消化率基因bmr和光周期敏感基因PS聚合到饲草高粱中,以提高饲草高粱的产量和品质。以含PS基因的EBA-3和含bmr基因的Tx623B配制杂交组合,构建了F2代分离群体。根据表型分离比例分析,光敏和褐色中脉可能分别受两对彼此独立的非等位基因控制,并且基因之间存在着互作。光敏基因之间存在互补作用,褐色中脉基因之间存在抑制作用。根据高粱的遗传连锁图谱,选取相应的SSR标记。经连锁遗传分析,找到了2个SSR标记,Xtxp7与bmr基因连锁,Xtxp20与PS基因连锁。由于Xtxp7位于连锁群B,Xtxp20位于连锁群G,据此认为高粱有一个bmr基因位于B染色体上和有一个PS基因位于G染色体上。这两个标记的获得可用于标记辅助育种,加速杂交种的转育与利用。此外,对影响开花时间的QTLs和主效基因在高粱和水稻上可能一致进行了讨论。     

Genetic mapping and expressivity of a wheat multi-pistil gene in mutant 12TP

We identified a wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) multi-pistil mutant from an F_2 breeding population in 2012, named 12 TP(three pistils in one floret). Genetic analysis showed that one dominant gene locus controlled the multi-pistil trait. Using homozygous normal and multi-pistil lines(near-isogenic lines; NILs) derived from the original mutant 12 TP, a simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker assay located the 12 TP locus on chromosome arm 2 DL. Four SSR markers were linked to 12 TP and their order was Xcfd233→Xcfd62-12 TP→Xwmc41→Xcfd168 at 15.85, 10.47, 2.89, and 10.37 cM, respectively. The average genetic expressivity of the trait ‘three pistils in one floret' was more than 98% in seven homozygous 12 TP lines; however, the average genetic expressivity in heterozygous F_1 plants was about 49%. Thus, the 12 TP is a semi-dominant gene locus, which differ from all previously reported multi-pistil mutants. Mutant 12 TP is a new useful germplasm for study of wheat floral development and for breeding of high yield wheat.     

Molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene YrH9017 in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3

Several new stripe rust pathogen races emerged in the wheat growing regions of China in recent years. These races were virulent to most of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Thus, it is necessary and worthwhile to identify new valuable resistant materials for the sake of diversifying resistant sources, pyramiding different resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. Here, we identified the resistance gene, temporarily designated as YrH9017, in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3. A total of 146 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 families in a cross of Mingxian 169 and H9017-14-16-5-3 were used to evaluate seedling stripe rust response and as a mapping population. Finally, we constructed a genetic map including eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. YrH9017 was located on the long arm of chromosome 2A and closely linked with two EST-sequence tagged site (EST-STS) markers BG604577 and BE471201 at 1.3 and 1.8 cM distance, respectively. The two closest markers could be used for marker-assisted selection of YrH9017 in breeding.     

不同时期叶面喷施多效唑对桃成花及FT基因表达的影响

为阐明多效唑(PP333)对桃叶片FT基因表达的影响,选用桃2年生中农红久保(01-04-190)、03-15-065和03-30-035于2012-04-28—09-01叶面喷施2mg/g的PP333,分析花芽量、花芽比率及FT基因表达量的动态变化。结果表明:自然条件下,FT基因在05-05—05-26期间活跃表达,6/23后FT基因关闭。04-28—05-12喷施PP333对3个品种中FT基因表达显著降低,且对于01-04-19和03-15-0650的花芽数量与花芽比率也无影响。05-26—07-07喷施PP333,诱导FT基因继续或再次启动表达,花芽量和花芽比率均显著增加;而07-21后喷施PP333显著降低FT基因表达,但仍然能显著增加花芽量,并显著提高花芽比率。     

