根系化学讯号与稻米品质的关系

【目的】试图阐明水稻根系化学讯号与米质形成的关系。【方法】试验采用不同基因型的水稻材料，测定结实期根系玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）、脱落酸（ABA）、1-氨基环丙烷1-羧酸（ACC）和根系分泌的有机酸以及稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质，并进行相关分析。【结果】表明灌浆中、后期根系Z＋ZR浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.72*～0.90**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著负相关（r＝-0.68*～-0.78**）；灌浆中期根系ABA浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈极显著负相关（r＝-0.90** ～-0.91**），与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.87**）；灌浆中期根系ACC浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关（r = 0.97**～0.98**），灌浆后期根系ACC浓度与米粒的垩白度和垩大小呈极显著正相关（r = 0.69*～0.96**）。结实期根系分泌的苹果酸和琥珀酸越多的品种，其稻米淀粉谱的崩解值越大，消解值越小；而根系分泌的酒石酸和柠檬酸越多的品种，结果则相反。根系分泌乳酸较多的品种，稻米的胶稠度和碱化值较小，直链淀粉含量较高。结实期外源ZR、ABA和ACC处理根系后对稻米品质的影响，与内源激素(Z+ZR, ABA, ACC)同稻米品质指标的关系基本吻合。施用菜籽饼作有机肥，可以提高根系苹果酸和琥珀酸浓度并增大崩解值和降低消解值。【结论】根系化学讯号对稻米品质的形成起重要作用，通过调控根系化学讯号，可以改善稻米品质。     

Varietal and Seasonal Effect of Rice on the Physicochemical Properties of Rice Flakes

Rice-based flakes made from 7 mid-season rice varieties （4 indica and 3 japonica subspecies） and 3 early season indica varieties produced both in early and late season were studied for their main physicochemical characters, including water activity, film thickness, bulk density （BD）, ash, reducing sugars （RS）, protein, phytic acid, starch, amylose, and rapid visco analyser （RVA） viscosity profile. A significant varietal effect was found for all these parameters （P〈 0.05 or 0.01） except starch. Strong variety x season interactions were observed but the seasonal effect was less pronounced, and only significant （P〈0.01） for RS. The apparent amylose content （AAC） office flakes was significantly correlated （P〈0.01） with AAC （r=0.99） and several RVA profile parameters [e.g., final viscosity （r=0.92）] of rice flour. For rice flakes, BD was significantly correlated with AAC （r=0.82, P〈0.01） and most RVA profile parameters. The study indicates that varietal and environmental effects should be considered simultaneously for optimal production of rice grains for rice flakes manufacturing.     

水稻结实期不同粒位籽粒相关内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与品质的关系

 【目的】研究灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与籽粒品质形成的关系。【方法】以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,按照一次枝梗数将稻穗分为上、中、下三个部位,以穗中部一、二次枝梗不同粒位籽粒为研究对象。【结果】灌浆前期开花较早的籽粒中玉米素（Z）+玉米素核苷（ZR）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸(ABA)含量以及淀粉合成酶（SSase）、淀粉分支酶（Q酶）活性明显高于同枝梗上开花较迟的籽粒,灌浆后期则相反;籽粒开花越早,其内源激素含量以及酶活性到达最大值的时间越早,峰值也越高。灌浆前期ABA、Z+ZR、IAA含量、ABA/（Z+ZR+IAA）比值以及SSase酶和Q-酶活性与千粒重、直链淀粉累积速率、直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关,灌浆后期则相反;灌浆前期SSase和Q-酶活性与胶稠度呈负相关,中、后期则相反;与粗蛋白含量的相关两品种存在差异,与整精米率相关不显著。【结论】灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性存在差异;不同粒位间籽粒米质差异的形成与籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性密切相关。     

