Effects of reduced nitrogen and suitable soil moisture on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microbiological,biochemical properties and yield in the Huanghuai Plain,China

Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation(W1), medium irrigation to(70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W2), and adequate irrigation to(80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W3); and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha~(–1)(N1), 195 kg ha~(–1)(N2) and 270 kg ha~(–1)(N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level; the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation(W2) relative to W1 and W3; particularly the maximum microorganism(bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×10~7 and 6.35×10~7 CFUs g–1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively; and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha~(–1) were both obtained at W2 N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment(W2 N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.     

秦王川南部表层土壤盐渍化特征及其与植被发育的关系

在对秦王川南部地区表层土壤含盐量分析的基础上,结合遥感数据提取的NDVI值,研究了该地区土壤盐分的特征及其与植被发育之间的关系.结果表明:研究区内1/3样点存在盐渍化现象(含盐量在2～4 dS/m),仅部分局部地区属于中度盐渍化(QW11含盐量为7.09 dS/m);土壤盐分含量总体上呈现出由北至南逐渐增大的趋势;在样...     

秸秆和植被覆盖对江苏滨海盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

研究秸秆覆盖和植被（田菁）覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg^-1的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量（27.58%）显著高于田菁覆盖（26.70%）和裸地（26.61%）,后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程（EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系）可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae^bx（P<0.01）。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于SWAP模型的耕地-盐荒地-沙丘-海子水盐动态分析

为探讨盐荒地、沙丘和海子对耕地排盐的作用和机理,于2013-2016年在内蒙古河套灌区张连生研究区展开试验,利用土壤水分、盐分以及地下水盐分、埋深变化的观测数据,经SWAP模型率定和验证,对试验区水盐动态变化进行模拟和分析。结果表明,SWAP模型能够较好地反映试验区各地土壤水盐的垂直动态变化规律。模型验证结果显示,土壤水分的均方根误差均小于0.03 cm³·cm^-3,土壤盐分均方根误差均小于0.12 g·kg^-1,且二者平均相对误差均小于16%。地下水动态分析表明试验区地下水走向基本为从西北流向东南。研究表明,耕地含水量受灌水影响较大,水分逐渐向深层渗漏并侧向补给盐荒地和沙丘。沙丘表层含水量低,而深层水分可侧向补给耕地、盐荒地。耕地盐分在灌溉期向盐荒地和沙丘运移,最终汇集到海子,盐荒地在作物的生育期积累盐分,而盐分在秋浇期流失。耕地和盐荒地的地下水在灌溉期侧向补给沙丘和海子,非灌溉期由沙丘的地下水侧向补给耕地、盐荒地及海子。     

Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility

Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.     

克里雅绿洲浅层地下水特征与表层土壤特征的相互关系研究——基于最优插值预测

通过对特定区域由点至面的预测,进而研究典型干旱区绿洲浅层地下水特征与表层土壤特征的空间分布变化规律及两者相互影响,对干旱区水土关系的科学认识具有重要意义。根据最优的空间插值预测方法对克里雅绿洲整体的浅层地下水特征与表层土壤特征(地下水埋深、电导率、水温,表层土壤含水率、电导率、土温)进行预测,并在全局尺度上对以上的水土指标进行相关性研究。结果表明:(1)克里雅绿洲区域地下水埋深主要在3 m以下,地下水电导率主要在5 mS/cm以下,地下水温度主要在15℃以下,表层土壤含水量主要在50%以下,表层土壤电导率主要在2.5 mS/cm以下,表层土壤温度主要在13℃以下,浅层地下水特征与表层土壤特征的空间分布均呈现一定的变化规律。(2)浅层地下水特征与表层土壤特征间均具有空间与统计相关性,地下水电导率与表层土壤盐分的线性回归拟合结果最好(R~2=0.721 8),回归方程为y=0.144x+0.172 1,可以作为实际预测中的参考依据。     

天津市沿海地区土壤剖面盐分监测及研究

[目的]为了掌握天津市沿海地区土壤盐分在时间和空间上的变化规律,促进土地资源的可持续利用。[方法]开展了为期2年每月一次的土壤剖面盐分监测及研究。[结果]天津市沿海地区表层土壤含盐量对气候非常敏感,表现出春季积盐、夏季脱盐、秋冬季缓慢积盐的特征;土壤积盐程度与浅层地下水埋深、矿化度关系密切,浅层地下水埋深越浅,矿化度越高,土壤积盐程度越高,反之亦然;当地下水埋深低于2 m时,土壤盐渍化现象就较弱。植被可以有效地减轻土壤盐渍化。[结论]在气候和水文地质条件相对稳定的前提下,控制地下水埋深和增加植被覆盖是抑制区域土壤盐渍化的主要措施。     

