Soil apparent electrical conductivity and geographically weighted regression for mapping soil

To resolve the spatial variation in soil properties intensively is expensive, but such knowledge is essential to manage the soil better and to achieve greater economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to determine whether the soil apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a), alone or combined with other variables, is a useful alternative for providing detailed information on the soil in the Extremadura region of Spain. Apparent soil electrical conductivity was measured and geographically weighted regression was used to characterize the spatial variation in soil properties, which in turn can be used for soil management. This study shows that soil cation exchange capacity, calcium content, clay percentage and pH have a relatively strong spatial correlation with EC_a in the soil of the study area.     

不同质地黑土净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律研究

为探讨黑龙江省半干旱地区不同质地黑土的净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律,以壤砂土和粉壤土为研究对象开展室内培养试验,对土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率、N2O和CO2排放速率与累积排放量进行研究。结果表明:7d培养期间壤砂土的平均净矿化速率和CO2平均排放速率分别为0.49mgN kg-1 d-1和0.30mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的平均净矿化速率(1.37 mgN kg-1 d-1)和CO2平均排放速率(0.47mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1)。壤砂土的平均净硝化速率和N2O平均排放速率分别为1.65mgN kg-1 d-1和212.6ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的5.02mgN kg-1 d-1和521.3ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1。壤砂土和粉壤土的N2O排放比率分别为0.081%~0.301%和0.210%~0.254%。研究表明,土壤质地显著影响土壤净氮转化速率和温室气体排放,壤砂土较低的pH、有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量是导致其净硝化速率、净矿化速率以及N2O、CO2排放速率显著低于粉壤土的主要原因。     

与永久性草地相比长期裸露侵蚀对英国Bridgnorth砂壤的影响

 对位于英国东Shropshire的Hilton试验点中,已裸露12年的坡地侵蚀小区内的Bridg-north砂壤进行调查分析,并与小区相邻的自然草地作比较,结果显示,裸露砂壤土的有机质和大多数营养元素的含量显着低于草地;草地的有机质含量较裸地高2.15倍;草地含有较高比例的粗砂(0.355～2.0mm),尤以0.500～1.0mm部分较为突出,以及较少的粘粒(<0.002mm)和石砾(>2mm);说明,粗砂易于流失,Bridgnorth砂壤被长期侵蚀后,粗砂趋于减少,粘粒、石砾所占比例则逐渐增加.结果同时还指出,裸土的pH值不断降低,草地的粘粒和粉粒含量与坡度呈显着正相关,粗砂与坡度则负相关,这与福林等人研究的裸土的情形相似.以上结果表明,如果坡地被长期暴露,并且不投入任何营养物质,土壤肥力将迅速下降,质地发生变化,而种草可以保持和改善土地生产力,阻止土壤质地的变化.     

庞泉沟流域土壤粒径分形维数特征

对庞泉沟流域不同海拔人工油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林、天然油松林、人工华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林、天然华北落叶松林、油松-辽东栎(Quercus wutaishansea)混交林、山杨(Populus davidiana)林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、云杉(Picea asperata)-华北落叶松混交林等林种10个典型林分共39份土壤样品的质地、分形维数以及土壤养分进行了研究。结果表明:研究区的土壤质地主要砂质壤土、粉砂壤土、壤质砂土及砂土,其比例分别为46.15%、25.64%、23.08%、5.13%。流域内砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量平均值分别为62.34%、36.58%、1.08%,粉粒和黏粒变异程度高于砂粒。分形维数介于1.773 3~2.778 9,均值为2.509 0,标准差为0.192 5,土壤质地越粗,土壤粒径分形维数越小。土壤粒径分形维数与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),与粉粒含量和黏粒含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。流域内不同林分土壤pH值在6.25~8.09,天然林土壤表层有机质、全氮、速效钾含量显著高于人工林,碱解氮含量人工林显著高于天然林,所有林分土壤表层均缺乏有效磷。土壤粒径分形维数与pH呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与有机质呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),与全氮、碱解氮、速效钾呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与有效磷相关性不显著。分形维数越大,土壤pH越大,土壤肥力越小。因此,土壤粒径分形维数可以作为判断庞泉沟流域土壤质地差异与土壤养分差异的重要指标。     

海南省农业气象自动站土壤水分状况分布特征

利用海南省18个农业气象自动观测站土壤水分状况观测资料，分析了海南省农业气象自动站土壤水分状况特征。结果表明：土壤质地分为粘土、粘壤土和砂土三大类，以粘土、粘壤土为主；凋萎系数的大小与土壤质地、测定作物品种有关，凋萎系数从小到大顺序排列为细砂土、粉砂土、粉壤土、粘壤土、粘土。不同土壤质地间土壤容重差别不大，土壤容重随土壤深度略有增加；粘土田间持水量最大，其次为粘壤土、砂粘土、粉砂土、粉壤土，田间持水量最少的是细砂土。     

