近自然治理——以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程

荒溪系统是流域管理中最基本和最重要的单元．该文基于欧洲近２０ａ来关于近自然治理的研究成果,简要介绍了近自然治理———以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程的基本概念、发展历程及其在阿尔卑斯山区国家的应用情况．从景观生态学角度分析了传统荒溪治理工程对荒溪生态系统的影响,提出了以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程的规划方法和应注意的问题     

近自然治理--以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程

荒溪系统是流域管理中最基本和最重析单元,该文基于欧洲近２０ａ来关于自然治理的研究成果,简要介绍了近自然治理－以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程的基本概念,发展历程及其在阿尔卑山区国家的应用情况,从景观生态学角度分析了传统荒溪治理工程对荒溪生态系统的影响,提出了以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程的规划方法和应注意的问题。     

我国研究亚洲玉米螟历史、现状与展望

综述了中国亚洲玉米螟的研究历史与现状,以及近２０年来在亚洲玉米螟人工饲养技术、优势种鉴定与分布、生物学和生态学、抗螟品种鉴定与利用、毒理和抗药性、天敌种类和应用、产量损失与经济阈值、预测预报和关键防治技术研究的现状和取得的进展,并提出了“十五”期间亚洲玉米螟的研究方向。     

浅谈景观生态学原理在观光农业景观规划中的应用

观光农业是近几十年来兴起的一种融农业产业和观光休闲为一体的新兴产业。景观生态学主要诞生于地理学和生态学之间的交叉,经过半个多世纪的发展,其研究内容日益丰富。随着农业旅游的快速发展,景观生态学与农业景观规划的关系日益密切。对景观生态学的基本概念做了界定,系统分析了观光农业的景观功能,重点讨论了运用景观生态学原理规划设计观光农业园区中的本底、斑块、廊道和景观最优格局,以保证观光农业园景观生态的可持续发展。     

玉米有害生物综合防治中的系统论与生态观

总结近２０年的综合防治工作,系统科学和生态学的原理贯穿于综合防治技术组建过程中。配套的单项关键技术都是以互补增效为前提,形成了以种衣剂处理的多抗杂交种为基础,发生测报为先导,协调生态高产栽培、生物、物理及一次性化学除草和杀鼠剂并用的防治技术体系。     

《生态学》简介

<正> 现代生态学的中心就是探讨生物有机体在地球上的分布和数量规律,它既具有环境科学的特征,同时又具备进化生物学的特征。近20年来,生态学中最重要的进展之一当推进化生态学的崛起,因为生物有机体的最基本特征之一就是在同环境的生存斗争中竭尽全力保持种的生存和繁衍,因此生物的适应、进化是生态学研究的核心问题之一。美国著名动物生态学家Paul Colinvaux教授编著的《生态学》 (Ecology)一书就是以进化生态学为主线的一     

景观生态学与园林树种规划设计的关系初探

一、景观生态学概述 1.景观生态学发展简史 在20世纪60年代至80年代中,生态学从生物学的一个分支学科发展成为一门综合性学科,近十年来它又与社会学、经济学、工程技术科学迅速融合,诞生了一批交叉前沿学科,景观生态学(Landscape Ecology)就是其中之一.     

中国农业生态学的发展

新中国成立60年来,农业生态学长足发展,在教学、科研、学术交流、学科建设与人才培养、机构设置与科研平台等方面取得了巨大成就。本文分析了我国农业生态学的发展正面临着一系列问题,如重视不够、投入不足、队伍不稳、实验条件不先进、科研成果不适用,以及学科管理不科学、不规范等。为实现新世纪新阶段中国农业生态学学科的又好又快发展,提出了以下对策和措施:加强认识、加大投入、加深研究、加快改革、加速人才培养。     

对园林生态问题的探讨

园林生态学以人类生态学为基础,与城市、景观密切相关,属于应用生态学的范畴。园林规划设计应作为一项生态工程来进行。园林生态学主要研究园林可能影响范围内的人类生活、资源使用、环境质量和景观四者之间的关系及调节途径。     

依靠科技创新 办好饲料工业

北京市科学技术委员会,河北省科学技术委员会,河北省畜牧局主办的’９９饲料工业新技术、新产品交流展示洽谈会于１９９９年５月２０日如期召开了,我们希望通过这次技术交流、展览展示促进饲料研究、生产的进步和发展。改革开放２０年来,我国畜禽生产得到了突飞猛进的...     

