灌水量对不同重度盐渍化棉田的洗盐效果研究

为了研究南疆灌区土壤普遍含盐、盐渍化严重等情况和不同灌水量对棉花产量的影响,本研究对不同重度盐渍化棉田开展了非生育期冬灌和不同频率春灌试验,研究冬灌和不同频率春灌对棉田水盐的影响。结果显示:0-40cm土层含盐量和含水量变化较大;在相同的灌水定额下,冬灌对土壤盐分的淋洗效果高于不同频率的春灌;中度冬灌+春灌总灌水定额3000m3/hm2,重度冬灌+春灌总灌水定额3750m3/hm2,符合南疆普遍盐渍化棉田非生育期灌溉。     

不同覆膜方式对棉花生长的影响

[目的]针对膜下滴灌造成棉田土壤次生盐渍化、棉花根系变浅造成后期早衰和残膜污染等问题,初步探索揭膜栽培棉花的方法,明确头水后揭膜对棉花生长的影响.[方法]滴灌带浅埋的前提下设不铺膜、头水后揭膜和正常铺膜3个处理,研究不同覆膜方式对棉花生长发育的影响.[结果]6月上旬以前覆膜增温效果显著,随着棉田封垄,头水后揭膜影响土壤含水量,但可以提高地温,显著增加侧根数,提高根系的质量.头水后揭膜和覆膜栽培的LAImax(最大叶面积指数)分别为3.93和3.71,成熟时干物质分别为1 161.46和1 063.52 g/m2,产量为5 090.4和4 855.5 kg/hm2.[结论]棉花无膜栽培,造成苗期生长缓慢,整个生育期明显滞后,减产严重.头水后揭膜,可以促进棉花的生长,是可行的棉花栽培方式.     

棉花各生育期精细水肥调控对滴灌棉田土壤盐分变化的影响

[目的]滴灌棉田土壤次生盐渍化逐渐成为生产中关注的一个问题.探讨棉花生育期水肥调控对滴灌棉田土壤盐分变化的影响.[方法]在新疆库尔勒市进行大田试验,在总施肥量相同情况下棉花各生育阶段施肥比例不同时,测定分析各生育期剖面土壤电导率、水分含量、棉田光照强度.[结果]棉花生长期进行适宜的水肥耦合管理有可能在生长期结束时降低或调控表层土壤含盐量.在各生育阶段施肥量一定、需要多次追肥情况下,蕾期采取"前重后轻"、花铃期前期采取"多次等比例"、盛铃期采取"前轻后重"施肥策略,能有效降低0～60 cm根层土壤盐分含量.[结论]调控棉花生长增大田间郁闭程度有利于提高土壤水分含量、降低土壤含盐量.     

腐殖酸颗粒肥在盐碱地棉花上的应用研究

研究腐殖酸颗粒肥在盐碱地棉花上的应用效果,结果表明院棉田施用腐殖酸可以降低棉田的次生盐渍化危害,对棉花生育期的影响较小,各生育期基本与常规栽培保持一致,伏前桃、伏桃成铃率接近,秋桃较常规栽培增加较多,达0.5个桃。同时,可增强棉株生长势,调节棉株早衰,纯收益增加1 634.94元/hm2,可在瘠薄地块及连作棉田作基肥深施推广使用。     

盐碱地棉花高产配套技术

在节水灌溉技术推广和应用的同时,也加重了土壤次生盐渍化,造成部分棉田土壤含盐量升高,棉花出苗困难,生长受抑制,严重影响了棉花的生长与发育。我团在棉花生产上,结合滴溉技术摸索出了一套盐碱地棉花高产栽培技术。一、轮作倒茬对盐碱较重的棉田轮作小黑麦,小黑麦具有很强的耐盐碱性,且生物量较大,对盐碱地的改良效果好、见效快,一般来年就可种植棉花。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分变化规律研究

针对新疆土壤盐碱化开发利用和防止土壤次生盐渍化的问题,通过对不同年限的棉田膜下滴灌土壤盐分的运移研究,从棉花生育期、土壤空间两个方面对不同年限土壤盐分进行分析比对,初步得出：随着生育期的推后,各土层含盐量都有不同程度的加大;垂直方向盐分的积累在40~80 cm土层逐渐增加,80~100 cm土层盐分积累受膜下滴灌影响较小;不同滴灌年限中滴灌年限越长,棉田中的盐分积累就越多。     

