黄土高原不同类型土壤团聚体中氮库分布的研究

【目的】研究黄土高原主要土壤不同团聚体中氮库的分布特征。【方法】根据不同植被类型和土壤类型，分别从黄土高原不同地域分层（0～20、20～40和40～60 cm）采集22个土壤剖面样品。【结果】无论哪种团聚体，从表层向下，有机氮、矿质氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量皆呈递减趋势。不同土壤团聚体，其有机氮含量明显不同，>5 mm、2～5 mm、1～2 mm、0.25～1 mm粒级团聚体有机氮含量依次递增趋势，而0.25～1 mm、<0.25 mm粒级团聚体的有机氮含量依次呈下降趋势，以0.25～1 mm团聚体有机氮含量最大；不同团聚体中铵态氮、硝态氮和矿质氮含量分布没有明显的规律性。由于不同大小团聚体所占比例不同，因此无论是土壤有机氮，还是矿物态氮，其贮量在土壤团聚体中的分布与含量并不完全一致：> 5 mm、2～5 mm、1～2 mm粒级结构体中贮量依次呈递减趋势，而1～2 mm、0.25～1 mm、< 0.25 mm依次呈递增趋势，以1～2 mm结构体贮量最低。【结论】在黄土高原地区，土壤中各级团聚体含氮量分布随纬度增加而降低，土垫旱耕人为土各级团聚体含氮量最高，干润砂质新成土各级团聚体含氮量最低。植被对团聚体中的氮素分布也存在一定影响，有机氮和矿质氮大体上均呈自然林地>新垦农田>人工林>农地。     

甘蔗种植对土壤团聚体及有机碳分布特征的影响

【目的】对比分析广西金光农场蔗地与林地土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布状况,探讨长期种植甘蔗对土壤质量的影响。【方法】采集蔗地及对应林地土壤,分别用干筛法和湿筛法测定其土壤团聚体组成,分析土壤基本理化性质、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)及分形维数(D)等指标。【结果】蔗地与林地土壤5 mm粒级的团聚体含量差异显著,其它粒级的差异不显著;种植甘蔗有利于增加大粒径团聚体的有机碳含量;蔗地土壤的破坏率显著高于林地土壤,导致蔗地土壤1～0.5 mm、0.5～0.25 mm和0.25 mm粒级团聚体累积有机碳占比高于林地土壤。干筛法测定的蔗地土壤的MWD和GMD高于林地土壤,D值则低于林地土壤,但两者之间的差异均不显著;湿筛法的结果与之相反。【结论】长期种植甘蔗不会在较大程度上改变土壤团聚体组成特征,且团聚体机械稳定性显著增加、水稳性显著降低;甘蔗种植有增加大团聚体有机碳含量的趋势,并加速了土壤有机碳的运转。     

不同保护性耕作方式对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响

【目的】探讨保护性耕作措施对土壤微团聚体有机碳含量及其氧化稳定性的影响。【方法】以关中平原历时7年、不同耕作方式(深松、旋耕、免耕、秸秆还田+传统耕作、传统耕作)的定位试验田为研究对象,于2008-10玉米收获后采集耕层(0~20 cm)土样,测定了全土及0.05~0.25 mm,0.01~0.05 mm,<0.01 mm土壤微团聚体中总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和难氧化有机碳含量,并对其相关性进行了分析。【结果】与传统耕作比较,深松和旋耕提高了土壤总有机碳含量,降低了有机碳的氧化稳定性,而免耕和秸秆还田+传统耕作对土壤总有机碳含量及氧化稳定性的影响较小。旋耕和深松使土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、难氧化有机碳含量在0.05~0.25 mm和0.01~0.05mm微团聚体中显著增加,而在<0.01 mm微团聚体中有所降低;深松和旋耕对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响未达到显著水平,免耕明显降低了各粒级微团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定性。相关分析表明,总有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量在全土和0.05~0.25 mm,0.01~0.05 mm微团聚体之间呈极显著相关关系,而与<0.01 mm微团聚体之间无相关关系。【结论】土娄土总有机碳含量和氧化稳定性主要取决于0.05~0.25 mm微团聚体,深松、旋耕有利于总有机碳含量的积累及有机碳氧化稳定性的降低。     