水稻育苗移栽旱种方式对米质的影响及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系

 【目的】探讨育苗移栽水稻在不同旱种方式下米质形成的特点及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系。【方法】试验以镇稻88（粳稻）和扬稻6号（籼稻）为材料,进行无覆盖旱种（裸种,BN）、地膜覆盖旱种（PM）和麦秸秆覆盖旱种（SM）处理,以常规水种（TF）为对照。【结果】与TF相比,BN和PM显著降低了产量,SM的产量与TF无显著差异。SM显著降低了垩白米率、垩白度和消减值,显著增加了胶稠度、碱消值和崩解值。BN和PM对上述稻米品质的影响与SM的相反。稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量在各处理间无显著差异。两品种表现一致。结实期籽粒吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、赤霉酸（GA1＋GA4）、玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）浓度在灌浆早期处理间差异很小,在灌浆中、后期则表现为SM＞TF＞PM＞BN,乙烯释放速率则表现为BN＞PM＞TF＞SM。籽粒脱落酸（ABA）浓度在SM、PM和TF之间无显著差异。在各处理中,BN籽粒ABA浓度在灌浆前期最低,灌浆中后期则最高。灌浆中后期籽粒IAA和GA1＋GA4、灌浆前中期籽粒ABA及灌浆各期籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与粒重、出糙率、精米率和崩解值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.71*～0.96**）,与消减值呈显著或极显著负相关(r=-0.76*～-0.91**)。灌浆后期籽粒IAA和Z＋ZR浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-073*～-0.85**）。灌浆各期籽粒乙烯释放速率与粒重、出糙率、精米率、碱消值和崩解值呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.71*～-0.91**）,与垩白粒率、垩白度和消减值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.73*～0.93**）。【结论】覆草旱种可以改善稻米品质,裸地旱种和覆膜旱种则使品质变差;促进型激素浓度的降低和乙烯产生的增加是裸地旱种和覆膜旱种稻米加工品质和外观品质较差的重要原因。     

Correlation between allele sizes of microsatellites and phenotypic variations in rice landraces

Yunnan is one of the largest centers of genetic diversity in the world. Allele size of microsatellites associated with phenotypic traits of rice landraces in Yunnan, Southwest China, was investigated based on 20 SSR markers and 23 phenotypic traits, as well as eight mineral elements in brown rice within the core collection of 629 accessions; and there was a significant correlation for 182 (r = 0.083^* − 0.438^**) of 620 pairs among these markers and traits, as well as elements. Surprisingly, there was a significant correlation for 94 of 180 pairs between the allele size of microsatellites and grain traits, and 48 of 160 pairs between allele size of microsatellites and panicle traits. In these rice landraces, 309 alleles were detected, with an average of 15.5 alleles per marker, ranging from 5 (RM60) to 40 (RM257). There was a significant correlation between the allele size of 20 SSR markers and some phenotypic traits, such as the significant correlation of 17 (r = −0.085^* − 0.438^**) pairs between the allele size of RM224 and 23 phenotypic traits, as well as eight elements. The allele size of microsatellites was more associated with grain or panicle traits than that of plant traits or element contents in brown rice. Grain length/width ratio and 1–2 internode length, as indica-japonica classification traits, in which two traits were closely associated with the allele size of 14 SSR markers ranging from 0.089^* to −0.438^**. Therefore, allele size of SSRs was associated with phenotypic traits (especially in grain traits), as well as elemental contents in brown rice. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.     

旱涝急速转换对超级杂交晚稻秧苗素质及叶片内源激素水平的影响

以超级杂交晚稻五丰优T025为材料,于苗期进行了"不旱不涝"(NDNF)、"重旱不涝"(SDNF)、"不旱轻涝"(NDLF)、"重旱重涝急转"(SDSFAA)、"重旱轻涝急转"(SDLFAA)、"轻旱重涝急转"(LDSFAA)等处理,考查了株高,叶龄,茎宽,白根数,干物质量等秧苗素质指标及叶片内源激素含量。结果表明:"涝"或"旱涝急转"胁迫处理后,短期内不同程度降低秧苗素质;随着胁迫的解除及生育推进,各处理秧苗素质指标与对照"不旱不涝"间的差距均不同程度缩小;其中进行一定程度的干旱处理,恢复供水后有利于秧苗白根数的形成及干物质积累,提高秧苗素质,旱后复水存在生长补偿效应;旱后任何程度的淹涝处理均不利于壮苗的形成,其中旱后重涝急转处理下秧苗徒长,白根数大幅度下降及干物质积累减少,旱后重涝急转叠加损伤效应明显;"涝"或"旱涝急转"胁迫处理后短期内均不同程度提高倒二叶ABA及IAA含量,降低GA_3及ZR含量;随着胁迫的解除及生育的推进,"重旱重涝急转"GA_3、ZR及IAA含量在所有处理中下降幅度最大,而ABA含量下降幅度最小,旱涝急转不利于生长促进类激素形成,但造成生长抑制类激素的积累;所有不同类型旱涝急转处理结束初期均大幅度降低倒二叶(IAA+GA_3+ZR)/ABA值,但随着生育推进将反超"不旱轻涝"。     