草莓转录因子基因FaGAMYB的克隆与表达分析

为研究FaGAMYB基因在草莓成花诱导和花发育中的作用,以‘卡姆罗莎’草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.‘Camarosa’)为试材,采用同源克隆和RT-PCR技术分离了一个赤霉素信号途径中的MYB转录因子基因FaGAMYB。该基因开放阅读框为1 689bp,编码562个氨基酸。序列分析发现FaGAMYB蛋白含有高度保守的R2R3DNA结合域,以及GAMYB基因家族所特有的Box1,Box2和Box3保守区域。亚细胞定位研究发现FaGAMYB蛋白定位于洋葱表皮细胞的细胞核。FaGAMYB基因具有组成型表达特性,但在雄蕊、花芽、茎尖生长点和果实等生殖生长组织与器官的表达丰度较高。在草莓成花诱导期,茎尖中FaGAMYB基因表达上调,当进入雄蕊原基分化期后,该基因表达量迅速升高。上述结果表明FaGAMYB可能在草莓成花诱导和雄蕊发育中发挥重要作用。     

Identification of genetic locus with resistance to take-all in the wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng introgression line H148

Take-all is a devastating soil-borne disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cultivating resistant line is an important measure to control this disease. Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is a valuable germplasm resource with high resistance to take-all. This study reported on a wheat-P. huashanica introgression line H148 with improved take-all resistance compared with its susceptible parent 7182. To elucidate the genetic mechanism of resistance in H148, the F₂ genetic segregating population of H148×XN585 was constructed. The mixed genetic model analysis showed that the take-all resistance was controlled by two major genes with additive, dominant and epistasis effects. Bulked segregant analysis combined with wheat axiom 660K genotyping array analysis showed the polymorphic SNPs with take-all resistance from P. huashanica alien introgression were mainly distributed on the chromosome 2A. Genotyping of the F₂ population using the KASP marker mapped a major QTL in an interval of 68.8–70.1 Mb on 2AS. Sixty-two genes were found in the target interval of the Chinese Spring reference genome sequence. According to the functional annotation of genes, two protein genes that can improve the systematic resistance of plant roots were predicted as candidate genes. The development of wheat-P. huashanica introgression line H148 and the resistant QTL mapping information are expected to provide some valuable references for the fine mapping of disease-resistance gene and development of take-all resistant varieties through molecular marker-assisted selection.     

加工番茄品种模式化选育初步研究

以３０个加工番茄品种（系）为试材,对产量及其构成因素、生育期性状、形态性状进行了典型相关分析;针对新疆自治区的生态条件、栽培技术和品种资源现状,提出了加工番茄早熟和丰产品种的模式;并对早熟和丰产品种的生育期因子和形态性状进行了优化     

Genetic Diversity and Genetic Changes in the Introgression Lines Derived from Oryza sativa L. Mating with O. rufipogon Griff.

The objectives of the present study were to estimate genetic diversity and genetic changes of introgression lines (ILs) which derived from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xieqingzao B, XB) mating with common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff., CWR). The genetic data of 239 ILs were based on a total of 131 polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice. On average, these ILs possessed 77.1 and 14.31% homozygous bands from XB and CWR, respectively. Most of the ILs were clustered together with XB individual, which was revealed by principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and the program STRUCTURE analysis. The result from PCA demonstrated that some intermediate genotypes between XB and CWR were also found. Moreover, there were some genomic sequence changes including parental bands elimination and novel bands emergence in the ILs. The average Nei's gene diversity (He) was 0.296, which was higher than that of cultivated rice. It suggested that interspecific hybridization and gene introgression could broaden the base of genetic variation and lay an important foundation for rice genetic improvement. These different genotypic ILs would provide a better experimental system for understanding the evolution of rice species and the mechanism of alien gene introgression.     