广西新收集野生大豆资源的质量性状分析

【目的】明确广西新收集野生大豆种质资源遗传多样性分布特点,为今后挖掘野生大豆资源的优异性状提供参考依据。【方法】将2008年9～10月收集的200份野生大豆种质资源进行种植,在生育期观察记载茸毛色、叶形、主茎类型等质量性状,分别进行赋值,然后计算Shannon-weaver和Simpson遗传多样性指数。【结果】野生大豆材料的11个质量性状的Shannon-weaver指数范围为0.0338～0.4320,Simpson指数范围为0.0300～0.5811,其中Shannon-weaver指数以泥膜类型最小,Simpson指数以粒色最小,而荚色的两类遗传多样性指数均最高。聚类结果将200份野生大豆材料聚为两大类,不同地区收集的材料之间存在明显的遗传差异,但部分地区内的野生大豆材料表现出明显的遗传分化。【结论】广西新收集的野生大豆质量性状的遗传多样性程度低,今后需继续对广西野生大豆种质资源进行收集和鉴定。     

广西新收集野生大豆资源的质量性状分析

【目的】明确广西新收集野生大豆种质资源遗传多样性分布特点,为今后挖掘野生大豆资源的优异性状提供参考依据。【方法】将2008年9～10月收集的200份野生大豆种质资源进行种植,在生育期观察记载茸毛色、叶形、主茎类型等质量性状,分别进行赋值,然后计算Shannon-weaver和Simpson遗传多样性指数。【结果】野生大豆材料的11个质量性状的Shannon-weaver指数范围为0.0338～0.4320,Simpson指数范围为0.0300～0.5811,其中Shannon-weaver指数以泥膜类型最小,Simpson指数以粒色最小,而荚色的两类遗传多样性指数均最高。聚类结果将200份野生大豆材料聚为两大类,不同地区收集的材料之间存在明显的遗传差异,但部分地区内的野生大豆材料表现出明显的遗传分化。【结论】广西新收集的野生大豆质量性状的遗传多样性程度低,今后需继续对广西野生大豆种质资源进行收集和鉴定。     

中国野生大豆(G.soja)研究十年

大豆起源于中国。中国野生大豆资源约占世界总数的90％。近十年来,我国国学者对野生大豆的多学科研究,取得了卓越的成就,很多方面处于世界领先地位,野生大豆研究已进入一个新的历史时期。本文综述了野生大豆的分布与生境、形态发育和生态性状、生理生化性状、品质性状、病虫抗性、细胞遗传学性状以及杂交利用、大豆起源进化分类方面的研究结果,并提出了今后研究工作的主要任务。     

Linkage and association mapping of wild soybean (Glycine soja) seeds germinating under salt stress

Salinity threatens soybean germination, growth and production.  The germination stage is a key period in the life of soybean.  Wild soybean contains many genes related to stress resistance that are valuable resources for the genetic improvement of soybean.  To identify the genetic loci of wild soybean that are active during seed germination under salt stress, two populations, a soybean interspecific hybrid population comprising 142 lines and a natural population comprising 121 wild soybean accessions, were screened for three germination-related traits in this study.  By using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with three salt tolerance indices, 25 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 21 significant SNPs (–log₁₀(P)≥4.0) and 24 potential SNPs (3.5<–log₁₀(P)<4.0) were detected by linkage mapping and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two environments.  The key genetic region was identified based on these SNPs and QTLs.  According to the gene functional annotations of the W05 genome and salt-induced gene expression qRT-PCR analysis, GsAKR1 was selected as a candidate gene that responded to salt stress at the germination stage in the wild soybean.  These results could contribute to determining the genetic networks of salt tolerance in wild soybean and will be helpful for molecular marker-assisted selection in the breeding of salt-tolerant soybean.     