青海环湖地区草原土壤含水量及富集规律

【目的】研究青海环湖地区草原土壤水分运移与富集规律、土壤水分剖面分布模型、水分循环与水分平衡,揭示该地区土壤水库蓄水特点、土壤干层及其恢复条件,为该地区土壤水资源及草原植被保护、土壤水库建设和草原生态环境的可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】利用轻型人力钻连续4年采取600多个土壤样品,采用烘干称重法测定土壤含水量。采用双环入渗法原位测定土壤入渗率,采用激光粒度仪分析土壤粒度,采用负压计原位测定土壤吸力。【结果】青海环湖地区的土壤剖面水分分布较为稳定,不论旱季还是雨季,约65%的水分富集在0-0.4 m土层中,0.6 m以下土层水分严重不足。该地区土壤吸力为0.17-0.42 MPa,土壤田间持水量为20%左右。0-0.4 m土层含水量一般为23%,大于田间持水量（20%）,故存在约3%的重力水;土层0.6 m以下含水量仅约为6.5%。该地区0.6 m以下土层一般发育有不同等级的土壤干层,且土层厚度越大干层发育越严重。该地区0.4 m以下土层水分含量与深度之间的关系可以用幂函数模拟描述,模拟函数的增量曲线表明,在2009-2011年降水累积增加约50 mm的条件下,土壤含水量的增加量由0.4 m深度的约5%逐渐降低到0.8 m深度的约3%,0.8 m以下土层水分增加量不足3%。该地区土壤入渗率为1.3-3.0 mm·min^-1,入渗率较高有利于降水向土壤水转化。该地区的土壤质地优良,但0.6 m以下土层含水量已接近或低于粉砂土无效水的含量（5%）。【结论】青海环湖地区气温低、土壤冻结期长,造成该地区土壤水分具有在土壤上部滞留和富集的突出特点。该地区土壤平均厚度不足1.5 m,导致该地区土壤水库的调蓄功能较弱。而土壤水分的上部滞留和富集增强了该地区土壤水库对浅根系草原植被的调蓄功能,并且具有抑制草原荒漠化发生的重要作用。青海环湖地区在2009-2011年降水量增加到400-420 mm的条件下,土壤水分表现出微弱的正平衡,薄土层中的土壤干层消失,而较厚土层中的土壤干层仍然存在。该地区土壤干层恢复速度很缓慢,恢复的水分增加量低于5%。土壤干层的发育和分布深度很小不仅指示出该地区生态系统较为脆弱,而且还指示出该地区不适于发展需水较多的乔木植被。     

淮北平原不同地下水埋深对作物生长发育及产量的影响

浅埋区地下水位对作物生长有较大影响，为探明不同作物最适宜的地下水埋深，在五道沟水文水资源实验站开展了系列原型观测实验，探寻砂姜黑土和黄潮土两种土壤，分别种植小麦、大豆、玉米情况下的最优地下水埋深控制。结果表明：（1）不同作物在不同土壤上种植的最优地下水埋深不同：小麦和大豆在两种土壤上种植的最优地下水埋深均为1.0m；玉米在砂姜黑土上种植的最优地下水埋深为0.8m，在黄潮土上种植的最优地下水埋深为1.0m。（2）土质对作物产量的影响：种植小麦条件下，砂姜黑土产量比黄潮土高；种植大豆条件下，砂姜黑土产量比黄潮土低；种植玉米条件下，在[0.2，0.6]埋深区间，砂姜黑土产量比黄潮土高，在[1.0，5.0]埋深区间，砂姜黑土产量比黄潮土低。     

Integrating Remote Sensing and Proximal Sensors for the Detection of Soil Moisture and Salinity Variability in Coastal Areas