甘薯内源激素变化与块根形成膨大的关系

 研究了不同基因型甘薯块根内源激素含量变化对块根形成和膨大的影响。结果表明，块根形成前后和膨大高峰期，甘薯栽培种徐薯18和Minamiyutaka的ZR、DHZR、ABA、IAA和IPA含量均显著高于近缘野生种I.trifida(K123)，差异达极显著水平。块根日鲜重增长速率与ZR、DHZR和ABA的含量变化动态高度一致。块根形成前后及块根膨大中期和高峰期，块根干重与块根ABA、ZR和DHZR含量间呈显著（或极显著）正相关, 与IAA、iPA和GA4间无明显相关性。ZR、DHZR和ABA含量的高低，在不定根能否转化形成块根和块根膨大的速率方面起关键的作用。块根不同部位（顶部、中部和尾部以及外部、中部和内部）各种激素含量差异显著，块根的顶部激素含量最高、生理活性最强,内部和中部（ABA除外）也是各种激素含量高的部位。膨大前期大块根的ZR、DHZR、ABA及IAA含量显著高于小块根，膨大中期中等大小块根激素含量最高，膨大后期小块根的激素含量显著高于中等大小的块根和大块根。     

Effects of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Postharvest Physiology and Storage Quality of Green Bell Pepper （Capsicum frutescens L. var. Longrum）

The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L-1 ClO2 gas at 10 ± 0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly (P ＜ 0.05) inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L-1ClO2 treatments (P＞ 0.05). Except for 50 mg L-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde (MDA) contents in the peppers treated with 5,10, or 20 mg L-1 ClO2 were not significantly (P＞0.05) different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1 ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity,and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage.The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.     

Endogenous Hormone Concentration in Developing Tuberous Roots of Different Sweet Potato Genotypes

A field trial was conducted to investigate the changes of endogenous hormone concentration （EHC） during formation and thickening of tuberous roots in sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas L.） of different genotypes： Xushu 18, Minamiyutaka, and L trifida-K123. The results of this study suggested that the concentrations of zeatin riboside （ZR）, dihydro-zeatin riboside （DHZR）, abscisic acid （ABA）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, and isopentenyl-adenine （IPA） of Xushu 18 and Minamiyutaka were significantly higher than those of I. trifida-K123. Dry tuberous root yields were positively correlated with the concentration of ABA, ZR, and DHZR at 1 or 5% significant level, but were not obviously correlated with the concentrations of IAA, IPA, and GA4. The concentrations of ABA, ZR and DHZR played very important roles in the tuberous root formation and thickening in sweet potato. The concentrations of ZR, DHZR, ABA, and IAA in the upper or inner portion of tuberous roots were significantly higher than those toward the end of the root or its outer portion. Meanwhile, EHC of large-sized tuberous roots were significantly higher than those of medium- or small-sized tubers during the early thickening period. In the rapid thickening period of tuberous roots, EHC of medium-sized tubers were the highest, However, at the late-thickening period, EHC of small-sized tubers ranked the highest.     

Changes in starch quality of mid-season indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in last 80 years

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance to improve rice quality. This study was designed to investigate the starch characteristics in the kernels and associated physiological traits of indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in last 80 years. Eight representative mid-season indica rice varieties were grown in the field. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly increased with the improvement of varieties and such an increase was mainly attributed to the increase in total number of spikelets. The tall varieties applied in the 1940s–1950s had higher protein content, relative crystallinity and infrared (IR) ratio of 1 045/1 022 cm⁻¹. The semi-dwarf varieties applied in the 1980s–1990s had higher gel consistency, amylopectin content, IR ratio of 1 022/995 cm⁻¹, and breakdown value. With the improvement of varieties, the amylose content, large-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, onset and peak of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpy, setback value, pasting temperature, viscosity of peak, hot and final, and 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in panicles and root bleeding were gradually decreased, whereas the medium-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, activities of key enzymes in grains, and zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in panicles and root bleeding at grain filling stage were gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that starch thermodynamic characteristics were closely related to starch structure and components, key enzymes and hormones. The results suggest that starch quality was enhanced through the optimization of starch components, structure, thermodynamics, and the regulation of key enzymes in grains and hormones in panicles and root bleedings at grain filling stage during the improvement of mid-season indica rice.     