Apparent Electrical Conductivity,Soil Properties and Spatial Covariance in the U.S. Southern High Plains

Site-specific soil and crop management will require rapid low-cost sensors that can generate position-referenced data that measure important soil properties that impact crop yields. Apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) is one such measure. Our main objective was to determine which commonly measured surface soil properties were related to EC_a at six sites in the Texas Southern High Plains, USA. We used the Veris 3100 and Geonics EM-38 EC mapping systems on 12 to 47 ha areas in six center-pivot irrigation sites. Soil samples were taken from 0–150 mm on a 0.1 to 0.8 ha grid and analyzed for routine nutrients and particle size distribution. At four of the six sites, shallow EC_a measured with the Veris 3100 (EC_a-sh) positively correlated to clay content. Clay content was negatively related with EC_a-sh at one site, possibly due to low bulk density of the shallow calcic horizon at that site. Other soil properties that were often correlated with EC_a included soil extractable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, CEC, silt and soluble salts. Extractable K⁺, NO₃^–, SO₄^–, Mehlich-3-P, and pH were not related to EC_a. Partial least squares regression (PLS) of seven soil properties explained an average of 61%, 51% and 37% of the variation in observed shallow EC_a-sh, deep EC_a with the Veris 3100 (EC_a-dp) and EC_a with the Geonics EM-38 (EC_a-em), respectively. Including nugget, range and sill parameters from a spherical semivariance model of the residuals from PLS regression improved the fit of mixed models in 15 of 18 cases. Apparent EC, therefore can provide useful information to land-users about key soil properties such as clay content and extractable Ca²⁺, but that spatial covariance in these relationships should not be ignored.     

Using apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC<Subscript>a</Subscript>) to characterize vineyard soils of high clay content

The adoption of precision viticulture requires a detailed knowledge of variation in soil chemical, physical and profile properties. This study evaluates the usefulness of apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) data within a GIS framework to identify variations in soil chemical and physical properties and moisture content. The work was conducted in a vineyard located in the Carneros Region (Napa Valley, California). The soil was sampled using 44 boreholes to quantify chemical and physical characteristics and 9 open pits to verify the borehole observations. Moisture content was determined using time domain reflectometry (TDR). To characterize soil EC_a, three campaigns were undertaken using a soil electrical conductivity meter (EM38). Linear regressions between soil EC_a and soil properties were determined. Boreholes and TDR data were interpolated by kriging to characterize the spatial distribution of soil variables. The resulting maps were compared to the results obtained using the best EC_a linear regressions. Using EC_a measurements, soil properties like extractable Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, clay and sand content were well estimated, while best estimates were obtained for extractable Na⁺ (r ²  = 0.770) and clay content (r ²  = 0.621). The best estimates for soil moisture content corresponded to moisture in the deeper soil horizons (r ²  = 0.449). The methods described above provided maps of soil properties estimated by EC_a in a GIS framework, and could save time and resources during vineyard establishment and management.     

京北地区公路绿化带土壤养分特征研究

为了解城市土壤的肥力质量,服务于城市土壤健康管理。以京北城区环线公路绿化带附近的土壤为对象,研究了表层0~10 cm土壤的颗粒组成和养分指标特征。研究结果表明,土壤颗粒组成以砂粒为主,其含量高达71.74%,黏粒含量仅为4.04%,土壤质地主要为砂土及壤质砂土、砂质壤土。土壤pH值在8.01~8.97范围内,属微碱性到强碱性土壤;土壤有机质平均含量为19.81 g.kg-1,全N平均含量为0.81 g.kg-1,有效P平均含量为29.16 mg.kg-1,速效K平均含量高达252.22 mg.kg-1;土壤养分在不同区域的变化程度不同,变异系数由大到小为有效P>速效K>NH4+>NO3->全N>全P>全K;不同环路区域的土壤养分水平有明显差异,其中北二环路区域除全K和速效K外,其他养分含量均达到最大值,土壤养分总体表现为由市中心向外辐射呈逐渐降低的趋势;草地土壤中的全N、有效P及全K含量显著高于空地土壤。     