Soil moisture and salinity are two crucial coastal saline soil variables, which influence the soil quality and agricultural productivity in the reclaimed coastal region. Accurately characterizing the spatial variability of these soil parameters is critical for the rational development and utilization of tideland resources. In the present study, the spatial variability of soil moisture and salinity in the reclaimed area of Hangzhou gulf, Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, China, was detected using the data acquired from radar image and the proximal sensor EM38. Soil moisture closely correlates radar scattering coefficient, and a simplified inversion model was built based on a backscattering coefficient extracted from multi-polarization data of ALOS/PALSAR and in situ soil moisture measured by a time domain reflectometer to detect soil moisture variations. The result indicated a higher accuracy of soil moisture inversion by the HH polarization mode than those by the HV mode. Soil salinity is reflected by soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Further, ECa can be rapidly detected by EM38 equipment in situ linked with GPS for characterizing the spatial variability of soil salinity. Based on the strong spatial variability and interactions of soil moisture and salinity, a cokriging interpolation method with auxiliary variable of backscattering coefficient was adopted to map the spatial variability of ECa. When compared with a map of ECa interpolated by the ordinary kriging method, detail was revealed and the accuracy was increased by 15.3%. The results conclude that the integrating active remote sensing and proximal sensors EM38 are effective and acceptable approaches for rapidly and accurately detecting soil moisture and salinity variability in coastal areas, especially in the subtropical coastal zones of China with frequent heavy cloud cover.     

基于Sentinel卫星及无人机多光谱的滨海冬小麦种植区土壤盐分反演研究——以黄三角垦利区为例

【目的】探究黄河三角洲麦田土壤盐分准确高效的遥感提取方法,掌握土壤盐渍化程度与分布。【方法】以垦利区为研究区,均匀布设冬小麦种植区样点77个,同时设置代表性试验区2个,网格布设样点99个,实测采集麦田土壤表层盐分数据及试验区无人机多光谱图像。筛选红、绿、红边、近红4个波段及SI、NDVI、DVI、RVI、GRVI 5个光谱指数中的敏感光谱参量,采用逐步回归、偏最小二乘法、BP神经网络及SVM支持向量机4种方法建立土壤盐分估测模型,使用波段比值均值法得到Sentinel-2A卫星影像相应波段的修正系数,进而将筛选的土壤盐分估测模型转换为基于卫星影像的反演模型,经麦区实测样点数据验证,得到最佳的麦区土壤盐分反演模型,实现试验区和研究区2个尺度的麦田土壤盐分反演。【结果】无人机4个波段及光谱指数NVDI、RVI、SI与土壤盐分含量相关性显著,4种建模方法的13个模型中,以NDVI、RVI、SI建立的4个指数模型的建模及验证R²均优于其他模型;对4个模型进行升尺度修正及验证,效果最佳的反演模型为偏最小二乘法光谱指数模型：Y=-9.4774×NDVI₁+0.4794×RVI₁+3.0747×SI₁+5.0604,验证R²为0.513,RMSE为1.379;利用该模型反演得到了试验区及整个研究区麦田土壤盐分等级分布图,结合实测插值及调查结果,证明反演模型及空间分布结果准确、可靠。【结论】本研究构建了卫星、无人机一体化的滨海麦区土壤盐分反演模型,对滨海盐渍区农作物的生产管理有积极参考价值。     

次生盐渍化对膜下滴灌棉花生长发育的影响及其预警研究

以7块次生盐渍化程度不同的膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,探明次生盐渍化对新疆棉花生长发育的影响,并以此为基础探讨其状态预警问题.研究结果表明:在各生育期,土壤盐度和棉花株高、干物质重、叶面积指数均呈极显著的负相关关系.生育期不同,影响棉花生长的关键盐度也有所差别.各棉田的警度随着生育期的进行有逐渐减轻的趋势.0.6 dS/m以下的土壤盐度在各生育期都不会对棉花生长造成较大危害,2.8 dS/m以上的土壤盐度在前期更易对棉花生长造成严重影响,到吐絮期2.8 dS/m左右的盐度已不能对棉田造成较大危害.     