Study on Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Pepper with Barnase and Cre Gene

This study was designed to control plant fertility by cell lethal gene Barnase expressing at specific developmental stage and in specific tissue of male organ under the control of Cre/lox system, for heterosis breeding of chili pepper （Capsicum annuum L.）. Chili pepper inbred lines （A, D, E, and I） were transformed with Cre gene and Barnase gene situated between loxp, separately, by means of Agrobacterium co-culture. In this study, we had established a high transformation system by extensive study of affecting factors including genotype, selection of marker, and lethal dose. Cotyledon with petiole from 9-11-day-old seeding was pre-cultured on media MR[MB（MS mineral＋vitamine B5）＋BA（6-Benzyladenine） 5.0 mg·L^-1 ＋IAA（indoleacetic acid） 1.0 mg·L^-1＋GA3（gibberellic acid） 1.0mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3%＋agar 6.5g·L^-1] for 2d. The explants were infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens when their OD600（optical density at 600 nm）reached 0.6-0.9. After co-cultured for 4-5 d on media MC [MB＋BA5.0 mg·L^-1＋IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 ＋GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋sucrose 3% ＋agar 6.5 g·L^-1＋AS （acetosyringone） 200μmol·L^-1, these cotyledons with petiole were cultured on selective differentiation medium in the media MT[MB medium supplemented with BA [5.0 mg·L^-1＋ IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ GA3 1.0 mg·L^-1＋ AgNO3 5.0 mg·L^-1＋ CW （coconut water） 5% ＋ Km （kanamycin） 65 mg·L^-1＋ Cb （carbenicillin） 500 mg·L^-1＋ 3% sucrose ＋ agar 6.5 g·L^-1].The Kmr （kanamycin resistant） bud rosettes were elongated on selective elongation medium and rooted on rooting medium. PCR and Southern blotting analysis of Kmr plantlet indicated that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of pepper. The transgenic plants with Cre gene developed well, blossomed out, and set fruit normally. The transgenic plants with Barnase gene grew well with normal appearance of flower, but they showed different fertility from complete sterility, partial sterility to complete fertility, and similar results were obtained from in vitro pollen germination experiments.     

青海高原小麦千粒重与生理形态的相关性

小麦千粒重与平均净同化率和光合势呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．４１５＾＊,ｒ＝０．５０７＾＊）,与平均灌浆速度,充实指数和穗下茎维管刺数量呈级显著正相关（ｒ＝０．６０４＾＊＊,ｒ＝０．８２９＾＊＊,ｒ＝０．６３５＾＊＊）。籽粒最大体积与平均净化同化率呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６８＾＊＊）,与穗下茎维管束数量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．５２３＾＊）。充实指数与平均灌浆速度呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８５２＾＊＊）。     

土壤有机质对交换性酸测定结果的影响

为探讨土壤有机质对两种常用的土壤交换性酸测定方法(BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法)结果的影响,选取了85个不同有机质质量分数的酸性土壤并采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法测定其交换性酸含量.结果表明,BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量远大于KCl淋溶法的测定结果.KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的负相关性极有统计学意义(r=-0.79**),而BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的相关性无统计学意义(r=-0.08).但BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量却与土壤有机质质量分数间的正相关性极有统计学意义(r=0.94**).此外,由KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸进一步计算得到的盐基饱和度与土壤pH值间的相关性(r=0.69**)也大于BaCl_2-TEA提取法(r=0.25*).通常土壤酸化越严重,土壤pH值越低,交换性酸含量越高,盐基饱和度越低.可以得出,土壤有机质会使BaCl_2-TEA提取法的测定结果产生较大的正误差,而对KCl淋溶法的影响较小.由于土壤有机质中的腐殖酸会与BaCl_2-TEA提取法中的有机弱碱TEA发生反应,增加TEA用量,从而使计算得到的土壤交换性酸的结果偏高.因此,对于高有机质质量分数的酸性土壤,不宜采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法测定其交换性酸含量.但在KCl淋溶法中,由于K~+对Al~(3+)的交换能力较弱,使得该方法测得的土壤交换性酸含量偏低.因此,可乘以1.5左右的校正系数,以便能真实地反映出土壤交换性酸含量.     

Effects of Nitric Oxide and Exogenous Ethylene Treatments on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Feicheng Peach

The effects of nitric oxide （NO） and exogenous ethylene on ethylene biosynthesis in harvested Feicheng peaches were studied. The antagonistic actions between NO and exogenous ethylene was also investigated. The Feicheng peaches were fumigated with 10μL L^-1 NO, 1 000 μL L^-1 ethylene, or 10 μL L^-1 NO plus 1 000 μL L^-1 ethylene for 3 h. The results suggested that application of exogenous ethylene promoted the biosynthesis of endogenous ethylene in peach fruit. The treatment with NO remarkably inhibited the biosynthesis of ethylene by significantly reducing the activities of ACC synthase （ACS） and ACC oxidase （ACO）. Ethylene biosynthesis in the fruits treated with both NO and exogenous ethylene was lower than that in fruits treated with exogenous ethylene alone but higher than that in fruits treated with NO alone, suggesting that there were antagonistic actions between NO and exogenous ethylene. NO could inhibit the biosynthesis of ethylene and the catalysis of exogenous ethylene during ethylene biosynthesis in peach fruits.     

