以土地利用为基础的土壤多样性研究——以永济市为例

运用土壤多样性理论及其测度方法,在MAPGIS支持下对山西省永济市不同地形单元上和不同土地利用类型上发育的土壤类型的多样性进行了初步的分析和定量化的研究。在不同地形上,土壤丰富度指数从高到低依次为山地、盆地、滩涂、丘陵;多样性指数从高到低依次为山地、盆地、滩涂、丘陵;均匀度指数从高到低依次为盆地、山地、滩涂、丘陵。并初步探索了土壤多样性与土地利用间的关系。     

福建省铁观音茶园锌素状况

调查了福建省安溪县、永春县和华安县150个铁观音茶园表层土壤和茶叶中的锌含量.结果表明:供试茶园土壤全锌和有效锌平均含量分别为62.40和1.16 mg·kg-1,供锌能力中等略偏低;闪长岩类、英安质凝灰岩类和变质岩类母岩上发育的土壤全锌量较高,而花岗岩类、砂岩类和流纹岩类母岩上发育的土壤全锌量较低;凝灰岩类、变质岩类...     

不同母质条件下海南省胶园土壤肥力特性研究

[目的]为胶园土壤肥力的管理提供依据。[方法]对海南省胶园酸性火成岩、基性火成岩、酸性变质岩、沉积岩、冲积物、海积物等不同母质发育下的土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量进行分析,研究胶园土壤肥力指标与其母质之间的关系。[结果]胶园不同土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量均为在玄武岩中最高,全钾、缓效钾含量在花岗岩中最高。胶园0~20 cm土壤速效氮含量在页岩中最高,21~40、41~60 cm土壤速效氮含量在玄武岩中最高。[结论]胶园土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量在一些母质上对母岩特性有继承性,但生物气候及耕作与施肥等因素已经完全弱化了因母岩成分不同而造成的土壤有机质及氮磷钾养分含量的差异。     

云南白水台泉华台地植物多样性与土壤因子关系研究

探讨了云南白水台泉华台地植物多样性特征和5种不同植被类型的土壤理化性质.结果表明:灰背栎是群落的建群种和优势种,各样方的多样性指数和土壤理化性质均有明显差异:从以草本为主的裸露地到乔灌林,土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、水解氮等土壤养分指标总体上呈递增趋势,这表明植物多样性指数比较高的乔灌木林比其它植被类型能更好地改善土壤养分状况.并用逐步多元回归分析了不同样方中植物多样性指数与土壤因子之间的相关性,大多数多样性指数均受特定土壤因子的影响,结果也显示土壤酸碱度、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、全钙量和Ca/Mg,对白水台泉华台地群落多样性的维持和发育起重要作用.     

城市绿化植物群落结构分布格局与多样性分析

【目的】植物α和β多样性的变化与土壤、地貌及人为干扰等生态因子有密切的关系,为了研究城市绿化植物群落结构分布格局与多样性。【方法】选取重庆市不同绿化植物样带(样带1、样带2、样带3、样带4),每个样带设置城区、近郊和远郊作为生态梯度,研究绿化植物群落结构与多样性特征及其环境影响因素(土壤温度、pH值、电导率、含水量、有机碳、全氮)。【结果】由样带1到样带4,其受干扰程度逐渐降低,4条样带乡土树种占木本植物物种的比例从大到小依次为:远郊、近郊、城区。4条样带中城区木本植物Margalef丰富度指数均高于近郊和远郊区,依次表现为:城区近郊远郊。样带1和样带2木本植物ShannonWiener多样性指数从大到小顺序依次为:城区、远郊、近郊,样带3和样带4木本植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从大到小顺序依次为:城区、近郊、远郊。样带1木本植物Mclntosh均匀度指数从大到小顺序依次为:远郊、城区、近郊,样带2~4木本植物均匀度指数从大到小顺序依次为:城区、远郊、近郊。4条样带Cody指数均表现为近郊远郊城区,其中4条样带Cody指数在近郊、远郊和城区差异均显著(P0.05)。4条样带的相似性系数均表现为远郊近郊城区,其中远郊和近郊Sorenson指数差异不显著(P0.05),二者显著高于城区(P0.05)。【结论】PCA结果显示:绿化植物Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Mclntosh均匀度指数之间均呈正相关;沿着PCA的第1排序轴,随着显著性影响因子(含水量、有机碳、全氮)的增加而增加,其中土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮的影响为正;土壤pH值、电导率和温度在一定程度上抑制植物多样性指数的变化。     

