Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency,Tuber Yield,Radiation Use Efficiency,and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AE_N), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (N_AL) and leaf N concentration (N_L). Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N1), 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (N2), 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, N_AL, and N_L. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AE_N, N deficiencies (NNI<1) which occurred for N1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, N_L and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on N_AL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber yield, LAI, N_L, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of RUE to NNI.     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium in Long-Term Rice and Wheat Experiments

Improving nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） and decreasing N loss are critical to sustainable agriculture. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on yield, NUE, N agronomic efficiency （NAE） and N loss in long-term （16- or 24-yr） experiments carried out at three rice-wheat rotation sites （Chongqing, Suining and Wuchang） in subtropical China. Three treatments were examined： sole chemical N, N＋phosphorus （NP）, and NP＋potassium （NPK） fertilizations. Grain yields at three sites were significantly increased by 9.3-81.6% （rice） and 54.5-93.8% （wheat） under NP compared with N alone, 1.7-9.8% （rice） and 0-17.6% （wheat） with NPK compared with NP. Compared to NP, NUE significantly increased for wheat at Chongqing （9.3%） and Wuchang （11.8%）, but not at Suining, China. No changes in NUE were observed in rice between NP and NPK at all three sites. The rice-wheat rotation＇s NAE was 3.3 kg kg1 higher under NPK than under NP at Chongqing, while NAE was similar for NP and NPK at Suining and Wuchang. We estimated that an uptake increase of 1.0 kg N hal would increase 40 kg rice and 30 kg wheat ha-1. Nitrogen loss/input ratios were -60, -40 or -30% under N, NP or NPK at three sites, indicating significant decrease of N loss by P or PK additions. We attribute part of the increase in NUE soil N accumulation which significantly increased by 25-55 kg ha-1 yr1 under NPK at three sites, whereas by 35 kg ha-1 yr-1 under NP at Chongqing only. This paper illustrates that apply P and K to wheat, and reduce K application to rice is an effective nutrient management strategy for both the NUE improvement and N losses reduction in China.     

不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

在覆膜栽培方式下,如何优化养分管理措施是目前旱作区马铃薯生产急需突破的瓶颈。为了实施水肥的高效管理,通过大田试验研究不同集雨种植模式(F0:露地垄作;F1:全膜覆盖双垄垄播;F2:全膜覆盖双垄沟播)下施肥(N0:不施肥;N1:配方施肥;N2:农民习惯施肥)对马铃薯干物质积累、块茎产量和水肥利用效率的影响,以期明确马铃薯增产增效的最佳种植模式及与之配套的施肥水平。结果表明:全膜覆盖双垄种植和施肥处理可以明显提高马铃薯全生育期的干物质积累量,其中F2N1处理对块茎膨大期的块茎干物质积累量影响最大,而在淀粉积累期和成熟期以F1N1处理的块茎干物质积累量最大,比F2N1处理增加了5.59%和2.88%,差异显著(P0.05)。可见,相比沟播种植而言,马铃薯垄上种植更有利于根系的生长和块茎的膨大。不同覆膜栽培方式下施肥处理的马铃薯块茎产量和水分利用效率均以F1N1处理的最高,F2N1处理的次之,分别比F0N1处理显著增加了40.26%和34.10%、16.33%和14.77%,但F1N1与F2N1处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同处理的马铃薯肥料利用效率表现为氮素农学效率和氮素偏生产力以F1N2最高,而与其他处理相比,F1N1处理的磷、钾素农学效率显著增加了0.21~6.68倍和0.21~3.47倍,且磷、钾素偏生产力的增幅达0.05~0.91倍和0.05~0.40倍。这表明F1N1不仅可以协同增加马铃薯的块茎产量和水肥利用效率,还促进了磷、钾素农学效率和偏生产力的提高。综上所述,F1N1处理更有利于实现马铃薯增产和水肥高效利用,是半干旱区马铃薯增产增效的最佳覆膜种植模式和施肥水平。     

Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Su bsu rface Wastewater Infiltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.     

Effect of Introduction of Irrigation on Technical Efficiency of Olive-Growing Farms in Tunisia

This paper investigates the effect of the introduction of an irrigation technique on the technical efficiency of olive production in a sample of olive-growing farms in Tunisia, estimating the Cobb-Douglas form of stochastic frontier production function. Results indicate that estimated technical efficiency scores vary, ranging from a minimum of 3.0% to a maximum of 91.2% with a mean value of 61.2%. This suggests that olive-growing farms in Tunisia can increase their production on average by 38.8% through more efficient use of technology and inputs. The introduction of irrigation increased productivity, however, the estimated technical efficiency of irrigated olive farms varies across farms and they are less efficient than non-irrigated farms. This finding suggests that the introduction of irrigation to non-irrigated farms has the potential to increase production levels, however, the current production of the irrigated farms is far from the ＂best practice frontier＂ that realizes maximum possible output. Accumulation of experience and knowledge by farm owners and selection of olive cultivar significantly contribute to improving technical efficiency.     