冬春灌条件下棉田水盐对产量的影响研究

南疆灌区是以棉花为主栽作物的灌溉农业区,土壤普遍含盐量高,且棉花收获至来年春播棉田休闲期长,蒸发返盐明显,采取冬春灌可压盐提墒促进棉花生长发育。然而大定额的冬春灌又使灌区地下水位普遍抬升,土壤次生盐渍化问题日益凸显。为此,本文开展了冬春灌不同灌水定额下棉田水盐变化及其对棉花产量的影响研究。结果表明：各处理生育期灌溉制度相同时,冬春灌总灌溉定额较高的处理,全生育期土壤含水率相对较高;在冬春灌条件下棉田盐分含量呈现以下变化趋势：苗期到蕾期下降,蕾期到花铃期上升,花铃期到吐絮期下降;冬灌2000m。／hm。与春灌1000m’／hm。的组合灌溉定额下增产效果明显,能够确保棉田实现较高产量。     

施用生物炭对咸水滴灌棉田土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响

[目的]淡水资源不足是限制干旱区农业可持续发展的重要因素,咸水灌溉在缓解淡水资源短缺、维持作物生长的同时,也加剧了土壤次生盐渍化的风险,合理利用咸水资源、改善土壤性质、提高作物产量是干旱区农业可持续发展的重要目标.[方法]试验设置灌溉水盐度和有机物料两个因素,灌溉水盐度(电导率,ECw)设2个水平,为0.35 dS/m...     

北疆棉田施用土壤改良剂的增产控盐效果

以三工河乡及玛纳斯县新湖农场为试验区,研究不同盐分条件下施用土壤改良剂对棉田增产抑盐的效果,对棉花长势、生理指标、土壤盐分指标进行测定。结果显示,高盐区棉田施用土壤改良剂后三工河乡棉花出苗率为64%,子叶数为3.1张,与对照比较,分别提高18.52%、30.42%;产量为4 476.31kg/hm~2,比对照提高5.63%,马克隆值由B到A。在低盐区新湖农场施用土壤改良剂后与对照相比效果并不显著。说明在盐渍化较为严重的地区施用土壤改良剂有助于棉花出苗、生长,利于蕾铃的生长,从而提高棉花产量,且有降低土壤盐分改善土壤环境的效果,在轻度盐渍化区施用土壤改良剂对于增产抑盐效果并不显著,研究结果可为受次生盐渍化侵害的棉田治理提供参考。     

膜下滴灌农田盐分运移情况调查与分析

为详细分析新疆次生盐渍化棉田膜下滴灌盐分的运移规律,从不同生育期、垂直方向、水平方向、土壤质地四个角度对膜下滴灌盐分的运移进行了分析比对,初步得出:随着生育期的推后,各土层含盐量都有不同程度的加大;垂直方向盐分的积累在0～60 cm土层逐渐增加,60～100 cm土层盐分积累受膜下滴灌影响较小;水平方向背行中央土层处盐分积累最多,滴头处盐分积累最少;对于不同土壤质地,壤土中的盐分分布较粘土中的呈更规律的变化;分析认为定期大水漫灌洗盐、做好春复水工作是土壤脱盐的必要手段.研究将为新疆棉田土壤次生盐渍化防治提供理论依据.     

盐分条件下棉花相关生理特性的变化及水分胁迫指数模型的构建

【目的】构建盐土棉田棉花水分胁迫指数模型,以确定适宜的棉花水分运筹方式,为提高盐碱地棉花产量和品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2008—2009年在江苏南京（118°50′ E,32°02′ N）南京农业大学牌楼试验站进行,以耐盐品种中棉所44和盐敏感性品种苏棉12号为材料,将碳酸钠、重碳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化镁、硫酸镁、硫酸钠7种盐类等摩尔混合,按盐土比掺入基础土壤中,形成5种不同含盐水平的土壤（0：1.25 dS•m-1;0.35%：5.80 dS•m-1;0.60%：9.61 dS•m-1;0.85%：13.23 dS•m-1;1.00%：14.65 dS•m-1）,研究土壤盐分对棉花功能叶含水量和温度的影响,明确棉花叶气温差与空气饱和气压差的定量关系。【结果】随土壤盐分水平的升高,棉花功能叶的蒸腾速率、含水量和净光合速率均下降,叶片温度升高。以1.25 dS•m-1盐分处理作为充分灌水（即无水分胁迫）建立了棉花水分胁迫指数模型下基线方程,以此构建了不同土壤盐分下棉花水分胁迫指数模型。【结论】综合分析不同土壤盐分水平下棉花水分胁迫指数与叶片含水量和净光合速率的关系,认为棉花水分胁迫指数模型可以很好地反映盐分条件下棉花的受胁迫程度。用棉花CWSI实时监测盐分条件下棉花的水分胁迫状况,可为盐碱地确定适宜的棉花水分运筹提供理论依据。     

The effects of soil moisture and salinity as functions of groundwater depth on wheat growth and yield in coastal saline soils