Using proximal sensor data for soil salinity management and mapping

Over the past five decades, increased pressure caused by the rapidly growing population has resulted in a reclamation of agricultural and urban buffer zones along China's coastline. However, information about the spatio–temporal variation of soil salinity in these reclaimed regions is limited. As such, obtaining this information is crucial for mapping the variation in saline areas and to identify suitable salinity management strategies. In this study, we employed EM38 data to conduct digital soil mapping of spatio–temporal variation and map these variations of different site-specific zones. The results indicated that the distribution of soil salinity was heterogeneous in the middle of, and that the leaching of salts was significant at the edges of, the study field. Afterwards, fuzzy-k means algorithm was used to divide the site-specific management zones within the time series apparent soil electrical conductivity(ECa) data and the spatial correlations of variation. We concluded that two management zones are optimal to guide precision management. Zone A had an average salinity level of about 165 mS m–1, in which salt-tolerant crops, such as cotton and barley can grow normally, while crops such as soybean and cowpeas may be planted using leaching and increasing the mulching film methods to reduce the accumulation of salt in surface soil. In Zone B, there was a low salinity level with a mean of 89 mS m–1 for ECa, which allows for rice, wheat, and a wide range of vegetables to be grown normally. In such situations, measures such as an optimized combination of irrigation and drainage, as well as soil amendment can be taken to adjust and control the salt content. Particularly, flattening the land with a large-scale machine was used to improve the ability of micro-topography to influence salt migration; rice and other dry, land crops were planted in rotation in combination with utilizing salt-leaching multiple times to speed up desalinization.     

基于机载多光谱的冬小麦返青期土壤墒情反演

准确快速得获取冬小麦地块的土壤墒情,可为高效利用水资源、实现精准灌溉提供参考。为此,特在江苏省张家港市获取返青期冬小麦种植区的无人机多光谱遥感数据,并同步测定2个深度（10 cm和20 cm）的土壤墒情,通过遥感图像提取光谱反射率,计算归一化植被指数（NDVI）、增强型植被指数（EVI）和垂直干旱指数（PDI）,进行共线性分析后,分别运用逐步回归法、岭回归法和偏最小二乘法,构建针对不同深度土壤墒情的反演模型,并基于最佳反演模型绘制试验区不同深度土壤的墒情反演图。结果表明,用逐步回归法构建的模型在10、20 cm深度土壤墒情反演中的决定系数分别达到了0.885、0.782,建模精度最优,且针对10 cm深度土壤墒情的反演效果优于20 cm。研究结果可为冬小麦返青期土壤墒情监测方法的选择提供参考。     

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production. Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress. However, the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive. Therefore, a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e., 0, 6, 12 and 18 Mg ha^–1) of straw returned as an interlayer. Compared with no straw interlayer (CK), straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively. The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration, which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm), which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield. Generally, compared with other treatments, the application of 12 Mg ha^–1 straw had higher SOC, TN and C:N ratio, and lower soil stratification ratio in the 2015–2017 period. The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years, and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.     

干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究

通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度试验,得出了适合当地的常规滴灌制度。为进一步研究浅层地下水对灌溉的补偿效应,利用Hydrus软件对不同地下水埋深下膜下滴灌棉花生育期耗水量进行了模拟。通过引入关键点土壤含水率的概念,提出了膜下滴灌棉花受水分胁迫的标准。结果表明：地下水对棉花的耗水具有一定的补偿作用,地下水埋深越浅,则所需的灌溉定额越小。当地下水埋深小于1.5 m时,滴灌定额为3 300 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,滴灌定额为4 500 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深很大而对作物根区没有补给时,棉花完全依赖于灌溉所需的滴灌定额则为5 550 m³·hm^-2。考虑到干旱区内具有较高的潜在蒸发势,会导致土壤的次生盐渍化,从而危及作物的生长,1.5～3.0 m的地下水埋深是灌区内较理想的水位区间。     

盐分条件下棉花相关生理特性的变化及水分胁迫指数模型的构建

【目的】构建盐土棉田棉花水分胁迫指数模型,以确定适宜的棉花水分运筹方式,为提高盐碱地棉花产量和品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2008—2009年在江苏南京（118°50′ E,32°02′ N）南京农业大学牌楼试验站进行,以耐盐品种中棉所44和盐敏感性品种苏棉12号为材料,将碳酸钠、重碳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化镁、硫酸镁、硫酸钠7种盐类等摩尔混合,按盐土比掺入基础土壤中,形成5种不同含盐水平的土壤（0：1.25 dS•m-1;0.35%：5.80 dS•m-1;0.60%：9.61 dS•m-1;0.85%：13.23 dS•m-1;1.00%：14.65 dS•m-1）,研究土壤盐分对棉花功能叶含水量和温度的影响,明确棉花叶气温差与空气饱和气压差的定量关系。【结果】随土壤盐分水平的升高,棉花功能叶的蒸腾速率、含水量和净光合速率均下降,叶片温度升高。以1.25 dS•m-1盐分处理作为充分灌水（即无水分胁迫）建立了棉花水分胁迫指数模型下基线方程,以此构建了不同土壤盐分下棉花水分胁迫指数模型。【结论】综合分析不同土壤盐分水平下棉花水分胁迫指数与叶片含水量和净光合速率的关系,认为棉花水分胁迫指数模型可以很好地反映盐分条件下棉花的受胁迫程度。用棉花CWSI实时监测盐分条件下棉花的水分胁迫状况,可为盐碱地确定适宜的棉花水分运筹提供理论依据。     