施用缓释氮肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

[目的]为夏玉米合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。[方法]以夏玉米为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,研究了缓释氮肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响。[结果]缓释氮肥掺比普通氮肥及缓释氮肥减量施用可以在0.05水平显著提高夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率。缓释氮肥掺混普通氮肥以SCU70%+PU30%处理玉米产量、籽粒吸氮、秸秆吸氮、吸氮总量和氮肥利用率最高,在0.05水平显著高于其他等氮处理,产量为7 284.0 kg/hm2,增幅达10.63%～33.02%,氮肥利用率为33.13%,增幅达7.81%～23.09%。缓释氮肥处理则以SCU70%处理玉米产量、秸秆吸氮、吸氮总量和氮肥利用率最高,在0.05水平显著高于其他缓释氮肥处理,产量为6 937.0 kg/hm2,增幅达6.54%～18.85%,氮肥利用率为37.65%,增幅达11.55%～18.00%。[结论]缓释氮肥配施普通氮肥SCU70%+PU30%及缓释氮肥减量30%施用均能在0.05水平显著提高夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率。     

Differences in the Efficiency of Potassium（K） Uptake and Use in Five Apple Rootstock Genotypes

Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple（Malus domestica Borkh） rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.     

Farm Technical Efficiency under the Seasonal Milk Production of the Dual-Purpose Cattle System in El Salvador

The objective of this research was to calculate the technical efficiency and its determinants in seasonal milk production of dual-purpose cattle system farms of El Salvador （DPCS）. Seasons were classified as rainy （May-October） and dry （November-April）. The stochastic production frontier model through the Cobb-Douglas specification was used to provide the technical efficiency score and its determinants for the production data of the 2009 rainy season and the 2010 dry season of the DPCS farms from South East El Salvador. The results showed that the mean technical efficiency was 14% higher for the dry season than for the rainy season. Moreover, more farms obtained higher efficiency scores in the dry season. In the rainy season, milk production was attributed to labor and farmland, whereas in the dry season, it was attributed to the decrease of herd size. Therefore, we suggest adopting strategies such as increased cow productivity and improved feed quality to increase the overall technical efficiency of DPCS farms.     

不同底肥运筹对稻茬小麦产量构成及氮素利用率的影响

[目的]研究不同底肥施用量对肥力较低的滨海黏质脱盐土条件下的稻茬麦产量构成和氮肥吸收利用率的影响。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,以苏北地区主要栽培品种之一的淮麦28为试验材料,研究了稻茬麦底肥用量对小麦茎蘖动态、产量结构、花后旗叶SPAD值动态变化、旗叶面积及氮肥吸收利用率的影响。[结果]较高磷肥投入对小麦茎蘖动态变化、产量结构、花后旗叶SPAD值、叶面积、氮肥利用率均有明显促进作用,以尿素150 kg/hm~2+磷酸二胺300 kg/hm~2小麦产量和经济效益最高。[结论]在肥力较低的滨海黏质土壤条件下,应该重视氮、磷肥平衡施用,充分发挥作物的生产潜能。     

氮肥施用量与莴苣产量和品质及氮肥利用率的关系

为研究莴苣高产、优质、低污染、高氮肥利用率的合理氮肥施用量,采用盆栽试验与^15N标记示踪技术,分析了氮肥施用量与莴苣产量和品质及氮肥利用率的关系．根据试验结果,将每1kg土的氮肥施用量x(g)与每盆莴苣的产量y(g)拟合成回归方程为y=104．21 2476．31x-5181．97x^2,表明莴苣产量随氮肥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势．每1kg土的合理氮肥施用量为0．1750-3．2125g．适宜的氮肥施用量能改善莴苣品质,降低氮肥损失,提高氮肥利用率．     