黄土露天矿区排土场重构土壤质地空间特征研究

矿山复垦地土壤质地及其颗粒含量的研究已经成为土地复垦与生态恢复的主要关注点之一，但分析其空间特征的研究成果较少。以地处黄土区的中煤平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场为研究对象，采用典型剖面采样法、克里金空间插值分析法、多重分形分析等方法，分析露天煤矿排土场重构土壤质地的空间分异特征。结果表明:1）土壤各粒级含量与土层深度相关性较小，各土层中土壤砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量比例大致为2∶2∶1。2）研究区内主要土壤质地类型为壤土、粉壤土和砂壤土。3）浅土层中砂粒含量由中心向南北两侧或四周递增、粉粒则递减，深土层中砂粒、粉粒含量多呈由西向东递减，各土层黏粒均由西向东递增。4）各土层土壤质地空间变异程度大小依次为20~30 cm土层>40~50 cm土层>50~60 cm土层>30~40 cm土层>10~20 cm土层>0~10 cm土层。本研究成果可以明确黄土露天煤矿区重构土壤质地及其各机械组成的状况，反应各处重构土壤的通气、保水肥状况，指导该区域后期的重构土壤改良和管理措施；其他未复垦区可以结合本次研究区的土地复垦措施及对应的土壤质地状况，来调整复垦措施，使得重构土壤利于当地植被生长。     

吉林省大豆种植区土壤的机械组成、pH值及营养元素与产量的关系

试验研究了吉林省大豆种植区土壤的机械组成、pH值及主要营养元素与产量的关系。结果表明：粘粒、粉粒与大豆产量具有显著相关关系(r=0．734，r=0．788)。大豆生长理想的土壤质地条件为粉砂粘壤土和粘壤土，土壤中的粘粒含量为15％～25％、粉砂粒含量为25％～45％有利于大豆的高产；土壤pH值与大豆产量具有显著负相关关系(r=-0．834)，但土壤pH值为5．5～6．5有利于大豆的高产；土壤碱解氮与产量具有显著正相关关系(r=0．899)，碱解氮为80～140mg／kg大豆的产量较高；土壤速效磷和钾与大豆产量无显著相关性；大豆种植区养分有效性的发挥与土壤的pH值、机械组成及氮磷钾的比率等有一定的关系。     

Effect of Daily Soil Temperature Fluctuations on Soil Electrical Conductivity as Measured with the Geonics® EM-38

Soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by electromagnetic induction (EM) using the EM-38 has shown promise as a soil survey tool. Soil temperature influences EC_a readings, and temperature can fluctuate considerably in the upper 10cm of the soil during a day. EC_a readings were taken in the horizontal and vertical dipole orientations once an hour from 8a.m. to 8p.m. at four sites on three separate days to determine if EC_a values were influenced by diurnal temperature variations. Soil temperature readings were taken at the same times at four depths. EM-38 readings remained steady at all four sites all 3days. Linear regression analysis when temperature in the upper 10cm was plotted against EC_a yielded low r ² values and slopes, indicating no correlation between soil temperature in the upper 10cm and EC_a values. Diurnal changes in soil temperature do not significantly influence soil EC_a readings obtained with the EM-38 under the conditions encountered during the study.     

Soil electrical conductivity as a function of soil water content and implications for soil mapping

Apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) has shown promise as a soil survey tool in the Midwestern United States, with a share of this interest coming from the precision agriculture community. To fully utilize the potential of EC_a to map soils, a better understanding of temporal changes in EC_a is needed. Therefore, this study was undertaken to compare temporal changes in soil EC_a between different soils, to investigate the influence of changes in soil water content on soil EC_a, and to explore the impacts these EC_a changes might have on soil mapping applications. To this end, a 90 m long transect was established. Soil EC_a readings were taken in the vertical and horizontal dipoles at five points once every one to two weeks from June until October in 1999 and 2000. At the same time, soil samples were collected to a depth of 0.9 m for volumetric soil water content analysis. Soil EC_a readings were compared to soil water content. At four of the five sites linear regression analysis yielded r ² values of 0.70 or higher. Regression line slopes tended to be greater in lower landscape positions indicating greater EC_a changes with a given change in soil water content. Two of the soils had an EC_a relationship that changed as the soils became dry. This is an item of concern if EC_a is to be used in soil mapping. Results indicated that soil water content has a strong influence on the EC_a of these soils, and that EC_a has its greatest potential to differentiate between soils when the soils are moist. Soil water content is an important variable to know when conducting EC_a surveys and should be recorded as a part of any report on EC_a studies.     