海南芒果园土壤有机碳特征及影响因素研究

【目的】分析海南芒果园土壤总有机碳和物理组分中的有机碳含量,阐明土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素,为评价海南芒果园土壤碳库提供依据。【方法】运用物理分组方法（包括大小分组、微团粒分离和密度分组）对土壤分组,然后分别测定土壤及各团聚体中的有机碳含量。【结果】海南潮沙泥土和花岗岩赤土地区芒果园土壤总有机碳含量分别在5．5-6．9和3．1-3．7g／kg;物理组分中微团聚体（53-250μm）组分和粘粒与粉粒（〈53μm）组分中有机碳含量比相应土壤总有机碳含量高,而大团聚体（〉250μm）组分中有机碳含量比相应土壤总有机碳含量低。海南芒果园土壤总有机碳和物理组分中的有机碳含量均很低,53～250μm和〈53μm物理组分中有机碳含量随着总有机碳含量的降低而显著降低。【结论】海南芒果园土壤总有机碳和物理组分中有机碳含量均很低,土壤类型对芒果园土壤总有机碳和物理组分中有机碳含量的影响程度远高于土地利用历史的影响。     

不同有机肥培肥对旱作农田土壤团聚体的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥施用量和玉米秸秆还田量对土壤团聚体组成和有机质含量的影响。【方法】在渭北旱塬连续3年(2007-2009年)进行有机培肥定位试验,以不施肥处理为对照,研究施用不同量秸秆(9 000、13 500kg/hm2)和有机肥(鸡粪,15 000、22 500kg/hm2)后,不同土层(0～10,10～20cm)土壤团聚体组成和有机质含量的变化。【结果】9 000,13 500kg/hm2秸秆还田和15 000,22 500kg/hm2有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤有机质含量分别较对照提高了8.92%(P<0.05),9.85%(P<0.01)和7.41%(P<0.05),12.03%(P<0.01)。施用有机肥处理和秸秆还田处理0～20cm土层粒径>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。粒径>0.25mm水稳定性团聚体含量随秸秆还田和有机肥施用量的增加而增大,高秸秆和高有机肥处理较对照差异显著(P<0.05)。干筛法测定的土壤团聚体平均质量直径极显著高于对照(P<0.01)。土壤团聚体分散度和不稳定团粒指数在0～20cm土层表现为高秸秆和高有机肥处理较对照明显降低。不同培肥处理粒径≤5～>2和≤1～>0.5mm水稳定性团聚体含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】有机培肥可以显著提高粒径>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体和水稳定性团聚体含量及有机质含量,有机培肥通过提高有机质含量直接促进了渭北旱塬土壤粒径≤1～>0.5mm水稳定性团聚体的形成,对旱地土壤理化性质具有一定的改善作用。     

种植模式对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响

【目的】玉米大豆间作是我国多地区常见的耕作制度,研究间作后土壤团聚体的变化,旨在为以玉米大豆为主的间作体系改善土壤结构提供科学依据。【方法】通过设置裸地、大豆单作和玉米大豆间作3个处理,分析不同种植模式对土壤水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体稳定性及团聚体有机碳含量的影响。【结果】在0～20 cm土层,间作和单作的R_(0.25)(0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量)、MWD(平均重量直径)和GMD(几何平均直径)均显著高于裸地,其大小关系表现为单作间作裸地,间作的D(分形维数)相比裸地显著降低2.33%;在20～40 cm土层,间作比单作的R_(0.25)增加10.05%,MWD增加22.45%,GMD增加16.13%,D降低0.40%。不同种植模式团聚体有机碳含量存在显著差异,在0～20 cm土层,间作2 mm和2～1 mm粒级的团聚体有机碳含量相比单作显著提高15.15%和14.82%;在20～40 cm土层,间作2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量比单作显著提高31%。【结论】间作改变了土壤团聚体的特征,提高了团聚体有机碳含量。     