不同氮用量对四川春玉米光合特性、氮利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下春玉米产量形成的光合机制,分析不同施氮量对氮肥利用率、土壤氮素盈余量等的影响,为当地合理施用氮肥,促进春玉米高产高效提供理论参考。【方法】以玉米品种仲玉3号为试验材料,分别于2019、2020年在四川农业大学雅安试验农场的肥效长期定位试验地进行田间试验,设置5个供氮水平,分别为0（不施氮）、90 kg·hm^-2（低氮）、180 kg·hm^-2（适量氮）、270 kg·hm^-2（农民习惯施氮）、360 kg·hm^-2（高氮）,记为N0、N1、N2、N3、N4。于拔节期、吐丝期和灌浆期测定叶面积,分别计算叶面积指数、光合势;于灌浆期测定穗位叶净光合速率等光合参数以及吐丝期、灌浆期测定叶绿素含量;吐丝期、灌浆期、收获期测定地上部群体干物质积累量,收获时测定产量,分析各部位氮含量,计算土壤氮素盈余量、春玉米氮素利用效率和施氮经济效益。【结果】（1）春玉米产量随施氮量增加先升后持平,2019、2020两年都是N2处理的产量最高,平均为9 746 kg·hm^-2,相较于N0、N1处理分别增产179%、28.7%（P<0.05）,而N2与N3、N4处理间产量无显著差异。两年产量经线性+平台拟合,平台施氮量为134.8 kg·hm^-2,平台产量为9 604 kg·hm^-2,此时产投比也最高（12.6）。（2）适量施氮（N2）相比不施氮均显著提高穗位叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及叶面积指数和光合势等,继续增施氮肥上述指标无显著差异甚至显著降低。（3）结合光合特性与收获期产量的相关性分析及偏最小二乘法分析表明,春玉米光合势、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数、叶绿素a+b与产量均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,且影响春玉米产量的主导因素是叶绿素a+b。（4）收获期籽粒氮素积累量和地上部氮总积累量两年都是随施氮量增加先显著上升,在N2处理后（超过180 kg·hm^-2）微弱上升或基本持平;经拟合表明土壤氮素盈余量为0时施氮量为139 kg·hm^-2;春玉米氮肥表观利用率两年都是N2处理最高,平均达73.7%,较N1处理提高10.8%（P<0.05）,继续增施氮肥,氮肥表观利用率则显著下降,N3、N4处理氮肥表观利用率相较于N2处理分别降低32.9%和48.1%（P<0.05）。【结论】适量施氮能明显提高春玉米叶片光合性能,延缓穗位叶总叶绿素的降解,延长光合作用持续期,优化总叶绿素、叶面积指数和光合势在春玉米产量形成中的作用。同时,适量施氮能显著增加地上部群体干物质积累量和籽粒产量,促进玉米对氮素的吸收与积累,降低土壤氮素残留,提高氮肥表观利用率。综合产量、施肥经济效益、氮肥表观利用率和氮素盈余量等因素,试验区（四川雅安）氮素投入量为139—180 kg·hm^-2能维持春玉米的高产高效目标。     

减氮增施腐殖酸液肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为了在保证夏玉米获得较高产量基础上尽量减少氮肥施用量,确定腐殖酸液肥与氮肥的合理配施比例,设置不施氮肥(CK)、正常施氮量(纯N,下同)210 kg/hm~2(100%N)、减施20%氮肥即施N 168 kg/hm~2(80%N)、减施20%氮肥即施N 168 kg/hm~2+腐殖酸液肥1.7 L/hm~2(80%N+WF)、减施40%氮肥即施N 126 kg/hm~2(60%N)、减施40%氮肥即施N 126 kg/hm~2+腐殖酸液肥1.7 L/hm~2(60%N+WF)6个处理,研究减氮增施腐殖酸液肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与100%N处理相比,80%N+WF处理土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、pH值、氮肥回收效率、氮肥生理效率均无显著变化,而氮肥农学效率显著提高9.8%,最终使夏玉米穗粒数、百粒质量及产量与100%N处理接近;但进一步减少氮肥施用量增施腐殖酸液肥(60%N+WF)处理会降低土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,差异均不显著,但较80%N+WF处理降幅增大,虽然也能提高氮肥农学效率和氮肥回收效率,但最终较100%N处理显著降低夏玉米穗粒数(2.7%)和产量(5.2%)。综上,80%N+WF处理在减施氮42 kg/hm~2的情况下能达到100%N处理的效果,土壤肥力较高,氮肥农学效率和氮肥回收效率提高,且穗粒数和产量较高。     