In the coastal saline soils, moisture and salinity are the functions of groundwater depth affecting crop growth and yield. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the combined effects of moisture and salinity stresses on wheat growth as affected by groundwater depth, and 2) find the optimal groundwater depth for wheat growth in coastal saline soils. The groundwater depths (0.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.7 m during 2013–2014 (Y1) and 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 m during 2014–2015 (Y2)) of the field experiment were maintained by soil columns. There was a positive correlation between soil moisture and salinity. Water logging with high salinity (groundwater depth at 0.7 m in Y1 and 0.6 m in Y2) showed a greater decline towards wheat growth than that of slight drought with medium (2.3 m in Y1) or low salinity (2.7 m in Y1, 2.2 and 2.6 m in Y2). The booting stage was the most sensitive stage of wheat crop under moisture and salinity stresses. Data showed the most optimal rate of photosynthesis, grain yield, and flour quality were obtained under the groundwater depth (ditch depth) of 1.9 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.3 m (slight drought with medium salinity) in Y1 and 1.8 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.2 m (slight drought with low salinity) in Y2. The corresponding optimal soil relative moisture content and conductivity with the 1:5 distilled water/soil dilution, in the depth of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm in coastal saline soils, were equal to 58.67–63.07% and 65.51–72.66% in Y1, 63.09–66.70% and 69.75–74.72% in Y2; 0.86–1.01 dS m^–1 and 0.63–0.77 dS m^–1 in Y1, 0.57–0.93 dS m^–1 and 0.40–0.63 dS m^–1 in Y2, respectively.     

咸水滴灌条件下棉花生长和氮素吸收对水氮的响应

[目的]研究咸水滴灌条件下棉花生长和氮素吸收对水氮的响应.[方法]试验设置了3种灌溉水盐度0.35(S1)、4.61(S2)和8.04(S3)dS/m,2个灌水量405(L1)和540(L2)mm以及2个施氮量240(N1)和360(N2) kg/hm2.[结果]棉花的株高在生长前期主要受灌溉水盐度、灌水量及二者的交互作用和盐度、灌水量和施氮量三者的交互作用影响显著,生长后期主要受灌水量的影响显著.高灌水量L2(540 mm)各处理株高为S2＞S1＞S3,施氮量对株高的生长差异影响不显著.棉花茎和叶的干物质积累量受灌溉水盐度、灌水量和施氮量其中二者的交互作用影响显著,而棉铃和总的干物质积累量受交互作用不显著.[结论]棉花的氮素吸收量受灌溉水盐度、灌水量和施氮量三因素及其两者或三者的影响显著;随着灌溉水盐度的增加,棉花的氮素吸收量呈下降的趋势;而氮素吸收量随着灌水量的增大显著增加,表明增加灌水量可促进氮素吸收.     

Effects of soil salinity on rhizosphere soil microbes in transgenic Bt cotton fields

With increased cultivation of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton in the saline alkaline soil of China, assessments of transgenic crop biosafety have focused on the effects of soil salinity on rhizosphere microbes and Bt protein residues. In 2013 and 2014, investigations were conducted on the rhizosphere microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and Bt protein contents of the soil under transgenic Bt cotton(variety GK19) and its parental non-transgenic cotton(Simian 3) cultivated at various salinity levels(1.15, 6.00 and 11.46 dS m~(-1)). Under soil salinity stress, trace amounts of Bt proteins were observed in the Bt cotton GK19 rhizosphere soil, although the protein content increased with cotton growth and increased soil salinity levels. The populations of slight halophilic bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria decreased with increased soil salinity in the Bt and non-Bt cotton rhizosphere soil, and the microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration and soil catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activity also decreased. Correlation analyses showed that the increased Bt protein content in the Bt cotton rhizosphere soil may have been caused by the slower decomposition of soil microorganisms, which suggests that salinity was the main factor influencing the relevant activities of the soil microorganisms and indicates that Bt proteins had no clear adverse effects on the soil microorganisms. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for risk assessments of genetically modified cotton in saline alkaline soil.     

