应用免疫组织化学法研究γ-干扰素在大鼠室管膜中的定位分布

用免疫组织化学 SP法结合葡萄糖氧化酶 - DAB-硫酸镍铵呈色法 ,对正常成年大鼠室管膜上 IFN- γ的特征和分布进行了研究。结果表明 :IFN- γ免疫反应阳性细胞分布于大鼠侧脑室壁、第三脑室壁、中脑导水管、第四脑室壁的室管膜中。其中侧脑室、第三脑室、第四脑室壁上存在有伸长细胞 ,发出基突伸向周围灰质。提示 IFN-γ可能作为一种新的脑神经肽存在于室管膜中 ,参与脑 -脑脊液回路的调节     

鸡第四脑室底壁和侧壁扫描电镜结构观察

本实验用扫描电镜对8只产蛋高峰期母鸡第四脑室底壁和侧壁进行了观察,结果表明,鸡第四脑室布满草丛状纤毛和毡样微缄毛,纤毛的分布在不同区域有一定差别.室底壁正中沟纤毛最为稀疏,在其两侧各有一条纤毛密集带,由密集带向外,纤毛密度逐渐减小;侧壁纤毛较底壁稀疏,侧壁后部的纤毛比前部更密.室管膜细胞可分为多纤毛细胞和少纤毛细胞,前者主要分布于底壁的两侧和侧壁的中后部,后者主要分布于底壁的正中沟和侧壁的前部.鸡第四脑室中存在着神经元样细胞、神经胶质样细胞和类组织细胞,各类细胞见于该脑室的各部,还发现有独立的神经纤维穿行于第四脑室壁的表面.     

Norepinephrine: release from brain by d-amphetamine in vivo

After injection of H(3)-norepinephrine into the left lateral cerebral ventricle of cats, the lateral and third cerebral ventricles were perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Addition of d-amphetamine to the perfusion fluid caused a significant increase in the concentration of H(3)-norepinephrine in the effluent.     

Alcohol drinking: abnormal intake caused by tetrahydropapaveroline in brain

Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethylalcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.     

胡椒碱和山椒醇经历对棉铃虫幼虫取食的影响

【目的】拒食剂是通过改变农作物对害虫的适口性来调控其取食行为的一大类化学物质。使用拒食剂对害虫取食行为进行生态调控,可有效地克服化学防治带来的负面影响。但害虫随着取食经历会对拒食剂表现出很强的味觉适应能力,尤其是味觉习惯化限制了这类物质的大田应用。论文旨在明确两种酰胺类拒食剂胡椒碱和山椒醇作用于多食性棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）幼虫的感觉器官类型,以及两种拒食剂取食经历对棉铃虫后期取食行为的影响,为此类拒食剂在农田大规模应用提供依据。【方法】首先在两项选择式条件下,测试棉铃虫幼虫对胡椒碱和山椒醇的嗅觉趋向性反应,并在非选择性条件下测定棉铃虫幼虫在首次接触山椒醇和胡椒碱处理过的烟草叶碟后的取食持续时间,然后以4龄幼虫的拒食中浓度为基础,研究棉铃虫幼虫前期对含有胡椒碱、山椒醇或二者混合物的饲料的取食经历对后期取食选择反应的影响。【结果】选择性趋性反应测试结果表明,胡椒碱和山椒醇释放到环境中的气味对棉铃虫并没有显著的嗅觉驱避作用。棉铃虫幼虫首次接触处理烟草叶碟后的取食持续时间为30 s左右,比对照叶碟上的取食持续时间（100 s以上）显著缩短,该反应时间和模式昆虫烟草天蛾（Manduca sexta）幼虫典型的味觉摄入后反应的时间相吻合。胡椒碱和山椒醇对4龄棉铃虫幼虫的拒食中浓度分别为0.2259和0.4003 mg/叶碟（1.5 cm ID）。取食经历效应测试发现,有过胡椒碱和山椒醇取食经历的试虫仍然受到相应经历物质的极显著拒食作用,说明两种物质以4龄幼虫拒食中浓度混入人工饲料,从3龄幼虫开始进行取食经历诱导,发育至5龄幼虫期时并没有对所经历的物质产生明显的习惯化现象。有山椒醇经历的试虫极显著受胡椒碱的拒食作用,但有胡椒碱取食经历的试虫则会对山椒醇产生味觉习惯化反应,说明二者存在不对称的交叉习惯化现象。无论是组内处理叶碟和对照叶碟被食量差异的角度分析,还是相同测试环境下不同经历组别拒食反应率的角度进行分析,均未发现胡椒碱和山椒醇组成的二元混合物对味觉习惯化的明显延缓作用。【结论】胡椒碱和山椒醇通过味觉摄入后效应对棉铃虫幼虫起到拒食作用,均不易使棉铃虫幼虫产生习惯化,且混用也不会显著延缓习惯化的过程。这两种酰胺类拒食剂有望在农田应用中兼治更多的靶标害虫。     

Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding

Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.     

双峰驼跗关节解剖

解剖成年双峰驼跗关节８个，结果发现双峰驼跗关节在形态结构方面有以下显著特征：１．中央跗骨不与第四跗骨融合；２．距骨近端具嵴状滑车，远端具髁状滑车，近端滑车的嵴和沟向前内侧倾斜，与矢状面间的夹角为１０°，远端滑车的髁和沟朝向正前方，双重滑车结构使跗关节伸屈运动范围加大，并能进行一定程度的侧向运动，这是骆驼驮载重物时能够自由起卧的重要原因之一；３．具有跟踱外侧韧带，而牛马均缺如；４．跗关节外侧短韧带从外侧踝达于跟骨，牛的从外侧踝至距骨，马的则从外侧踝达跟骨和距骨；５．跗背侧韧带位于内侧面，形成内侧侧副韧带之一部分。     

脑室注射脑啡肽和纳洛酮对北京鸭胃酸分泌的影响

本实验观察了第三脑室注射甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮对北京鸭胃酸分泌的影响,结果表明：（１）将５μｌ脑啡肽（０．０７５ｇ／Ｌ）注入脑室后,北京鸭胃酸分泌明显抑制,且注药后２０ｍｉｎ抑制作用最为显著,（２）预先注射阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮后,再注射同样剂量的脑啡肽,抑制胃酸分泌的现象消失,结果提示,脑室注射脑啡肽对胃酸分泌有抑制作用,此作用是通过作用于阿片受体而实现的。     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核在高张NaCl溶液抗失血性低血压中的作用

用大鼠股动脉放血致矢血性低血压的实验模型，以观察下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＨ）在注射高张ＮａＣｌ溶液引起的升压反应中的作用。结果表明：（１）ＰＶＨ电损毁或假损毁后，小剂量高张ＮａＣｌ溶液静脉注射引起动脉血压（ＡＰ）有意义地迅速回升，但５ｍｉｎ后开始下降，损毁组下降速度快，３５ｍｉｎ后，平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）回降至注射前水平。组间比较，２０ｍｉｎ后，损毁组ＭＡＰ回升值明显低于假损毁组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）失血后５ｍｉｎ内假损毁组ＨＲ有意义地减慢；明显低于损毁组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（３）ＰＶＨ微量注射高张ＮａＣｌ溶液（ＨＳ组）后，ＡＰ有意义地回升。对照组（ＮＳ组）则无明显回升。组间比较，ＨＳ组ＡＰ值显著高于ＮＳ组。结果提示：ＰＶＨ参与高张ＮａＣｌ溶液抗矢血性低血压时的升压反应，在血压恢复后的维持阶段起重要作用。     

非洲鸵鸟冠状动脉的解剖观察

采用血管铸型和组织透明方法对6羽非洲鸵鸟心脏冠状动脉的分支分布情况进行了研究,试验结果表明,非洲鸵鸟心脏左、右冠状动脉均开口于同侧主动脉窦内;左冠状动脉分为浅支(旋支)和深支(前降支),浅支先分出左心房支布于左心房,主干分支分布左心室的左缘壁和隔壁及右心室隔壁的部分;深支又依次分出动脉圆锥支、左缘支和前室间隔支,动脉圆锥支分布动脉圆锥及肺动脉干,左缘支分支分布于左室侧壁,前室间隔支分布于室间隔前1／3部,前降支主干分支分布于左心室前壁,右冠状动脉也分为浅支(旋支)和深支,浅支分出窦房结支和右心房支,主干延续为右室后支,窦房结支分布于窦房结和升主动脉,右心房支分布于右心房,右室后支分布于右心室的隔壁;深支分出后室间隔支,主干延续为右室前支,后室间隔支分布于室间隔后2／3部,右室前支分布于右心室前壁及心右缘壁。     