不同施氮量对蕹菜品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为探明蕹菜高产、优质的合理氮肥施用量，采用盆栽试验与^15N标记示踪技术，分析了氮肥施用量与蕹菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的关系．结果表明，将每1kg的氮肥施用量x（g）与每盆的产量y（g）拟合成回归方程为y=14．81＋1208．60x-2959．52x^2（F=46．85），表明产量随氮肥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势；每1kg土的合理氮肥施用量为0．140-0．170g；氮肥利用率y（％）和每1k土氮肥用量x（g）之间的一元一次方程为：y=48．93x＋45．88（r=0．984）．适宜的氮肥用量能提高可食部分维生素C，可溶性糖和蛋白质含量，降低蕹菜可食部分硝酸盐含量．     

不同施氮运筹对夏玉米产量、净收益及氮肥利用率的影响

氮肥管理是农业可持续发展面临的重大挑战。在测土提出合理施肥量OPT(N 210,P2O590,K2O60kg/hm2)的前提下,在襄汾县通过田间试验研究了5种氮肥运筹方式对夏玉米产量、净收益及氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明,与对照(OPT-N)相比,不同氮肥运筹均明显提高夏玉米产量、净收益,提高玉米籽粒和秸秆的含氮量及玉米的吸氮量;OPT3处理可以获得10 102 kg/hm2的产量,较不施氮肥增产23.4%,每千克纯氮可以生产9.1 kg的籽粒,净收益可达15 319元/hm2,较对照增收19.3%,同时肥料利用率可达47.0%,是最适宜的氮肥运筹方式;OPT1也可获得较高的产量和净收益,分别为9 897 kg/hm2和14971元/hm2,氮肥的农学效率为8.2 kg,产量较对照增产20.9%,净收益较对照增收16.6%,但氮肥的利用率相对较低,为38.6%,也是可以接受的氮肥运筹方式。该研究成果可为山西省夏玉米生产提供理论支撑和实践指导。     

氮肥用量对设施辣椒产量和经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】研究设施辣椒最适施氮量,为减少化肥投入,提供种子依据。【方法】采用“2+x”试验设计方案,以常规施肥和优化施肥为基础,进行氮肥总量控制研究,分析氮肥对设施辣椒生长、产量、经济效益和肥料利用率的影响。【结果】优化氮区辣椒生长发育综合性状、产量及经济效益均高于其它处理,产量为4 560.23 kg/667 m²,纯收入11 211.17元/ 667 m²,产投比60.19。经线性模拟分析,辣椒产量和用氮量存在显著相关性,当纯氮施用量为25.9 kg/667m²时,产量达到最大值4 586.3 kg/667 m²。优化施肥处理的氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用率最大,分别为49.56%、150.67 kg/kg、21.7%,且利用效率随着施氮量的增加呈先增大后降低的变化规律,氮肥偏生产力随氮肥用量增加呈显著下降趋势。【结论】适量水平的氮肥能促进辣椒正常生长发育、获得高产、高收益,发挥氮肥的最佳效率。     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.     

缓释肥料配方对辣椒产量和肥料利用率的影响

为提高辣椒产量和肥料利用率,采用完全随机试验,在不同施肥水平下(1 800、1 500、1 200kg·hm~(-2)),比较了2种缓释肥配方(A:N+P_2O_5+K_2O=19%+10%+19%=48%、B:N+P_2O_5+K_2O=17%+14%+17%=48%)对辣椒形态指标、产量、辣椒地上部对氮、磷、钾的吸收和肥料农学利用率的影响。结果表明:缓释肥处理的辣椒长势好,其产量、地上部和果实中氮、磷、钾含量均大于对照处理(CK)。在相同施肥水平下,缓释肥A处理的辣椒产量比缓释肥B处理平均高4.72%;在辣椒地上部,A3处理氮、磷含量显著大于B3处理,A2处理钾含量显著大于B2处理;在辣椒果实中,A1和A3处理钾含量显著大于B1和B3处理;A3处理的氮肥、钾肥农学利用率均比B3处理高15.04%,A1、A2和A3处理的磷肥农学利用率比B1、B2、B3处理的分别高59.08%、51.45%、79.99%。与缓释肥配方B相比,缓释肥配方A在辣椒生产上显得更有优势,在保证产量的同时提高了肥料农学利用率,具有一定的应用前景。     