岷江上游不同退耕还林类型对土壤团聚体及有机碳动态的影响

【目的】在退耕还林政策实施20年之际，定量研究岷江上游退耕还林后土壤团聚体和有机碳动态变化，为干旱河谷区生态治理与生态农业发展提供数据支撑。【方法】以原生林为对照，退耕地生态林和果园(樱桃、脆李、苹果)为研究对象，分析各用地类型土壤水稳性团聚体粒径组成、稳定性和土壤有机碳的分布，应用混合效应确定林地类型、土层深度、海拔梯度、砾石含量等因素对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳动态的贡献度。【结果】果园土壤大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)含量显著低于生态林，二者土壤大团聚体含量显著低于原生林。原生林和生态林土壤团聚体各粒级含量从高到低依次为5～10 mm> 2～5 mm> 0.25～2 mm> 0.053～0.25 mm> 0～0.053mm，果园土壤团聚体各粒级含量从高到低依次为0.25～2 mm> 2～5 mm> 5～10 mm> 0.053～0.25 mm> 0～0.053mm；在5～15 cm土层，樱桃园5～10、2～5 mm粒级团聚体含量显著高于脆李园和苹果园。土壤团聚体稳定性指标(MWD、GMD)均表现为原生林>生态林>果园...     

不同植茶年限土壤团聚体有机碳的分布特征

【目的】探索和了解茶园土壤有机碳的稳定性及碳固持能力。【方法】采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,开展植茶年限为15 a、22 a、30 a和50 a土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征研究。【结果】随着土壤团聚体粒径的减小,团聚体总有机碳、活性有机碳、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳和可矿化碳含量增加,最大值主要集中于＜0.25 mm、0.5—0.25 mm团聚体中,而团聚体微生物量碳含量则随粒径减小而先增加再减小,最大值分布于5—2 mm团聚体中,团聚体中各组分有机碳占总有机碳比例随团聚体粒径减小而减小;随植茶年限的延长,团聚体中总有机碳含量增加,活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳先降低再增加,植茶22 a时含量最低,而水溶性有机碳、可矿化碳和微生物量碳则呈现先增加再降低的趋势,植茶30 a时含量最高,且团聚体中各组分有机碳占总有机碳比例均随着植茶年限的延长呈现下降的趋势;土壤团聚体总有机碳以及各个碳组分含量均为0—20 cm土层大于20—40 cm土层,而土壤团聚体各组分有机碳占总有机碳的比例均为20—40 cm土层大于0—20 cm土层。【结论】较小粒径团聚体有机碳稳定性较强,土壤有机碳固持能力存在临界植茶年限;0—20 cm土层碳汇效应较20—40 cm土层强。     

不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征

【目的】在已有团聚体碳氮分布研究的基础上,进一步研究不同施肥处理红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳矿化特征,并分析有机碳矿化的影响因素,为揭示施肥对土壤肥力的影响及土壤有机碳矿化作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥红壤性水稻土为研究对象,包括9个处理:不施肥(CK)、有机质循环(C)、氮肥(N)、氮肥+有机质循环(NC)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾肥+有机质循环(NPKC)、氮钾肥(NK)和氮磷钾肥+1/2秸秆回田(NPKS)。运用湿筛法得到2 mm、1—2 mm、0.25—1 mm、0.053—0.25 mm和0.053 mm 5个粒级团聚体,观测团聚体和全土有机碳矿化动态变化,测定团聚体中微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性。【结果】全土和1 mm团聚体有机碳矿化速率在培养前期快速下降,之后逐渐降低至稳定状态,而1 mm粒级尤其是0.053—0.25 mm团聚体,有机碳矿化速率在培养前期降低幅度减小并更早达到稳定状态。有机碳累积矿化量在2 mm和1—2 mm团聚体中最高,在0.053—0.25 mm团聚体中最低。与对照相比,施磷肥处理(NP和NPK)各粒级团聚体有机碳累积矿化量平均提高17.0%—62.1%,施有机肥处理(C、NC和NPKC)则平均提高25.0%—80.5%。2 mm和0.25—1 mm团聚体对全土有机碳矿化的贡献最大,分别为21.0%—42.5%和20.6%—32.7%。0.25 mm大团聚体微生物生物量碳含量和转化酶活性均高于0.25 mm微团聚体。施磷肥处理各粒级团聚体微生物生物量碳含量较对照平均高73.4%—92.0%,施有机肥处理平均高60.8%—99.6%。磷肥和有机肥的施用显著提高0.25 mm大团聚体转化酶活性,其中NC处理大团聚体转化酶活性最高,较对照提高46.0%—135.0%。团聚体有机碳累积矿化量与有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳含量及转化酶活性均呈极显著正相关,但与有机碳的相关性最大。【结论】大团聚体在土壤有机碳矿化中发挥主导作用;有机碳含量是影响团聚体有机碳矿化的最主要因素;磷肥和有机肥的施用促进了土壤团聚体有机碳的矿化,是提高红壤性水稻土供肥能力的有效措施。     

