卫星搭载对紫花苜蓿当代植株生物量的影响

[目的]了解卫星搭载对紫花苜蓿当代植株生物量的影响。[方法]3个品系的苜蓿种子搭载"实践八号"育种卫星进行飞行。返地后,对其植株茎粗、初级分枝数及单株当年生物量等指标进行测定。[结果]卫星搭载后,紫花苜蓿当代植株初级分枝数和单株生物量均显著增加,茎粗无显著变化。以高于(对照平均值+3倍标准差)为标准进行筛选,获得茎粗增加变异株2株,初级分枝增加变异株5株,单株生物量增加变异株12株。[结论]获得的变异株可用于苜蓿品种改良和新品种选育,但其有利变异能否稳定遗传有待于进一步研究。     

卫星搭载对紫花苜蓿二代种子诱变效应的研究

[目的]探寻空间诱变环境对苜蓿搭载二代种子的影响,为苜蓿诱变育种提供理论基础。[方法]2006年9月,三个品系的苜蓿干种子通过＂实践八号＂育种卫星进行空间搭载。返地后,经过地面种植,对其二代种子千粒重、发芽率、硬实种子数和苗重指标进行测试。[结果]与地面对照相比,搭载种子的千粒重增加了5%～9%。发芽试验结果表明,搭载后苜蓿二代种子发芽率、种苗苗重、芽长和根长显著增加（P〈0.05）,硬实种子数、霉变种子数显著减少（P〈0.05）。[结论]空间诱变对苜蓿二代种子有显著的正向诱变效应。     

2种牧草种子空间诱变效应研究

[目的]研究空间条件对牧草种子的诱变效应。[方法]以未搭载种子为对照,观察经"实践八号"卫星搭载后的长江2号多花黑麦草和宝兴鸭茅种子的标准发芽率、物候期和农艺性状。[结果]搭载后长江2号多花黑麦草种子的发芽率为98.34%,宝兴鸭茅为78.66%,均高于对照,但发芽势均略降低。与对照相比,搭载后长江2号多花黑麦草的生育天数稍微增加,宝兴鸭茅的生育天数有所减少,均无明显差异。搭载后长江2号多花黑麦草的后期生长速度比对照快,宝兴鸭茅生长上相对于对照表现为先快后慢。搭载后长江2号多花黑麦草各农艺性状的变异系数远远大于对照,宝兴鸭茅的分蘖数与小穗数明显减少。[结论]空间搭载出现了变异植株,改良了牧草种质,可以获得有价值的育种材料。     

航天搭载对玉米自交系SP_1的诱变效应

航天诱变是创造变异的有效手段,通过卫星搭载3个玉米自交系干种子,研究其诱变当代(SP1)主要性状的诱变效应。结果表明,航天辐射处理畸变率增大,生育期不同程度延长,主要株型性状表现出不同程度的抑制作用,而成苗率和成株率、主要雄穗性状和果穗性状等差异较大,表现既有促进作用也有抑制作用;SP1群体内各性状的变幅和变异系数均大于对照,表明航天搭载能创造丰富的变异,而其是否为遗传性变异有待进一步验证。     

航天搭载对油葵的诱变效应

为研究航天搭载对油葵的诱变效应,利用"神舟八号"飞船搭载油葵种子,返回地面后进行种植,并观测种子出苗状况和SP_1、SP_2、SP_3代植株生长特性及结实种子百粒质量的变化。结果表明:航天搭载对油葵种子的发芽状况没有明显影响;通过航天搭载可增加油葵变异幅度,扩大选择范围;诱变效应在航天搭载当代即有所体现,SP_2代变异表现较为明显且出现新的变异,至SP_3代多数变异性状能够保持;经过航天搭载可获得株高变化、叶片大小变化、叶片叶绿素含量变化、花盘变大、花期延长、提早开花、种子百粒质量显著增高等特征的变异。由此可以看出,航天搭载的油葵对已转化的外源基因至少能够保持至SP_3代,经过航天搭载获得的油葵观赏性状的变异也成为观赏向日葵研究不可或缺的宝贵资源。     