时域传输技术测定盐土含水量的应用研究

为检测所研制的时域传输仪(ti me domain transmission,TDT)测定土壤含水量的性能,通过室内土柱试验,对时域传输仪在3种质地非盐土和滨海盐土上测定土壤含水量的性能进行了评估。结果表明:在一般非盐化的农业土壤和滨海盐土上,土壤体积含水量和TDT输出的电压之间均存在线性关系。在砂土和砂壤土上,可以忽略质地差异和容重因素的影响用统一关系式计算含水量,估计标准误差是0.017cm3/cm3;在壤黏土上容重因素影响明显,应用时需要单独校正,校正后计算含水量的估计标准误差小于0.016cm3/cm3。TDT水分测试仪在盐溶液中浸入深度和输出的电压值始终保持线性关系,且不受溶液电导率的影响。在滨海盐土上,不同容重条件下土壤体积含水量和TDT输出的电压均呈线性关系,且容重因素影响不明显,可以建立统一的含水量校正关系,估计标准误差是0.019cm3/cm3。因此,TDT水分测试仪可以测定一般农业土壤含水量,在盐溶液中具有抗盐分干扰的优良特性,在滨海盐土含水量的测定上也具有很好的适用性。     

Spatial variability and temporal stability of apparent soil electrical conductivity in a Mediterranean pasture

The general objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the specificity of the spatial and temporal dynamics of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by a electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, over 7 years, in variable conditions (of soil moisture content (SMC), soil vegetation cover and grazing management) and, consequently, (ii) the potential for implementing site-specific management (SSM). The DUALEM 1S sensor was used to measure the EC_a in a 6 ha pasture experimental field four times between June 2007 and February of 2013. Soil spatial variability was characterized by 76 samples, geo-referenced with the global positioning system (GPS). The soil was characterized in terms of texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study shows a significant temporal stability of the EC_a patterns under several conditions, behavior that is an excellent indicator of reliability of this tool to survey spatial soil variability and to delineate potential site-specific management zones (SSMZ). Significant correlations were obtained in this work between the EC_a and relative field elevation, pH, silt and soil moisture content. These results open perspectives for using the EMI sensor as an indicator of SMC in irrigation management and of needs of limestone correction in Mediterranean pastures. However, it is interesting to extend the findings to other types of soil to verify the origin of the lack of correlation between the EC_a data measured by DUALEM sensor and properties such as the clay, organic matter or phosphorus soil content, fundamental parameters for establishment of pasture SSM projects.     

Apparent electrical conductivity in dry versus wet soil conditions in a shallow soil

The general objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of patterns of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) in dry versus wet soil conditions in a shallow soil typically used for pastures in Mediterranean conditions of the southern region of Portugal. A 6 ha experimental field of permanent bio-diverse pasture was divided into 76 squares of 28 × 28 m. The soil electrical conductivity was measured using a Dualem 1S sensor under dry conditions (June 2007) and under wet conditions during the rainy season (March 2010). Soil samples, geo-referenced with GPS, were collected in a depth range of 0–0.30 m. The soil was characterized in terms of bedrock depth, moisture content, texture, pH, organic matter content, and macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Pasture samples, also geo-referenced with GPS, were collected to measure the pasture dry matter yield. The statistical analysis of apparent electrical conductivity between dry and wet soil conditions resulted in a linear significant correlation coefficient (R = 0.88). The results also showed a significant correlation between apparent electrical conductivity and the relative field elevation (R = ?0.64 and R = ?0.66), the pasture dry matter yield (R = 0.42 and R = 0.48), the bedrock depth (R = 0.40 and R = 0.27), the pH (R = 0.50 and R = 0.49), the silt (R = 0.27 and R = 0.38) and soil moisture content (R = 0.48 and R = 0.45), in dry and wet conditions, respectively. A multi-variate regression was carried out using the following soil parameters that showed significant correlation with EC_a and that did not present multi-collinearity: pH, bedrock depth, silt and moisture content. The results showed, in dry and wet conditions, that the analysis was significant (R = 0.75 and R = 0.84, respectively). Overall, these results indicate the temporal stability of EC_a patterns under different soil moisture contents, which is relevant with respect to the time when a field should be surveyed and is important for using the electrical conductivity sensor, as a decision support tool for management zones in precision agriculture.     