斑割复合体及其杂交后代的生物量及根系性状

本研究利用前期获得的含广西斑茅和广西割手密血缘的甘蔗育种新材料及其亲本共11份无性系进行桶栽试验,分析了参试材料植株地上部生物量和根系的主要相关性状在斑茅割手密复合体杂交利用过程各世代的变化。结果表明:参试的斑茅割手密复合体及其与甘蔗杂交、回交获得的F1代材料以及BC1代在株高、茎径、单茎重和叶面积上都表现比其亲本甘蔗有更大的优势;根系重量和活力都略有增加;地上部分生物产量上均表现出超亲效应,其超亲效应与绿叶面积的超亲表现相关性显著。     

水稻品种生育期的遗传和基因定位

概述了水稻感光性品种、非感光品种、杂交水稻、籼粳亚种间F1杂种和诱变早熟突变体的生育期 /抽穗期遗传 ,以及水稻抽穗期主基因和QTL定位的研究现状 ,并讨论了水稻抽穗期主基因研究、QTL定位、显性早熟基因的育种利用等方面存在的问题与对策     

辣椒早熟性状和品质性状的典型相关分析

以28个辣椒品种为试材,将11个主要性状归纳成3个早期性状组(即产量因素组、形态性状组及生育期性状组)和品质性状组。试验结果表明,早期产量与产量因素的典型相关极显著;3个早期性状组间的典型相关显著;且产量因素组、生育期组与品质性状组的典型相关均显著。单株早期产量和诸品质性状间存在着相互制约作用。在3个早期性状组及品质性状组中,在关联性上起作用的主要是始花节位、现蕾期、开花期、单株早期采果数和干物质含量。     

Quantitative analysis of the effect of the PAY1 gene on rice canopy structure during different reproductive stages

The leaf and stem types are core structural characteristics of the rice phenotype that determine the light interception ability of the canopy and directly affect crop yield. The PLANT ARCHITECTURE AND YIELD 1 (PAY1) gene has been shown to alter the prostrate growth habit of wild rice and to inhibit the wild rice prostrate growth gene PROSTRATE GROWTH 1 (PROG1). In this paper, the wild rice introgression line YIL55, which contains the PROG1 gene; its mutant, PAY1; and its parent, TQ, were used as test varieties to construct three-dimensional (3D) canopy structure models based on 3D digital assay technology. On this basis, quantitative analyses of the PAY1 gene and the plant leaf and stem types at the jointing, heading and filling stages were performed. Under the influence of the PAY1 gene, the plant stem and leaf angles from vertical decreased significantly; the plants were upright, with larger leaves; the culm angle changed from loose to compact; and the average tiller angle during the three key reproductive stages decreased from 44.9, 28.5 and 21.3° to 17.6, 8.4 and 10.5°, respectively. Moreover, the PAY1 mutant retained the PROG1 gene characteristic of exhibiting dynamic changes in the tiller angle throughout the growth period, and its culm angle changed from loose during the jointing stage to compact during the heading stage. The measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopy also showed that the mutant PAY1 allowed more PAR to reach the bottom of the canopy than the other varieties. The light-extinction coefficients for PAY1 at the jointing, heading and filling stages were 0.535, 0.312 and 0.586, respectively, which were lower than those of the other two varieties. In this study, the influence of the PAY1 gene on rice canopy structural characteristics was quantitatively analyzed to provide effective canopy structure parameters for breeding the ideal plant type.     

Introduction of grain cowpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">cylindrical</Emphasis> (L.) Verdc.) in the Lower Volga

Introduction of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrical (L.) Verdc.) in the Lower Volga region is the possibility of using this culture for agricultural production, fodder production, and expanded range of food products. Selection for earliness in the model population of cowpea should be accompanied by the identification of genotypes with high intensity of biomass accumulation in the shoots-flowering interphase period.     

Advanced Backcross QTL Analysis for the Whole Plant Growth Duration Salt Tolerance in Rice（Oryza sativa L.）

Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines（ILs） for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL（AB-QTL） analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most（〉90%） of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan（HHZ） ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection（MAS） or genome selection.     

Characteristics of recombinant lines of lentil L. culinaris × L. orientalis

As a result of interspecific hybridization of lentil Lens culinaris with wild species L. orientalis, breeding lines recombinant on the basis of flower color, seed coat, and cotyledon have been created. The availability of recombinations in progeny of hybrids is proven by RAPD-analysis. According to morphological characteristics, the best breeding lines are close to cultural varieties and may be used as initial material for breeding.     