利用航天诱变技术选育优质高产水稻新品种研究

[目的]利用空间诱变技术培育出适合新疆气候种植的优质水稻新品种.[方法]水稻品种新稻11号干种子搭载返回式卫星,经诱变处理后将种子在地面种植,经过多年后代系谱选育,调查后代的农艺性状和经济性状,选育出的优良品系参加新疆区域试验和生产试验.[结果]F1代出现变异单株;F2代群体的单株间主要农艺、经济性状出现了强烈的后代分离,F3代个别株系开始稳定.F4代基本进入稳定状态,从中筛选出结实率高、产量高,食味佳,整精米率高(抗爆腰),抗病性强的突变株系.[结论]水稻品种新稻11号干种子经空间诱变所产生的变异频率高,变异幅度大,并能够稳定的遗传给后代[1].经系谱选育,育成一个适合新疆干燥气候条件下种植的抗爆腰型、高产、优质水稻新品种新稻39号.     

航天搭载与NaN3处理对甘蓝型油菜根尖细胞的诱变效应

 【目的】观察太空辐射和叠氮化钠对甘蓝型油菜诱变当代（M1）根尖细胞的细胞学效应。【方法】利用中国“实践八号”卫星搭载和叠氮化钠（NaN3）对甘蓝型油菜种子进行诱变处理,观察处理后根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率及微核率的变化。【结果】航天搭载促进有丝分裂,复合处理同航天搭载相比,甘蓝型油菜种子的根尖细胞对有丝分裂有抑制效应。同时,复合处理与两个单处理相比,可使多数甘蓝型油菜产生较高频率的染色体畸变。各处理均能诱导油菜根尖细胞产生较高频率的微核,且以航天诱变产生的最多。NaN3在一定程度上降低了甘蓝型油菜种子经空间搭载后的染色体畸变和细胞微核率,促进了空间诱变损伤修复。【结论】卫星搭载与NaN3处理都使甘蓝型油菜在细胞学水平上发生了真实的诱变效应;不育系与其相应保持系表现出一致的诱变效果。     

粳稻材料空间诱变的研究

[目的]利用空间诱变技术培育水稻新品种.[方法]2006年9月通过(实践八号)育种卫星搭载三个水稻品种干种子,经空间诱变处理后将种子在地面种植,考察了后代的遗传及变异情况.[结果]SP1代与对照差异不显著.SP2代群体的单株间主要农艺、经济性状出现了强烈的后代分离,变异频率高达4.09;.SP3代部分株系开始稳定.SP4代已经进入稳定状态, 筛选出的突变株系最高增产幅度达到29.8;,抗病性明显提高.[结论]水稻干种子在空间条件下所产生的变异频率高,变异幅度大,并能够稳定的遗传于后代,有望选育出水稻新种质资源.     

水稻空间诱变突变品系主要农艺经济性状及稻瘟病抗性变异

对籼稻品种特籼占13经返回式卫星搭载空间诱变的21个高代(SP10)突变品系的主要农艺经济性状以及稻瘟病抗性表现进行考察．结果表明：参试的各突变品系大部分主要农艺经济性状均表现明显的变异，既有正向也有负向变异；不同突变品系对稻瘟病的抗性表现差异很大，同一突变品系对不同致病菌株的抗性表现差异也较大，表明空间诱变对稻瘟病抗性变异作用明显但较为复杂．从参试突变品系中可选出在株高、熟期、产量、外观品质和抗性等性状同时得到明显改良的新品种和新种质．     