贵州母岩（母质）对土壤类型及分布的影响

岩石是形成土壤母质的原始物质。为了更深入地了解贵州母岩（母质）对贵州土壤类型及分布的影响,通过收集整理相关文献和资料,归纳总结母岩（母质）类型及其对贵州土壤类型的影响。结果表明,不同母质类型可形成不同的土类及亚类,如石灰土、紫色土。同一母质类型亦可形成不同类型的土壤,如砂页岩在不同的生物气候条件下可形成黄红壤、黄壤及黄棕壤。贵州碳酸盐岩母质与非碳酸盐岩母质（砂、页岩）相间带状分布,使贵州地带性土壤与非地带性土壤交错分布。     

不同母岩发育土壤质量评价

本文以土壤化学性质、物理性质及可氧化有机碳为指标,应用数值综合评价法对8种母岩发育的土壤进行质量评价,最后得出,土壤的质量指数从大到小的排序为:煤系砂页岩第四纪粘土长石石英砂岩石英砂岩紫色砂页岩变余砂岩玄武岩灰质白云岩。土壤质量最好的为煤系砂页岩发育的土壤,质量指数为0.90,土壤质量最差的为灰质白云岩发育的土壤,质量指数为0.038。     

不同母质橡胶林土壤真菌群落结构特征及其与土壤环境因子的相关性

【目的】研究海南橡胶林不同母质发育土壤真菌群落组成及多样性特征,探析橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤环境因子间的相关性,为海南天然橡胶林因地制宜提升土壤肥力与改善土壤环境提供理论依据。【方法】以海南4种成土母质（花岗岩、玄武岩、变质岩和浅海沉积物）土壤为研究对象,采用基于ITS （Internal Transcribed Spacer）序列的ILLumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析4种成土母质发育条件下橡胶林土壤真菌群落的组成与多样性。【结果】不同母质间土壤理化特性差异明显,养分含量不平衡。4种母质类型土壤共鉴定出16门47纲110目203科360属462种真菌种类,获得3987个OTUs;橡胶林土壤中存在大量未知真菌类群,已知真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）均为最优势类群,非优势菌群相对丰度分布有差异;橡胶林不同母质间土壤真菌物种丰富度覆盖指数和Chao1指数差异显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）,多样性Shannon指数和Simpson指数差异不显著（P>0.05）;NMDS和Heat map分析表明,海南橡胶林不同母质土壤真菌群落结构相似性有差异,花岗岩属于第一大类,变质岩为第二大类,玄武岩与浅海沉积物属于第三大类。典型对应分析（CCA）结果表明,橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤环境因子密切相关。【结论】不同母质类型橡胶林土壤微生物群落结构存在差异,橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤含水量及有效养分等理化性状密切相关,其主要影响因子为有机碳、有效氮、全氮和碳氮比。     

罗布泊地区土壤多样性研究

[目的]利用土壤多样性理论方法分析罗布泊地区的土壤多样性.[方法]利用ArcGIS对空间数据进行矢量化,获得空间数据的属性值.多样性指标的计算和成图则在Excel中完成.[结果]罗布泊地区土壤类型单一.在地形地貌上,石膏质盐壳上发育的土壤亚类,其丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度值都很高;在地质构造单元新生代盆地上发育的土壤亚类,其丰富度指数和多样性值数是最高的,但是均匀度却是最低的.面积与丰富度指数、多样性指数与均匀度指数之间均符合二次多项式函数关系.[结论]土壤多样性受到土壤分类精度、地块单元面积以及所包含各亚类面积等综合因素的影响.     

武陵山区宜茶的农业地质背景分析

介绍了武陵山区的水分地质背景、地貌特点、地质构造和地球化学背景，提出了按土壤钙含量、pH、K/P、P／Ca等指标，有利于茶叶高产优质的地质类型依次为变质岩、碳酸盐岩、第四纪冲积土，而武陵山区茶园土壤多为变质岩发育的黄红壤，十分有利于发展茶叶生产。     

不同成因型母质发育土壤稀土元素的地球化学特征分析

分析了 1 7种母质发育土壤的稀土元素 (REE)的地球化学特征 ,结果表明 :(1 )基性岩浆岩母质发育土壤的稀土总丰度最高 ,红砂岩者最低 ;(2 )岩浆岩和喷出岩者的 REE科勃尔分布模式仍表现出母岩特征 ,沉积型者则相对平稳 ,但海相沉积型者变异显著 ;(3 )各类母质发育者∑ Ce/∑Y特征值达 3 .5 -4.7,∑ Ce与∑ Y分馏特征明显 ;(4 )砂页岩等 4种母质者δCe正异常 ,火山喷出岩等 3种母质者 δCe相对稳定 ,酸性岩浆岩等 1 0种母质者 δCe负异常 ;紫砂岩母质者 δEu正异常 ,页岩等 3种母质者δEu相对稳定 ,基性岩浆岩等 1 3种母质者 δEu负异常 ;(5 )逐步回归分析表明 ,∑ REE与 Ce、Sm、Dy、Lu,∑ Ce与 Pr、Sm,∑ Y与 Dy、Lu相关显著 ;(6)双重筛选逐步回归分析表明 ,∑ REE、∑ Ce与土壤 Fe2 O3相关极显著 ,∑ Y与土壤 p H值、粉砂粒、物理性粘粒相关显著 ;(7)通过 REE动态聚类分析 ,不同母质土壤可划分为基于岩性背景的三大类     

Role of the lithogenic basis in the diversity of soddy podburs in Transbaikalia

The preferential distribution of soddy podburs on loose sandy sediments of different genesis, as well as the possibility of their formation on loess-like carbonate rocks and, in rare cases, on the eluvium of metamorphic biotite–chlorite shales, has been revealed. The differences in the microstructure, composition, and properties of soils are due to the impact of different soil-forming rocks. The results of study will contribute to the classification of regional soils and the optimization of forest and agricultural land use.     

Kerogen recycling in the ross sea, antarctica

Analyses of the stable isotopes of the organic carbon and microscopic examination of the sediment particles suggest that up to 90 percent of the organic matter in Ross Sea sediments is derived from the igneous and ancient metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that are being glacially eroded on the Antarctic continent and transported seaward.     

Alga-like forms in onverwacht series, South Africa: oldest recognized lifelike forms on Earth

Spheroidal and cupshaped, carbonaceous alga-like bodies, as well as filamentous structures and amorphous carbonaceous matter occur in sedimentary rocks of the Onverwacht Series (Swaziland System) in South Africa. The Onverwacht sediments are older than 3.2 eons, and they are probably the oldest, littlealtered sedimentary rocks on Earth. The basal Onverwacht sediments lie approximately 10,000 meters stratigraphically below the Fig Tree sedimentary rocks, from which similar organic microstructures have been interpreted as alga-like microfossils. The Onverwacht spheroids and filaments are best preserved in black, carbonrich cherts and siliceous argillites interlayered with thick sequences of lavas. These lifelike forms and the associated carbonaceous substances are probably biological in origin. If so, the origins of unicellular life on Earth are buried in older rocks now obliterated by igneous and metamorphic events.     

Bacterial diversity and community composition changes in paddy soils that have different parent materials and fertility levels

Parent materials and the fertility levels of paddy soils are highly variable in subtropical China. Bacterial diversity and community composition play pivotal roles in soil ecosystem processes and functions. However, the effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition in paddy soils are unclear. The key soil factors driving the changes in bacterial diversity, community composition, and the specific bacterial species in soils that are derived from different parent materials and have differing fertility levels are unknown. Soil samples were collected from paddy fields in two areas with different parent materials(quaternary red clay or tertiary sandstone) and two levels of fertility(high or low). The variations in bacterial diversity indices and communities were evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing which targeted the V4–V5 region of the 16 S r RNA gene. The effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition were clarified by a two-way ANOVA and a two-way PERMANOVA. A principal coordinate analysis(PCo A), a redundancy analysis(RDA), and multivariate regression trees(MRT) were used to assess changes in the studied variables and identify the factors affecting bacterial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis was performed to find correlations between bacterial genera and specific soil properties, and a statistical analysis of metagenomic profiles(STAMP) was used to determine bacterial genus abundance differences between the soil samples. The contributions made by parent material and soil fertility to changes in the bacterial diversity indices were comparable, but soil fertility accounted for a larger part of the shift in bacterial community composition than the parent material. Soil properties, especially soil texture, were strongly associated with bacterial diversity. The RDA showed that soil organic carbon(SOC) was the primary factor influencing bacterial community composition. A key threshold for SOC(25.5 g kg~(–1)) separated low fertility soils from high fertility soils. The network analysis implied that bacterial interactions tended towards cooperation and that copiotrophic bacteria became dominant when the soil environment improved. The STAMP revealed that copiotrophic bacteria, such as Massilia and Rhodanobacter, were more abundant in the high fertility soils, while oligotrophic bacteria, such as Anaerolinea, were dominant in low fertility soils. The results showed that soil texture played a role in bacterial diversity, but nutrients, especially SOC, shaped bacterial community composition in paddy soils with different parent materials and fertility levels.     

Heat-producing elements and the thermal and baric patterns of metamorphic belts

The character of sedimentary basins, before they are deformed and metamorphosed, may strongly influence the thermal and baric patterns of metamorphic belts. Crustal thickening of anoxic sedimentary basins and subsequent thermal reequilibration may produce large areas of high-grade metamorphic rocks and granites because the concentrations of the heat-producing elements are high in such basins. In New England there is a spatial association among granites and high-grade metasedimentary rocks rich in U and Th that now form the Central Maine terrane. The high content of heat-producing elements in these rocks is attributed to fixing of U and Th in highly reduced sediments that were deposited in an anoxic basin that formed in the Silurian. When the basin was thickened during the Devonian Acadian orogeny, the thermal energy generated by the U- and Th-rich sediments produced the observed broad zone of high-grade rocks and anatectic granites. This hypothesis was tested with thermal calculations that reproduce most of the first-order thermal and baric patterns of the Acadian Appalachians, if pretectonic lateral variations in heat production are assumed.     

贵州不同岩石背景土壤矿物与矿质养分的关系

为了更好地了解优质农作物生长与不同岩石背景土壤养分的关系,科学指导农业种植,对两种不同岩石背景土壤中矿物与土壤主要矿质养分的关系进行研究。结果表明:碎屑岩背景区土壤粉粒矿物中长石、云母含量较碳酸盐岩背景区土壤中的高,土壤粘粒矿物中绿泥石含量较碳酸盐岩背景区土壤中的高,高岭石含量较低,土壤风化程度较低,持续释放矿质养分的能力较强,土壤养分相对充裕;而碳酸盐岩背景区土壤粉粒矿物中长石、云母含量较碎屑岩背景区土壤中的低,土壤粘粒矿物中绿泥石含量较碎屑岩背景区土壤中的低,高岭石含量较高,土壤风化程度较高,持续释放矿质养分的能力弱,土壤养分相对缺乏。     

汉中盆地土壤分类研究

应用系统分类体系和数值分类方法对汉中盆地土壤进行研究表明，发育在不同母质和海拔高度的土壤，剖面形态、发生特性和成土过程均存在明显差异，应在土类以上的等级上区分开来：其中发育在粘黄土母质上的土壤为淋溶土纲、铁质湿润淋溶土土类；发育在基岩风化物母质上的土壤为富铁土纲、粘化湿润富铁土土类；分布在中山区暖温带湿润地区的土壤为淋溶土纲、简育湿润淋溶土土类。