生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成和有机碳分布的影响

【目的】研究生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成、稳定性以及不同粒级团聚体有机碳分布的影响,为砂姜黑土黏板障碍因子改良和合理培肥制度建立提供科学依据。【方法】在光照培养室内用砂姜黑土进行的培养试验,试验设置4个处理：对照（不施有机物料,CK）、单施生物炭（5%生物炭,B）、单施秸秆（1.5%玉米秸秆,S）和生物炭与秸秆配施（5%生物炭+1.5%的玉米秸秆,BS）。培养6个月后采集土壤样品,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量。【结果】不同有机物料处理对＞2 mm团聚体含量影响较大,其中施用秸秆显著提高了该粒级团聚体含量。单施生物炭有利于0.053-0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量的增加;施用秸秆有利于0.5-2 mm团聚体含量的增加,较对照显著增加14%-68%。单施生物炭对平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和大于0.25 mm团聚体含量（R_0.25）无显著影响,单施秸秆和生物炭与秸秆配施则显著提高了MWD、GMD和R_0.25。同时,各有机物料施用都显著降低了团聚体分形维数（D）。与对照相比,各有机物料处理土壤有机碳含量都显著提高,其中生物炭与秸秆配施处理含量最高,较对照提高了160%。各有机物料处理不同粒级团聚体中有机碳含量也显著提高,与对照相比,各粒级有机碳含量提高了54%-353%。随土壤粒径的增大,添加生物炭处理不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量分布呈现“V”型趋势,单施秸秆处理呈逐渐增加趋势。大团聚体有机碳的贡献率为S处理＞BS处理＞CK处理＞B处理,微团聚体则表现出相反的规律。0.5-1 mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率最大,为6%-33%。【结论】单施生物炭对土壤水稳性大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性的影响不显著,而生物炭与秸秆配施不仅能提高土壤大团聚体含量,增加土壤团聚体的稳定性,而且提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,改善了土壤性状。相比之下,生物炭与秸秆配施是改善砂姜黑土结构和提升碳水平的最佳培肥措施。     

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types (i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties (including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3t) of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52 g kg-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of　＞0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates (＞5 mm) is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMWD) ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and A13+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.     

Losses of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Mechanisms in the Desertification Process of Sandy Farmlands in Horqin Sandy Land

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations from bulk soils and soil particle size fractions in the different extent of desertified farmlands (potential, light, medium, severe, and most severe desertified farmlands) were examined to quantitatively elucidate losses of carbon and nitrogen and its mechanisms in the desertification process. Particle size fractions (2-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.05 mm, <0.05 mm) were obtained by granulometric wet sieving from 30 sandy soils (0-15cm depth) of different desertified extent. It was shown that soil physical stability index (St) in most severe desertified farmlands was 5-7% and St in other farmlands was less than 5%, which contributed to very low soil organic matter content. This was the intrinsic cause that sandy farmlands in Horqin sandy land was subject to risk of desertification. Desertification resulted in considerable losses of SOC and N. Regression analysis indicated that SOC and N content reduced 0.169 g kg-1 and 0.0215 g kg-1 respectively with one percent loss of soil silt and clay content. Losses of SOC and N were mostly the removal of fine particle size fractions (silt and clay, and a less extent very fine sand) from the farmlands by wind erosion, which were rich in organic matter and nutrients, as well as the depletion of organic C and N associated with coarse particles (>0.05 mm) in desertification process. The concentrations of C and N associated with sand (2-0.1 mm and 0.1-0.05 mm) significantly decreased with increase of desertified extent. Silt and clay associated C and N concentrations, however, were less changed, and in contrast, were higher in soils under most severe desertified extent than in soils under potential and severe desertified extent. The percentage of distribution in sand (>0.05 mm) associated C and N significantly increased with increase of desertified extent, suggesting that stability of SOC decreased in the desertification process.     