Genetic dissection of hexanol content in soybean seed through genome-wide association analysis

Hexanol is a major compound contributing to the off-flavors(the bean-like odor) of soybean derived soymilk. The most effective way to reduce the off-flavors of soymilk is the screening and utilization of soybean cultivars with improved hexanol content. However, no genome-wide genetic analysis for this particular trait has been conducted to date. The objective of the present study was to dissect the genetic basis of hexanol content in soybean seed through genome-wide association analysis(GWAS). A total of 105 soybean accessions were analyzed for hexanol content in a three-year experiments and genotyped by sequencing using the specific locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq) approach. A total of 25 724 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were obtained with minor allele frequencies(MAF)5%. GWAS showed that 25 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTNs) were significantly associated with the hexanol concentration in soybean seed. These identified QTNs distributed on different genomic regions of the 15 chromosomes. A total of 91 genes were predicted as candidate genes underlying the seed hexanol level and six candidates were predicted possibly underlying the seed hexanol by gene based association. In this study, GWAS has been proven to be an effective way to dissect the genetic basis of the hexanol concentration in multiple genetic backgrounds. The identified beneficial alleles and candidate genes might be valuable for the improvement of marker-assisted breeding efficiency for low hexanol level and help to explore possible molecular mechanisms underlying hexanol content in soybean seed.     

基于全基因组重测序的大豆分子标记开发及籽粒蛋白质含量QTL定位

【目的】基于全基因组重测序结果,开发与高蛋白、耐荫、抗倒伏等性状紧密相关的分子标记,同时利用开发的分子标记构建遗传连锁图谱,并对籽粒蛋白质含量进行QTL定位,为后续高蛋白、耐荫、抗倒育种研究提供参考和分子标记资源。【方法】以大面积栽培品种南豆12和地方品种十月黄为亲本,构建F₂分离群体。对亲本材料进行覆盖度约为40×的全基因组重测序,用BWA、GATK及Breakdancer等软件比对,检测亲本材料在全基因组范围内的突变类型,挖掘相关变异基因。结合种子不同发育时期和荫蔽处理获得的转录组数据,结合qRT-PCR对发生突变的储藏蛋白、环境适应相关基因进行表达规律分析。同时,基于重测序数据,挖掘亲本间存在于基因编码区的SNP位点,对其进行酶切位点分析,将SNP标记转化为CAPS或dCAPS标记。此外,搜索亲本间存在的插入/缺失变异位点,在插入/缺失位点两侧高度保守的区域设计引物开发InDel标记。对开发的CAPS标记和InDel标记进行多态性筛选,选取具有多态性的CAPS分子标记和InDel标记,对F₂材料进行基因分型。根据分型结果,利用JoinMap 4.0软件进行遗传连锁图谱的构建。依据构建的遗传图谱,结合近红外分析获得F₂材料的籽粒蛋白质含量数据,使用Windows QTL Cartographer V2.5软件对大豆籽粒蛋白质含量进行QTL分析。【结果】测序结果显示,南豆12大量储藏蛋白、环境适应相关的重要基因或同源基因发生突变。转录组数据分析结果显示部分变异基因呈现不同的表达模式且差异显著,qRT-PCR分析进一步验证了该结果。此外,经检测开发的540个CAPS分子标记中有332个具有酶切多态性,300对InDel引物中有201对引物能扩增出多态性。基于533个多态性分子标记构建了一张包含20个连锁群的遗传连锁图谱,覆盖长度2 973.87 cM,标记间平均遗传距离5.58 cM。利用此图谱对大豆籽粒蛋白质含量进行QTL定位,共检测到QTL位点6个,可解释4.68%—18.25%的表型变异。【结论】基于亲本间的变异位点,共开发了533个多态性分子标记（包含8个基因特异性分子标记）,检测到6个大豆籽粒蛋白质含量QTL位点,其中,主效QTL位点1个（qSPC-6）。     

Sexual compatibility of transgenic soybean and different wild soybean populations