空间条件对草地早熟禾生长的影响

[目的]探索空间条件对草地早熟禾种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。[方法]将草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis L.）巴润（baron）干种子进行了蒸馏水和硼酸处理后利用返回式卫星搭载,以未搭载干种子作为对照。种子搭载返回后进行发芽试验和田间小区种植试验,观察不同处理种子发芽及幼苗的生长速度、株高、分蘖数等生长情况。[结果]空间条件作用促进了草地早熟禾种子的萌发,特别是对经硼酸预处理的种子的发芽具有明显的影响 与地面对照相比,空间条件对草地早熟禾的植株高度、生长速度、分蘖数都产生了一定影响,同时发现生长矮化或分蘖数更多的植株。[结论]空间条件可对草地早熟禾种子的萌发及幼苗生长产生影响。     

苜蓿种子空间诱变生物学效应研究初报(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite 'Shijian-8' for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

Preliminary Study on the Mutagenic Effects of Space Flight on Alfalfa Seeds

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite 'Shijian-8' for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

苜蓿种子空间诱变生物学效应研究初报(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite ’Shijian-8’ for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

卫星搭载对紫花苜蓿当代植株生物量的影响(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of space flight factors on plant biomass in the generation of alfalfa carried by the satellite.[Method]Seeds from three lines of alfalfa were carried by the seed-breeding satellite Shijian-8.After the satellite returned to the ground,stem diameter,primary branch number and current-year individual biomass of alfalfa were studied.[Result]After space flight,primary branch number and current-year individual biomass of alfalfa increased significantly,while the stem diameter had no significant change.Using the value over(the mean value of control + three standard deviation)as a criterion to screen,the variants with enlarged stem diameter,increased primary branch number and individual biomass was two,five and twelve respectively.[Conclusion]The obtained variants can be used in the variety improvement of alfalfa and its new variety breeding,but whether its favorable variation can inherit stably to the progenies needs further study.     

卫星搭载对高丹草农艺性状的影响研究

[目的]探索卫星搭载对"先锋"高丹草农艺性状的影响。[方法]将搭载后的"先锋"和未搭载的作比较试验,并对其农艺性状进行比较评价。[结果]与未搭载处理相比,搭载后物候期变化不明显,但在生长速度、株高、节径、分蘖数、叶面积、叶片数、茎叶比、产量等农艺性状上都发生了变化,特别是分蘖数和叶片数发生了显著变异,表现为"多蘖型"和"丰叶型"。通过茎段扦插和宿根繁殖可以保持突变性状,但无法将其用于新品种选育。[结论]卫星搭载后,"先锋"高丹草的株高和产量发生了变化,但有益突变性状的有性稳定遗传是下一步研究的重点。     

航空搭载对薰衣草种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究经太空诱变后薰衣草种子发芽及出苗的变异程度。[方法]以经太空诱变的薰衣草种子为试材,与未经太空诱变的种子进行发芽及出苗比较试验;同时研究了不同赤霉素浓度及不同浸种时间对太空搭载的薰衣草种子和陆地薰衣草种子发芽和出苗的影响。[结果]太空搭载的薰衣草种子较陆地薰衣草种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和出苗率均明显下降。在清水浸泡处理下,太空种子的发芽率为25.00%,发芽势为21.50%,发芽指数为1.904,分别比陆地种子降低了70.59%、74.71%和93.58%。赤霉素处理在一定程度上提高了太空种子的发芽指标,但与陆地种子相比,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数仍较低,差异显著。不同浓度赤霉素浸泡时间对薰衣草种子发芽影响差异不显著。当赤霉素浓度为300 mg/L时,最有利于太空种子成苗。[结论]该研究为太空薰衣草育种奠定基础。     

夏枯草种子萌发及其幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应

[目的]探讨干旱胁迫对夏枯草种子及其幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)对夏枯草种子进行处理,测定种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势以及幼苗的主根长、株高、鲜重、干重等指标。[结果]随干旱强度的增加,不同浓度的PEG干旱胁迫对夏枯草种子萌发及幼苗生长产生不同程度的影响。[结论]低浓度(2.5%~5.0%)PEG胁迫作用小,高浓度(10.0%~15.0%)PEG胁迫作用大;10.0%浓度PEG促使地下根长生长;对于地上部分,低浓度抑制不明显,高浓度各指标均产生显著抑制。