长期咸水滴灌对棉田土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】 研究长期咸水灌溉对棉田土壤理化性质、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的影响。【方法】 设3个灌溉水盐度处理为0.35、4.61和8.04 dS/m,分别代表淡水、微咸水、咸水3种灌溉水质,采用高通量测序法测定土壤中细菌和真菌群落结构多样性。【结果】 与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著提高了土壤盐分和土壤容重,但降低了土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加细菌OTUs,而咸水灌溉显著降低真菌OTUs。咸水灌溉显著增加细菌Chao1和ACE指数,降低Shannon指数,降低真菌Chao1和ACE 指数,增加Simpson指数。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低细菌RB41、H16、Haliangium、硝化螺旋菌属、溶杆菌属、苔藓杆菌属、酸杆菌属和真菌被孢霉属、粉褶菌属、Tetracladium的相对丰度,但显著增加细菌鞘脂单胞菌属、芽单胞菌属、Gaiella、Ilumatobacter、Solirubrobacter、Nocardioides和真菌弯孢菌属、球腔菌属的相对丰度。随着灌溉水盐度的增加,细菌群落潜在生物标志物的数量逐渐减少,为4个、2个和1个,真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量在微咸水灌溉最高12个,咸水灌溉最低5个。细菌群落结构的改变与土壤含水量,容重和盐度的变化密切相关,而真菌群落结构的改变仅与土壤含水量显著相关。【结论】 盐分是驱动土壤细菌和真菌群落组成变化的主要因素。土壤细菌和真菌群落通过调节物种组成来适应盐胁迫,不同灌溉水盐度胁迫下土壤细菌和真菌群落会形成显著差异的物种。     

Effect of irrigation with saline water on some physiological and biochemical processes of cotton plants

It was found that irrigation with water with salinity of 5–6 g/L increases the concentration of soil solution and the osmotic pressure of cell fluid in plants. An increase in these parameters does not harm the growth and development of cotton plants, since the concentration of cell fluid is five times higher than that of soil solution; i.e., water and nutrient intake from the soil is not affected. The transpiration rate in plants irrigated with water with salinity of 5–6 g/L is lower by 11% than that in plants irrigated with fresh water. This results from the elevation of cell fluid concentration in plants irrigated with saline water and increased mass of leaves in plants irrigated with fresh water. However, the amount of water transpirated by cotton plants irrigated with saline water during the vegetation period is lower by 18% than that in plants irrigated with fresh water. It was found that the transpiration rate, regardless of water salinity and the mass of leaves, increases until the flowering period and then decreases by the end of vegetation period.     

咸淡水滴灌对棉花产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究微咸水、淡水交替滴灌对棉花产量及产量构成因素的影响,探讨微咸水灌溉对棉花产量和品质的影响.[方法]进行不同灌溉量的微咸水和淡水交替滴灌试验.[结果]在新疆南疆地区利用3g/L矿化度的微咸水和淡水交替灌溉,可以提高棉花产量,且棉纤维品质优良,由微咸水灌溉带入土体的盐分通过淡水轮灌和冬灌,土体总盐分保持平衡.[结论]通过对棉花各生育期检测指标分析得出微咸水2250和淡水1500m3/hm2轮灌棉花产量较高,不同的咸淡水滴灌对棉花纤维品质没有显著性的影响.     

秦王川南部表层土壤盐渍化特征及其与植被发育的关系

在对秦王川南部地区表层土壤含盐量分析的基础上,结合遥感数据提取的NDVI值,研究了该地区土壤盐分的特征及其与植被发育之间的关系.结果表明:研究区内1/3样点存在盐渍化现象(含盐量在2～4 dS/m),仅部分局部地区属于中度盐渍化(QW11含盐量为7.09 dS/m);土壤盐分含量总体上呈现出由北至南逐渐增大的趋势;在样...     

AM fungi ameliorates growth, yield and nutrient uptake in Cicer arietinum L. Under salt stress

A pot experiment was performed to see the effect of two indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis, alone and in combination on growth, biomass and mineral nutrition of Cicer arietinum under different salinity levels imposed by 4, 8, and 12 dS/m EC solution (sodium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium sulphate). All AM inoculated plants showed significant increment in growth, biomass, mineral nutrition and yield over control. The extent of bioinoculants response on plant growth as well as root colonization decreases with the increase in the level of salinity. Among all the growth parameters plant height (26.4 ± 1.14 cm), root length (13.4 ± 1.67 cm), total chlorophyll (2.33 ± 0.02 mg/100 mg f. wt), root colonization (41.6 ± 2.70%) and AM spore number (63.8 ± 1.78 per 10 gm soil) were recorded highest in dual combination (G. mosseae and A. laevis) at 4 dS/m while fresh shoot (6.80 ± 0.67 gm) and dry shoot weight (0.96 ± 0.18 gm) was found maximum in G. mosseae at the same concentration of salinity. Greater Phosphorus (P) acquisition and yield was observed at 4 dS/m with dual combination (G. mosseae and A. laevis) that possibly be responsible to protect plants from salt stress. Although Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) contents also declined with increasing salinity. Overall results showed that mycorrhizal colonization improves host plant mineral concentration and thereby increases the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of C. arietinum ameliorating the harmful effect at salinity stress.