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) soybean into farming systems raises great concern that transgenes from GM soybean may flow to endemic wild soybean via pollen. This may increase the weediness of transgenic soybean by increasing the fitness of hybrids under certain conditions and threaten the genetic diversity of wild soybean populations. Although pollen-mediated gene flow between GM crops and wild relatives is dependent on many factors, the sexual compatibility (SC) determined by their genetic backgrounds is the conclusive factor. The considerable genetic variation among wild soybean populations may cause compatibility differences between different wild and cultivated soybeans. Thus, an evaluation of the SC between transgenic soybean and different wild soybeans is essential for assessing the environmental consequences of cultivated soybean–wild soybean transgene flow. The podding and seed sets were assessed after artificial hybridization using transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean as the paternal parent and 18 wild soybean populations as the maternal parents. Then, the average number of filled seeds produced in 200 flowers (AFS) was calculated for each wild soybean under natural self-pollination as well as under artificial crossing with transgenic soybean. Finally, the index of cross-SC was calculated (ICSC) as the ratio of the AFS of wild soybean artificially crossed with transgenic soybean and the AFS of naturally self-pollinated wild soybean. The results demonstrated that after self-pollination and crossing with transgenic soybean, the average podding rates of 18 wild soybean populations ranged within 96.50–99.50% and 4.92–18.03%, and the average filled seed numbers per pod varied from 1.70 to 2.69 and 0.20 to 0.48, respectively. The results showed that approximately 89% of wild soybeans displayed either medium or higher than medium SC with transgenic soybean (ICSC>1.0%). This implied the high possibility of gene flow via pollen from transgenic soybean to wild soybean.     

大豆分子育种研究新进展

分子育种是当今世界大豆产业发展的主要推动力,已成为国际大豆种业竞争的核心技术。介绍了2012-2013年间国内外大豆分子育种研究的新进展：以高通量测序为基础的功能基因组学研究更深入、更广泛;克隆并验证了与开花、产量、结瘤和抗逆性等重要性状相关的基因;发掘出一批新的分子标记或QTL,强化了传统分子标记与新技术、新方法的有机结合;在遗传转化体系优化方面取得了一些新进展,并在大豆中对一些目标基因进行了功能鉴定;一批具有抗虫、耐除草剂等单一及复合性状的转基因大豆新品种获得多国安全认证,允许进口食用、饲用或商业化种植,并对今后一段时间内大豆分子育种领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Tendency Detected by Isozyme, RFLP and RAPD Markers in the Wild and Cultivated Soybean in China

A large numbers of samples of wild soybean accessions and cultivated soybean landraces from various areas in China were analyzed by isozyrme, cytoplasmic DNA RFLP and nuclear DNA RAPD markers in order to reveal their genetic diversity. Greater comprehensive genetic diversity was detected in wild soybean than in cultivated soybean. The genetic plentifulness and the genetic dispersion of wild soybean were 180 (95. 2％) and 0. 2891 while those of cultivated soybean were 154(81.5％) and 0. 2091,respectively. On the most loci, especially on isozyme loci Idh1, Aph, Idh2,and Dia, cytoplasmic DNA RFLP loci cp Ⅰ , cp Ⅲ, mt Ⅳ a and mt Ⅳ b, and nuclear RAPD loci OPAP4-8, OPAP5-1, OPAP9-8 and OPAP20-8, the wild soybeans djffered remarkably from the cultivated ones in allele frequency. These markers could be used in further study on the evolution and origin of the cultivated soybean.     

野生大豆蛋白质优异基因源种间杂交遗传规律及其应用研究进展

野生大豆是栽培大豆品种改良的基因来源。野生大豆与栽培大豆杂交是未来大豆新种质增加的有效途径。野生大豆具有高蛋白、多花多荚和抗逆性强等优良特性。研究证明大豆育种上通过种间杂交方法创造出具有野生血缘的育种中间材料,可以选育出高蛋白大豆新品种。深入探索野生大豆高蛋白资源在大豆种间杂交后代的遗传规律,可以为大豆特异种质创新提供理论依据。