Induction of suspension feeding in spionid polychaetes by high particulate fluxes

The feeding behavior of three species of spionid polychaetes varied with water velocity. At moderate flows the worms ceased deposit feeding, formed their feeding tentacles into helices, and lifted them into the water column to capture material in suspension. This behavior was apparently a response to increased flux of suspended matter at high flows rather than to flow velocity alone. Organisms capable of switching their feeding behavior may be common in dynamically variable benthic environments.     

Alpha-ketoglutaramate: increased concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in hepatic coma

alpha-Ketoglutaramate, a deaminated metabolite of glutamine not previously identified in biological tissues, was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of human subjects and found to be increased three- to tenfold in patients with hepatic coma. When perfused into the cerebral lateral ventricles of rats, alpha-ketoglutaramate (10 mM) depressed the animals' nocturnal locomotor activity, and at higher doses induced circling behavior and myoclonus. The concentration of alpha-ketoglutaramate in cerebrospinal fluid appears to be a reliable diagnostic indicator of hepatic coma, and its accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.     

外源性神经激肽B对雌性大鼠生殖轴GnRH和Kisspeptin表达的影响

为研究外源性神经激肽B(NKB)对雌性大鼠下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)和下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(HPOA)GnRH和Kisspeptin表达的影响,将40只60d的Sprague-Dawley(SD)雌性大鼠随机分为试验组和对照组,侧脑室分别注射NKB溶液和等体积生理盐水,20min后处死采集样品。采用免疫荧光技术分析各组织的GnRH和Kisspeptin蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析GnRH和Kiss1mRNA的表达量变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组下丘脑GnRH mRNA显著增加(P0.05),Kiss1 mRNA表达量显著降低(P0.05);试验组下丘脑视前区(POA)中GnRH阳性细胞数量显著增加(P0.05),弓状核(ARC)和正中隆起(ME)中GnRH阳性细胞数量增加(P0.05),但下丘脑ARC,POA,室旁核(PVN)和前腹侧室旁核(AVPV)中Kisspeptin阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.05);且NKB抑制腺垂体中Kisspeptin的表达(P0.05),但不影响卵巢中Kisspeptin的表达。综上,NKB通过调节HPOA Kisspeptin和下丘脑GnRH的表达来调控雌性大鼠的生殖。     

雌性三角帆蚌外鳃组织形态周年变化及低氧胁迫对外鳃组织形态和酶活性影响

雌性三角帆蚌的外鳃不仅是呼吸器官,而且在繁育时期行使胚胎发育的育儿囊功能,繁育期鳃腔充满早期胚胎,呼吸效率降低。通过石蜡切片观察雌性三角帆蚌外鳃组织形态周年变化,并探究低氧环境对雌性三角帆蚌外鳃组织形态及酶活性的影响。结果表明,雌性三角帆蚌外鳃鳃瓣1月份最薄,至5月份增至最厚,较1月份显著增厚173.86%,随后鳃瓣逐渐变薄,其鳃小腔宽度随鳃瓣厚度增厚也显著增大,至6月增至最宽较1月份显著增宽171.22%,随后鳃小腔逐渐变窄;且3~6月在雌性三角帆蚌外鳃发育为育儿囊,其中发现大量早期胚胎。在低氧环境下,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性在1~5天逐渐升高,第5天达到最大值,较对照组显著提升131.1%,5~9天缓慢下降;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在1~7天逐渐下降,在第7天达到最小值,较对照组显著降低40.53%,7~9天缓慢上升;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在1~7天逐渐上升,7~9天无明显变化,第7天活性最高,较对照组显著提升91.34%,琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性在1~9天呈下降趋势,最低值出现在第9天,较最对照组显著降低68.9%;低氧胁迫5天后,外鳃侧纤毛较对照组增宽了79.58%,外鳃小水管较对照组增宽了248.73%。本研究分别为怀卵期雌性三角帆蚌外鳃组织结构变化和低溶氧对雌性三角帆蚌外鳃组织结构和酶活性的影响提供了基础资料,为提升三角帆蚌繁育技术提供了理论依据。     

Steroid-sensitive single neurons in rat hypothalamus and midbrain: identification by microelectrophoresis

Minute amounts of Na-dexamethasone-21-phosphate administered by microelectrophoresis to the immediate extracellular environment promptly suppressed electrical activity of 15 out of 115 hypothalamic and mesencephalic neurons, the effect being readily reversible. Such neurons marked with fast green were found to lie in circumscribed areas of the periventricular gray of the third ventricle and aqueduct, and may represent a site of action of adrenocortical steroids in the regulation of corticotrophin releasing factor and/or adrenocortico-tropin secretion by negative feedback.     

Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in rats by intracerebral injection of corticotropin-releasing factor

Intracisternal injection of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into the pylorus-ligated rat or the rat with gastric fistula resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric secretion stimulated with pentagastrin or thyrotropin-releasing hormone. When injected into the lateral hypothalamus--but not when injected into the cerebral cortex--CRF suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. The inhibitory effect of CRF was blocked by vagotomy and adrenalectomy but not by hypophysectomy or naloxone treatment. These results indicate that CRF acts within the brain to inhibit gastric acid secretion through vagal and adrenal mechanisms and not through hypophysiotropic effects.     

Specification of cerebral cortical areas

How the immense population of neurons that constitute the human cerebral neocortex is generated from progenitors lining the cerebral ventricle and then distributed to appropriate layers of distinctive cytoarchitectonic areas can be explained by the radial unit hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the ependymal layer of the embryonic cerebral ventricle consists of proliferative units that provide a proto-map of prospective cytoarchitectonic areas. The output of the proliferative units is translated via glial guides to the expanding cortex in the form of ontogenetic columns, whose final number for each area can be modified through interaction with afferent input. Data obtained through various advanced neurobiological techniques, including electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, [3H]thymidine and receptor autoradiography, retrovirus gene transfer, neural transplants, and surgical or genetic manipulation of cortical development, furnish new details about the kinetics of cell proliferation, their lineage relationships, and phenotypic expression that favor this hypothesis. The radial unit model provides a framework for understanding cerebral evolution, epigenetic regulation of the parcellation of cytoarchitectonic areas, and insight into the pathogenesis of certain cortical disorders in humans.     

大口鲇捕食行为感觉作用的研究

在实验室条件下,通过特定感官消除或抑制和单一感官刺激方法,研究了大口鲇Silurus meriordinalis捕食行为中几种相关感觉的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,大口鲇主要依靠侧线和触须捕食,皮肤具有部分感觉作用。大口鲇侧线和触须主要对猎物的低频振动起反应,触须对静止的鲜饵料鱼有中等强度的反应。味觉在食物吞咽过程中起很大作用,视觉和嗅觉在捕食中的作用不大,猎物的形状不影响大口鲇的捕食。由于大口鲇对静止的鲜饵料鱼有中等强度的攻击反应和吞食行为,因此,只要经过适当的驯化,大口鲇可以摄食人工饲料,但一般拒食臭饵料鱼。     

渡槽结构多点输入的抗震分析

以河渡槽为背景,应用ANSYS软件,建立了有限元渡槽结构3跨模型,计算了结构在地震波一致输入和考虑行波效应的地震波多点输入地震反应分析,并进行比较。地震波的输入,通过APDL语言编制的程序来完成,其中多点输入采用了大质量法来施加加速度。结果表明:多点输入对3跨渡槽结构地震纵向位移反应分量有较大影响,对横向位移影响较小。     

侧脑室注射瘦素对大鼠垂体生长激素mRNA表达的影响

为了探讨Leptin(瘦素)对动物生长激素(GH)分泌的影响,以大鼠为试验动物,通过侧脑室注射1 mg Leptin,并采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)法测定了大鼠垂体GH mRNA表达水平。结果表明,大鼠侧脑室注射Leptin,能显著增加垂体GH mRNA的表达。这一结果证明了Leptin可通过下丘脑调控动物垂体GH的合成与分泌。