Changes in organic C stability within soil aggregates under different fertilization patterns in a greenhouse vegetable field

Knowledge of the stability of soil organic C(SOC) is vital for assessing SOC dynamics and cycling in agroecosystems. Studies have documented the regulatory effect of fertilization on SOC stability in bulk soils. However, how fertilization alters organic C stability at the aggregate scale in agroecosystems remains largely unclear. This study aimed to appraise the changes of organic C stability within soil aggregates after eight years of fertilization(chemical vs. organic fertilization) in a greenhouse vegetable field in Tianjin, China. Changes in the stability of organic C in soil aggregates were evaluated by four methods, i.e., the modified Walkley-Black method(chemical method), ~(13)C NMR spectroscopy(spectroscopic method), extracellular enzyme assay(biological method), and thermogravimetric analysis(thermogravimetric method). The aggregates were isolated and separated by a wet-sieving method into four fractions: large macroaggregates(2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2 mm), microaggregates(0.053–0.25 mm), and silt/clay fractions(0.053 mm). The results showed that organic amendments increased the organic C content and reduced the chemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability of organic C within soil aggregates relative to chemical fertilization alone. Within soil aggregates, the content of organic C was the highest in microaggregates and decreased in the order microaggregatesmacroaggregatessilt/clay fractions. Meanwhile, organic C spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability were the highest in silt/clay fractions, followed by macroaggregates and microaggregates. Moreover, the modified Walkley-Black method was not suitable for interpreting organic C stability at the aggregate scale due to the weak correlation between organic C chemical properties and other stability characteristics within the soil aggregates. These findings provide scientific insights at the aggregate scale into the changes of organic C properties under fertilization in greenhouse vegetable fields in China.     

渝东北中山区典型土壤的系统分类

以渝东北中山区(海拔>800 m)为研究区域,选取该区域8个典型土壤样点,通过剖面挖掘、野外观测和分层样品分析等方法,明确供试剖面的形态特征和理化性质,检索出上述典型土壤的诊断层与诊断特性,探讨其在中国土壤系统分类(CST)中的归属,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明,在8个供试土壤剖面中,除旱地外,林地及牧草地土壤具有淡薄表层,在坡度较小和土壤侵蚀较弱的情况下土壤大都可以形成黏化层,碳酸盐岩风化物发育的土壤均符合碳酸盐岩岩性特征,海拔800 m以上土壤符合常湿润土壤水分状况。8个供试土壤剖面分别被划归3个土纲(淋溶土、雏形土、新成土),3个亚纲(常湿淋溶土、常湿雏形土、正常新成土),3个土类(钙质常湿淋溶土、钙质常湿雏形土、湿润正常新成土),5个亚类(腐殖钙质常湿淋溶土、普通钙质常湿淋溶土、腐殖钙质常湿雏形土、普通钙质常湿雏形土、石质湿润正常新成土),其中,被划归为淋溶土土纲的剖面数量最多(共4个剖面),说明该区域土壤淋溶作用明显。黄棕壤、棕壤、黄色石灰土和黑色石灰土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿淋溶土土类,黄棕壤性土和山地灌丛草甸土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿雏形土土类,棕壤性土亚类参比到了CST的湿润正常新成土土类。按照土族和土系的划分标准,8个供试土壤剖面建立了8个土族,划分出8个土系。     