Maize Nitrogen Response as Affected by Soil Type and Drainage Variability

Site-specific application of nitrogen (N) to maize (Zea mays L.) may provide economic and environmental benefits. Variations in soil drainage and texture within fields are often believed to cause localized differences in soil N availability and therefore are a potential basis for site-specific N fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of imposed variations in drainage conditions in two soils on early season soil water conditions, soil nitrate levels, and crop response to N fertilizer. Maize was grown for three years following conversion from sod. Two soil drainage regimes and three N rates (22, 100 and 134 kg ha^–1) were experimentally imposed on plots on two soil types, a clay loam and a loamy sand. Soil water potential and soil nitrate content were intensively monitored for the 0–150 and 150–300 mm soil layers during the early growing season. Early season soil water potentials showed small effects of drainage variability at the 75 and 225 mm depths. However, the clay loam soil experienced prolonged periods of saturation after significant precipitation, while the loamy sand never experienced such conditions. Soil nitrate levels were strongly affected by cropping history, but were also subjected to losses as a result of precipitation and short-term soil saturation. Maize N response was minimally affected by differences in soil drainage conditions in all 3 years. In years with a wet spring, justification exists for higher N fertilizer rates on finer-textured soils. This study therefore showed only moderate potential for varying N application within fields based on soil type and drainage conditions, but suggests that seasonal differences in N dynamics greatly affect maize N response.     

毛乌素沙地不同植被类型的土壤颗粒分形与土壤碳氮变化特征

为了探讨不同植被类型的土壤碳氮特征,测定了毛乌素沙地不同植被群落土壤0~10、10~20和20~60 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮及土壤颗粒组成的动态变化,并分析了土壤颗粒组成中沙粒、极细沙和黏粉粒质量分数变化与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数间的关系。结果表明,固沙植被的建植显著提高土壤有机质和全氮质量分数,而不同植被类型对土壤有机质和全氮质量分数的影响差异主要发生在土壤表层(0~10 cm),深层差异不显著。而同一植被类型土壤有机质和全氮质量分数随土层加深呈下降趋势,表现出垂直方向的变异。其中樟子松样地对表层土壤有机质和全氮质量分数含量影响最大,具有明显表聚性,随土层加深土壤有机质和全氮质量分数含量下降最为显著,而沙柳+油蒿+杨柴样地和沙地柏+油蒿样地土壤有机质、全氮质量分数随土层加深无显著变化。固沙植被的建植显著提高土壤黏粉粒(0.05 mm)和极细沙(0.05~0.10 mm)质量分数,而显著降低了沙粒质量分数(0.1~1.0 mm),不同植被类型样地各层土壤极细沙和黏粉粒质量分数由大到小依次为樟子松样地、沙地柏油蒿样地、沙柳油蒿杨柴样地,而沙粒质量分数与之相反。同一植被类型样地,随土层加深沙粒平均质量分数均呈增加趋势,极细沙和黏粉粒质量分数则呈降低趋势。土壤颗粒组成与土壤有机质、全氮质量分数间相关性表明,土壤中黏粉粒和极细沙粒质量分数分别与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数呈显著正相关,而沙粒质量分数却与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数呈显著负相关(p0.01)。     

锶-89在土壤中淋溶和迁移的研究

采用微土芯装置研究了~(89)Sr在淹水土壤中的淋溶和垂直迁移。结果表明:1.通过18cm土柱后的淋溶水中~(89)Sr含量甚微:青紫泥约占标记量 0.2％,小粉土约占 0.3％,红黄壤约2.4％。2.滞留于土壤中的~(89)Sr,一半以上残存于表层2cm内:青紫泥67.4％,小粉土65.7％,红黄壤 55.1％。3.土壤中~(89)Sr-Sr含量随土壤深度按指数规律衰减:青紫泥 C_3=892.93 e~(-0.5073 x),小粉土C_1=498.96 e~(-0.3365 x),红黄壤C_2=341.29 e~(-0.1924 x);就随深度衰减速率而言,青紫泥>小粉土>红黄壤。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲农田表层土壤粒度特征分析

通过野外采样和室内实验相结合,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲农田表层土壤的粒度变化规律及其影响因素进行了深入分析。结果表明:1研究区农田表层土壤机械组成以粉粒和砂粒为主,土壤质地较轻,粘粒和砂粒含量属于弱至中等变异强度;2就各土地利用类型而言,粘粒含量果林地最高,混合作物地最低;粉粒含量混合作物地最高,棉花地最低;砂粒含量棉花地最高,谷物地最低;3各连作年限棉田而言,粘粒含量连作15年棉田最高,连作20年棉田最低;粉粒含量连作15年棉田最高,连作25年棉田最低;砂粒含量连作25年棉田最高,连作15年棉田最低;4从总体上来讲,渭干河、库车河、塔里木河冲洪积物交汇处粘粒和粉粒含量较高,而砂粒含量较低,由绿洲中心往外,以粘粒和粉粒含量逐渐降低,而砂粒含量逐渐增加;5土壤母质属性、地貌地形、气象气候等结构性因素是控制研究区农田表层土壤粒径变异的主要因素,人类的农业生产活动等随机性因素加剧了农田表层土壤粒径的结构变化。