关于陆地棉品种(系)吐絮进程的分析

本研究采用吐絮进程分析了陆地棉品种(系)的熟性。结果表明,吐絮进程是比较稳定的性状、品种(系)间的吐絮进程可能是显著不同的。     

Construction of RNAi vector for flower-related gene and verifications of the mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana

The timing of floral transition is tightly controlled by a combination of endogenous and environmental signals. One early flowering mutant plant was screened from Arabidopsis library of T-DNA insertion to accelerate flowering under short-day condition, and a related-gene EFS1 (AT4G36680.1) was isolated and identified as a novel flowering-time gene of Arabidopsis in our preliminary studies. To investigate the function and the specific mechanism of EFS1 in the flower process control, the RNAi expression vector containing EFS1 gene-specific sequences in the sense and antisense orientations was constructed and transferred into Arabidopsis by using the floral-dip method, with 11 transgenic plants obtained through hygromycin B screening and PCR assays. The results showed that the expression level of EFS1 in transgenic lines was significantly lower than that in wild type and efs1 mutant. The flowering time of the efs1 mutant and RNAi transgenic plants was much earlier than that of wild-type plants. This result further verified that the EFS1 gene played an important role in flowering, and its specific mechanisms need further study. These work provided a foundation to further regulatory mechanisms of EFS1 in the control of floral transition.     

Genetic Diversity of European and Chinese Oilseed Brassica rapa Cultivars from Different Breeding Periods

The Brassica oilseed crops went through two major breeding bottlenecks during the introgression of genes for zero erucic acid and low glucosinolate content, respectively, which may lead to reduced genetic biodiversity of the crop. This study investigates the impact of these bottlenecks on the genetic diversity within and across European and Chinese winter B. rapa cultivars. We compared eight cultivars from Europe and China, representing three different seed qualities from three different breeding periods： （1） high erucic acid, high glucosinolates （＋＋）; （2） zero erucic acid, high glucosinolates（0＋）; （3） zero erucic acid, low glucosonolates （00, canola quality）. Diversity was estimated on 32 plants per cultivar, with 16 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers covering each of the B. rapa linkage groups. The analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） showed that genetic variations within cultivars, across cultivars and across regions （Europe and China） were significant, with about 60% of the total variation within cultivars. There was a slight, but non-significant loss in genetic diversity within cultivars when comparing the three breeding periods as indicated by effective number of alleles （2.39, 2.23, and 1.99 for breeding periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively）, Shannon information index （0.93, 0.90, 0.75）, and expected heterozygosity （0.51, 0.49, 0.42）. By cluster analysis （UPGMA dendrogram） and principal coordinate analysis, Chinese and European cultivars were clearly divided into two distinct groups. In conclusion, quality improvement did not significantly reduce the genetic diversity of European and Chinese B. rapa cultivars.     

HapIII of TaSAP1-A1, a Positively Selected Haplotype in Wheat Breeding

Stress-associated protein (SAP) has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation, embryo development and response to abiotic stresses. TaSAP1-A1, one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1 (TaSAP1) members located on wheat chromosome 7A was isolated for polymorphism analysis. HapIII of TaSAP1-A1 was found significantly associated with thousand-grain weight (TGW) in multiple environments. In this study, HapIII also made a positive contribution to TGW in Population 2. The distribution of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was tracked among varieties released in different years and geographical environments of China. The frequency of HapIII showed an increasing trend during the breeding process in two different populations. The HapIII was gradually selected and applied from 6.36% in landraces to 13.50% in modern varieties. These results exhibited that TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was positively selected during wheat breeding, which is beneficial for grain-yield improvement. The preferred HapIII was initially selected and applied in the higher latitude areas of China in accord with the long day season and longer grain filling stage in these areas. Moreover, the frequency of HapIII in recent modern varieties was still quite low (19.29–26.67%). It indicated a high application potential of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII for improving grain yield in wheat breeding.