秸秆覆盖对盐渍土水分状况的影响

在３种质地（砂壤、轻壤、中壤）、３种盐化程度（中度盐化、重度盐化、盐土）的土壤上进行了秸秆覆盖条件下的水分运动的模拟试验,结果表明秸秆覆盖可明显降低土壤水分蒸发,与不覆盖相比,覆盖１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２土壤水分蒸发减少量,砂壤中度盐化土为２６．８７％,砂壤重度盐化上为３９．２４％,轻壤重度盐化土为３９．３１％,轻壤盐土为４０．２０％,中壤重度盐化土为４０．２４％,中壤盐上为５５．５６％。覆盖６．７５ｔ／ｈｍ２土壤水分蒸发减少量,砂壤中度盐化土为６９．０９％,砂壤重度盐化土为７１．１８％,轻壤重度盐化土为７５．９４％,轻壤盐土为７３．８６％,中壤重度盐化土为７４．２５％,中壤盐土为８８．１３％,并且覆盖量在１．５～６．７５ｔ／ｈｍ２的范围内,土壤水分蒸发量随着覆盖量的增加而逐渐减少。     

减氮适墒对冬小麦土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区过量施氮的现象,研究了适量减氮在不同土壤墒情下硝态氮分布以及冬小麦对氮素吸收利用效率和籽粒产量的变化,为该地区小麦生产上科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2014—2015和2015—2016两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置3个灌水处理,自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)和3个施氮量处理(不施氮,N1;减氮施肥,N2:195 kg·hm~(-2);常规高量氮肥,N3:270 kg·hm~(-2)),测定了0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量、冬小麦植株氮素吸收转运量和籽粒产量。【结果】0—60 cm土层硝态氮(NO_3-N)的分布随土层加深而减少,随施氮量增加而提高,随土壤墒情的增大而减少;60 cm又出现不同程度的回升,尤其是足墒(W3)加大了NO_3-N的淋溶,N2、N3水平下80—100 cm土层W3平均比W1高出了3.8 mg·kg~(-1)和4.2 mg·kg~(-1);减氮处理(N2)促进了NO_3-N吸收,成熟期0—20 cm土层NO_3-N比开花期平均降幅为2.3 mg·kg~(-1),高氮处理(N3)收获后土层中NO_3-N却有较多的富集。减氮适墒处理(W2N2)显著增加了开花期营养器官氮素积累量(P0.05),并促进氮素向籽粒的有效转运,尤其表现在叶片中;花前氮素转移量和对籽粒的贡献率均达最大,籽粒产量和籽粒中的氮素积累量分别比其他处理平均高出15.4%、27.3%,从而极显著提高了氮素吸收率和生产效率(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量195 kg·hm~(-2),拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%,是兼顾产量、氮肥吸收和生产效率的最佳处理。     

甘肃旱地土壤的持水能力与抗旱能力

对甘肃中部及陇东地区的几种旱地黄绵土、黑沪土及褐土等土壤的持水能力及抗旱能力进行了初步研究。几种土壤的田间持水量（３０ＫＰａ时的含水量）为１６０～２４０ｇｋｇ￣（－１），有效水含量在８８～１７９ｇｋｇ￣（－１）之间，据此得出几种土壤１ｍ土层中有效水贮量变动在１３５～２１６ｍｍ之间。通过对土壤基质持水能力及持水特征的比较分析，认为褐土、红土抗旱能力最差，而几种黄绵土的抗旱能力相当强。黄绵土结构状况差、坡度大造成降雨入侵慢、影响深层贮水是造成生产上干旱严重的原因。