不同株型玉米冠层光氮分布、衰老特征及光能利用对增密的响应

【目的】探究增密对不同株型玉米冠层光氮分布、衰老特征、及其对光能利用及产量的影响,为陕西春玉米高产高效栽培提供支撑。【方法】于2017—2018年以陕单609（紧凑型）和陕单8806（平展型）为试验材料,设置4个种植密度（45 000、60 000、75 000和90 000株/hm²）,测定了冠层光氮分布、叶片衰老、物质生产、光能利用及产量构成等指标。【结果】陕单609和陕单8806分别在90 000株/hm²（13 824 kg·hm^-2）和60 000株/hm²（9 566 kg·hm^-2）达到了最高产量,与45 000株/hm²相比,90 000株/hm²下陕单609和陕单8806的穗粒数（17.8%和30.1%）和百粒重（15.2%和19.6%）均降低。同一密度下,2个品种的冠层光能截获率和叶片氮素浓度表现为上层>中层>下层,随着密度的增加,2个品种冠层上部光能截获率和叶片氮素浓度不断增加,中层和下层的光能截获率和叶片氮素浓度不断下降,当密度增至90 000株/hm²时,陕单8806冠层中部和下部的光能截获率分别较陕单609低8.8%和70.6%,且陕单609中层和下层的叶片氮素浓度较陕单8806高16.0%和40.5%。当密度从45 000株/hm²增至90 000株/hm²,陕单609和陕单8806成熟期相对绿叶面积分别降低36.4%和63.3%,叶片平均衰老速率分别增加40.2%和34.6%,冠层不同层次叶片衰老启动的时间顺序为下层>上层>中层,与陕单8806相比,90 000株/hm²下陕单609生育后期冠层中上部的绿叶面积较高,且下层维持较高的绿叶面积。随种植密度的增加,吐丝前后的氮素吸收量和氮收获指数显著增加,当密度增至90 000株/hm²时,陕单609吐丝前后的氮素吸收量、氮收获指数分别较陕单8806高23.5%、43.9%、12.7%。增密后生物产量、收获指数、冠层光能截获量和光能利用率显著增加,密度增至90 000株/hm²时,陕单609的生物产量、冠层的光合有效辐射、光能利用率和收获指数分别较陕单8806高26.1%、10.2%、9.1%和14.8%。【结论】与陕单8806比,紧凑玉米陕单609密植下较好协同优化冠层光氮空间分布,增加了群体花后中下部光能截获量,延缓群体冠层花后中下层叶片衰老,促进群体花后干物质和氮素积累,获得更高的籽粒产量和光能利用率。     

Genome-Wide Expression Profile of Maize Root Response to Phosphorus Deficiency Revealed by Deep Sequencing

Phosphorus （P） is one of the three primary macronutrients that are required in large amounts for plant growth and development. To better understand molecular mechanism of maize and identify relevant genes in response to phosphorus deficiency, we used Solexa/Illumina＇s digital gene expression （DGE） technology to investigate six genome-wide expression profiles of seedling roots of the low-P tolerant maize inbred line 178. DGE studies were conducted at 6, 24 and 72 h under both phosphorus deficient and sufficient conditions. Approximately 3.93 million raw reads for each sample were sequenced and 6 816 genes exhibited significant levels of differential expressions in at least one of three time points in response to P starvation. The number of genes with increased expression increased over time from 6 to 24 h, whereas genes with decreased expression were more abundant at 72 h, suggesting a gradual response process for P deficiency at different stages. Gene annotations illustrated that most of differentially expressed genes （DEGs） are involved in different cellular and molecular processes such as environmental adaptation and carbohydrate metabolism. The expression of some known genes identified in other plants, such as those involved in root architecture, P metabolism and transport were found to be altered at least two folds, indicating that the mechanisms of molecular and morphological adaptation to P starvation are conserved in plants. This study provides insight into the general molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to low-P stress and thus may facilitate molecular breeding for improving P utilization in maize.     

潮土区氮肥不同基追比和种类对玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

研究了氮肥不同基追比和种类对玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:33.3%普通尿素基施+33.3%大喇叭口期追施+33.3%抽雄期追施处理表现最佳,产量最高,达8 668kg/hm2。氮素用量减至80%的控释尿素基施处理和控释BB肥基施处理产量分别为8390kg/hm2和8 512kg/hm2,控释BB肥基施处理产量高于控释尿素基施处理,与33.3%普通尿素基施+33.3%大喇叭口期追施+33.3%抽雄期追施处理产量均没有达到1%极显著水平。在施用普通尿素的各个处理中,33.3%基施+33.3%大喇叭口期追施+33.3%抽雄期追施处理的氮肥利用率最高,为39.1%,可见适当的施肥方式能提高氮肥的利用率。控释尿素基施处理和控释BB肥基施处理的氮肥利用率分别为46.8%和49.5%,均高于施用普通尿素的各个处理,控释BB肥基施处理的氮肥利用率高于控释尿素基施处理。