新疆和田开发区土壤系统分类研究

为了确定新疆和田开发区的土壤系统分类归属,对该区约220 km2待开垦土地进行了调查,分析了不同类型土壤剖面的理化性状,并对其诊断层和诊断特性进行了鉴定。结果表明,该地区棕漠土、风沙土、草甸土、盐土(按土壤发生学分类)在中国土壤系统分类中分别为普通石膏正常干旱土、弱盐干旱砂质新成土、普通简育干旱雏形土和普通干旱正常盐成土,最后对各土类提出了相应的利用措施。     

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin, China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, con     

玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化分析

[目的]对玛纳斯河流域不同恢复模式下盐渍化弃耕地土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化特征进行分析.[方法]以玛纳斯河流域为背景,选取典型的重度盐渍化弃耕地为试验区.随着弃耕地变成棉田年限的增加,土壤有机碳（SOC）含量增加,开垦2、5和10年的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（LOC）的含量以及土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和土壤热水溶性有机碳（HWSOC）的含量较弃耕地高.连续人工开垦后SOC和大团聚体（＞1 mm）含量增加,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,其中开垦10年0～5、5～10 cm土层＞1mm团聚体分别占56.9％和56.7％,团粒指数下降至43.9％.[结论]水稳性团聚体的含量与SOC和土壤HWSOC达到0.05水平显著正相关.玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对绿洲农田土壤HWSOC对维持土壤团聚体稳定性的贡献明显.     

中国土壤系统分类及在大庆市的应用研究

本文对中国土壤系统分类在大庆市的应用进行了研究。依据所积累掌握的大庆市土壤资料,按中国土壤系统分类的方法进行检索,建立了大庆市土壤系统分类的分类系统。大庆市土壤可划分为均腐土土纲,新成土土纲,雏形土土纲,盐成土土纲,潜育土土纲共5个土纲,土纲往下续分了12个亚纲,20个土类,32个亚类。本文还研究了大庆市土壤发生分类与系统分类的参比,以便于了解大庆市土壤系统分类以及对其推广、利用。     

广西紫色土系统分类研究

采用中国土壤系统分类的理论、方法和标准,结合广西第二次土壤普查资料数据,研究了广西紫色土剖面形态特征、理化特性及系统分类。结果表明,广西紫色土是强烈的物理、化学风化及侵蚀作用于紫色砂岩、砾岩、泥岩和页岩的结果,其剖面层次分异不明显,多属块状结构,质地以砂壤为主;其自然土壤的有机质、全氮、全钾含量均处于中上水平,但在植被遭到破坏及经开垦后,表层土壤的有机质、全氮及速效磷含量均明显下降,pH值变幅较大,呈强酸至弱碱性;广西紫色土可划分为雏形土和新成土2个土纲、湿润雏形土和正常新成土2个亚纲、紫色湿润雏形土和紫色正常新成土2个土类以及表蚀紫色湿润雏形土、耕淀紫色湿润雏形土、酸性紫色正常新成土等9个亚类。     

Simulation and Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Jiangsu Province Based on Model and GIS Techniques

Based on the databases of soils, meteorology, crop production, and agricultural management, changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of agro-ecosystems in Jiangsu Province were simulated by using a soil organic carbon model with a linkage of GIS. Four data sets of soil organic carbon measured from various field experiments in Jiangsu Province were used to validate the model. It was demonstrated that the model simulation in general agreed with the field measurements. Model simulation indicated that the SOC content in approximately 77% of the agricultural soils in Jiangsu Province has increased since the Second National Soil Survey completed in the early 1980s. Compared with the values in 1985, the SOC content in 2000 was estimated to increase by 1.0-3.0 g kg-1 for the north and the coastal areas of the province, and by 3.5-5.0 g kg-1 for the region of Tai Lake in the south. A slight decrease (about 0.5-1.5 g kg-1 ) was estimated for the central region of Jiangsu Province and the Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly area. Model prediction for 2010 A.D. under two scena-rios, i.e., with 30 and 50% of the harvested crop straw incorporation, suggested that the SOC in Jiangsu Province would increase, and thus that the agricultural soils would have potential as organic carbon storage. The incorporation of crop straw into soils is of great benefit to increase soil carbon storage, consequently to benefit the control of the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration and to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture.