广州农田土壤重金属生物有效性研究

[目的]为研究农田土壤中镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的生物有效性提供依据。[方法]研究测定了广州一城中村的水田和旱田土壤中的重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,并采用五态分级法对镉、铬、铜、铅、锌在土壤中的存在形态进行了提取和测定,在此基础上探讨了这些重金属的生物有效性。[结果]结果表明,该村的水田和旱田土壤中镉的含量分别为土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)二级标准值的6.87倍和10.23倍;铜含量分别为标准值的4.68倍和3.76倍,锌含量分别为标准值的1.22倍和2.01倍,铬和铅达标。水田土壤中镉和铬以残渣态为主,铜以有机态为主,铅以有机态和残渣态为主,锌以铁/锰态为主。旱田土壤中镉、铬和铅以残渣态为主,铜以有机态为主,锌以铁/锰态为主。[结论]重金属的可交换态和碳酸盐态具有较高的生物有效性,镉在水田和旱田的可交换态与碳酸盐态之和为0.32mg/kg和0.31 mg/kg,超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)二级标准值,其污染状况值得关注。     

尾矿库尾砂及周边农田土壤重金属形态分布及其生物有效性

采用BCR(community bureau of reference)连续提取法对大宝山矿山槽对坑尾矿库尾砂和周边农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物有效性进行了分析.结果表明.尾砂中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn残渣态占绝对优势,占其总量的百分数均在85%以上.农田土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn都以残渣态为主,分别占其总量的60%、60%和90%以上,Pb以残渣态和可还原态为主,占其总量的93.44%.农田土壤重金属有效性较尾砂大,尾砂和农田土壤重金属生物有效性均以Pb为最高.     

沼液连续浇灌对茶园土壤铅形态及生物有效性的影响研究

采用室内培养试验研究沼液连续浇灌对茶园土壤铅形态及生物有效性的影响.研究结果表明:沼液连续浇灌能改变土壤中Pb的形态,土壤中Pb的离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、碳酸盐结合态向有机物结合态和残渣态转化.沼液连续浇灌各处理铅形态的分布中残渣态含量最高,T1处理残渣态占54.56%,T2处理残渣态占60.00%,T3处理残渣态占60.70%.与对照相比,施用沼液显著降低重金属Pb的生物活性和生物有效性,可使生物活性降低21.26%~22.83%.可见,茶园土壤施用沼液能抑制重金属Pb的生物活性和生物有效性.     

不同种植模式对土壤重金属铅、镉形态分布的影响

为更好地了解不同种植模式下重金属在土壤-作物系统中的迁移转化规律,通过田间试验对水稻连作、菜稻轮作、蔬菜轮作3种珠三角常用种植模式下土壤重金属形态分布变化规律进行探讨.结果表明,3种种植模式下,土壤中铅各赋存形态的含量高低顺序大多呈现为可还原态＞残渣态＞可氧化态＞可交换态,可还原态占37.26％～ 56.94％;土壤中镉大多以活性较高的形态存在,可交换态占46.70％～62.98％,各赋存形态的含量高低顺序为可交换态＞可还原态＞可氧化态＞残渣态.就铅的3种具有效性的形态可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态总量而言,水稻连作和菜稻轮作比种植前都有所增加,而蔬菜轮作则较种植前有少量下降;而就镉具有效性的3种形态总量而言,菜稻轮作下为增加,蔬菜轮作下为下降,而水稻连作模式变化不明显.铅可还原态与可氧化态和残渣态能进行直接或间接的相互转化,呈现此消彼长的趋势;而对于土壤重金属镉的各赋存形态之间,可交换态与可还原态呈极显著的负相关性,二者之间可进行相互转化.     

珠江口沉积物中重金属形态分布特征研究

测定了珠江入海口沉积物中的重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,并采用Tessier形态分类法对镉、铬、铜、铅、锌在沉积物中的存在形态进行了提取和测定。结果表明,珠江口沉积物中镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量与国内其他河口相比,处于一种较高的含量水平。与珠江三角洲土壤背景值相比,镉、铬、铜、铅、锌在沉积物中有不同程度的富集,其中以镉的富集系数最大,为12.67,表明镉的污染比较严重。各种重金属的主要存在形态不同,镉以可交换态为主,占总量的27.63%;铬以残渣态为主,占总量的51.92%;,铜以有机态为主,占总量的81.27%;铅以残渣态为主,占总量的52.60%;锌则以铁/锰态为主,占总量的61.40%。     

沼液连续浇灌对茶园土壤铅形态及生物有效性的影响研究（英文）

采用室内培养试验研究沼液连续浇灌对茶园土壤铅形态及生物有效性的影响。研究结果表明:沼液连续浇灌能改变土壤中Pb的形态,土壤中Pb的离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、碳酸盐结合态向有机物结合态和残渣态转化。沼液连续浇灌各处理铅形态的分布中残渣态含量最高,T_1处理残渣态占54.56%,T_2处理残渣态占60.00%,T_3处理残渣态占60.70%。与对照相比,施用沼液显著降低重金属Pb的生物活性和生物有效性,可使生物活性降低21.26%~22.83%。可见,茶园土壤施用沼液能抑制重金属Pb的生物活性和生物有效性。     

浙江省杨梅产地环境条件评价及无公害生产关键措施

从无公害杨梅Myrica rubra生产层面分析了产地土壤条件,果实安全质量以及生产组织的实施和关键措施,探讨浙江省无公害杨梅生产现状。结果表明,检测的产地土壤未检出农药残留,除部分产地未检出汞外,6种重金属均能检出,各元素平均质量分数从大到小排列顺序为铅、铬、砷、铜、镉、汞,但其污染指数大小排列却是镉、铬、铅、砷、汞、铜。除个别样点汞超标外,97.14%的样点符合无公害土壤质量规定的要求。果实中镉、砷和铜均能检出,有1/3样品未检出汞,个别未检出铅。2批样果品中分别有94.12%和90.70%样品符合水果元素国家标准。超标的样品中均为镉占首位,其次为铅。这些样点多在乡镇工业发达产区和公路干线附近。果实重金属污染指数大小排名为铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜,与土壤污染指数排列顺序相似。果实中重金属元素污染指数与土壤对应污染指数的大小有一定相关。无公害生产关键:园地应远离污染源,避免被动污染;严格规范施肥、用药和无公害生产规定。表3参8     

通辽市污灌区土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以通辽市孔家乡污灌区表层土壤为对象,研究不同灌水方式土壤中(铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、铬)污染的特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害。研究结果表明,灌区土壤中有部分样点的镉的平均含量超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)Ⅱ级标准值,砷、铬、铜、镉重金属的平均含量超过当地土壤背景值,另外两种元素的均值含量未超背景值;单因子生态危害系数而言,其潜在生态危害程度顺序为:镉>铜>砷>铬>铅>锌,镉达到强级别的生态危害程度;从复合生态危害系数上看,潜在生态危害综合平均指数(RI=86.87),处于轻度危害的样点占总数的65.71%,表明长期的污灌造成了灌区土壤重金属的轻度污染。     

冶炼厂渣场周边农田土壤中铜镉的分布特征研究

通过现场采样及室内测定,调查了某铜冶炼厂的废渣堆放对周边农田土壤的重金属污染状况,分别对调查区土壤中重金属的污染特征、铜和镉的土壤表层富集系数和淋失比率、土壤中重金属可提取态含量及形态进行了研究.结果表明,该调查区土壤中以铜和镉重金属污染为主.镉元素已经较明显地向下迁移,污染深度范围0～40 cm,镉在土壤中分布特征与镉易于被水淋溶和在土壤中的形态以交换态为主有关;调查区土壤中的铜主要富集于表层土壤中(0～20 cm),这与土壤中的铜不易被水淋溶发生迁移和在土壤中形态主要以非交换态为主有关.由此可见,受重金属污染农田土壤中镉存在较大的环境风险.     

菊花中重金属、砷盐的化学形态分析

[目的]了解菊花中的重金属和砷盐存在的化学形态及其分布。[方法]采用Tessier的连续提取法制备样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉、铬、铜、砷,采用原子荧光光度法测定汞。[结果]菊花样品中铜以有机态和残渣态为主,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态未检出;铅以有机结合态为主;镉以离子交换态为主;样品中汞以有机态和残渣态为主;砷盐各形态中,水溶态和离子交换态占总量与有机态和残渣态占总量相当。[结论]以有害元素总量做指标评价药材的安全性有失偏颇。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.     

Beliefs,knowledge, and values held by inner-city youth about gardening,nutrition, and cooking

Changes in the US food system and an interest in changing dietary habits among youth have impelled numerous schools and communities to develop programs such as community gardens. Youth community gardens have the potential to positively influence dietary behaviors and enhance environmental awareness and appreciation. However, actual data supporting youth gardening and its influence are limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of community gardens on youth dietary behaviors, values and beliefs, and cooking and gardening behaviors. Focus groups were conducted with inner-city youth living in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota and compared those involved in a youth garden program with those uninvolved in order to investigate whether the gardening program influenced their habits, beliefs, and values. Findings indicate that youth garden program participants were more willing to eat nutritious food and try ethnic and unfamiliar food than those not in the program. Additionally, it was apparent that garden participants had a stronger appreciation for other individuals and cultures and were more likely to cook and garden on their own than youth not involved in a garden program. The findings suggest that garden programs positively impact youth garden habits, food choice, social skills, nutrition knowledge, and cooking skills. Lauren Lautenschlager is currently a graduate student at the University of Minnesota and working toward obtaining her MS in nutrition and becoming a registered dietitian. She is interested in the education of youth on the food system. Chery Smith is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Minnesota. Her research interests include the dietary behavior and nutritional status of low-income and homeless people, community and international nutrition, and food systems.