The Effect of Yucca schidigera Extract on Ruminal Fermentation and Parameters Traits in Sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated sheep (40 ± 2.1 kg)fed a 50% concentrate 50% forage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE). Doses of 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 mg kg-1 diet were given at 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. On 15, 16, and 17 d of the experimental period, ruminal contents were sampled 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after dosing, and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment (18th and 19th d). Acidity was not affected (P＞0.05) by the addition of YSE. Compared with the control, ruminal propionate concentration was increased by 29.4 and 29.8% (P＞0.05) and the acetic acid concentration was decreased by 15.1 and 19.8% (P＞0.05) at 4 and 6 h after YSE (300 mg kg-1) dosing, respectively. Ruminal ammonia concentration in the first 2 h after feeding was higher (P＜0.05) in the sheep that did not receive YSE (increased by 17.57 mg 100 mL-1) than in those that received 200 mg kg-1 (increased by 6.77 mg 100 mL-1) or 300 mg kg-1 (increased by 6.50 mg 100 mL-1) YSE. Protozoan populations in the rumen were lower (P ＜ 0.05) in the animals that received 300 mg kg-1 of YSE compared with the control. All serum parameters of the four groups were in the normal range and were similar among the treatment groups (P＞0.05), after being fed for 19 d with different doses of YSE. The effect of YSE on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoan populations and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YSE.     

北方地区不同黄瓜品种氮素吸收与利用效率的差异

【目的】研究北方地区栽培黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异,为氮高效黄瓜品种筛选提供参考依据。【方法】选用华北型黄瓜品种为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,以氮素营养水平为主区,设低氮素（3.5 mmol·L^-1）和高氮素（11.0 mmol·L^-1）两个水平;以品种为副区,设32个水平,进行水培试验。测定含氮量、氮素吸收与利用效率,并划分品种营养效率类型。【结果】供试黄瓜品种在两个氮素水平下氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率的相关指标均存在显著差异。两氮素水平下的植株干物重（CV N3.5 21.49%和CV N11 18.51%）、氮素吸收效率（CV N3.5 19.90%和CV N11 19.94%）和氮素利用指数（CV _N3.5 25.49%和CV _N11 19.25%）均有较大的品种差异。干物重与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.933**和r_N11 0.925**,r_N3.5 0.964**和r_N11 0.941**。氮素吸收效率与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著正相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.986**和r_N11 0.963**,r_N3.5 0.809**和r_N11 0.768**;氮素利用效率与茎叶含氮量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 -0.909**和r_N11 -0.886**。以两个氮素水平下的植株干物重平均值为标准,对黄瓜品种的氮素营养效率进行分类,干物重大于平均值的为高效型,小于平均值的为低效型,可将32个华北型黄瓜品种分成4种氮素营养类型,即双高效型、高氮高效型、低氮高效型和双低效型。其中低氮高效型品种数量最少,占供试品种的15.6%。通径分析显示,氮素吸收效率在两氮素水平下对氮效率（植株干物重）的贡献率远大于利用效率,二者对氮效率的通径系数分别为q_N3.5 1.069和q_N11 0.931,q_N3.5 0.347和q_N11 0.361。【结论】黄瓜苗期的氮效率存在品种差异。植株干物重可作为同一供氮水平下苗期氮效率评价的首选指标,茎叶氮素累积量、茎叶含氮量和氮素利用指数可作为氮效率选择的次级指标。植株氮素吸收效率是品种苗期氮效率高的主要因素。水培试验可有效地反应不同黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率差异,为黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率的批量筛选和快速鉴别提供了可能。     

厚竹孕笋成竹过程中内源激素动态变化

为了揭示厚竹Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’在孕笋成竹过程中内源激素的分布特征和动态变化,探索内源激素对厚竹孕笋成竹的调控作用,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）,分别测定潜伏芽（鞭芽）、笋芽、冬笋、春笋和新竹中的吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）,赤霉素（GA₃）,玉米素核苷（ZR）和脱落酸（ABA）质量分数,并分析差异性。结果表明:厚竹中IAA和ABA质量分数显著高于GA₃和ZR。笋芽膨大期同种内源激素及内源激素总量在潜伏芽、笋芽和冬笋之间差异不显著。竹笋快速生长期,春笋笋箨中的IAA和ZR显著高于潜伏芽,IAA,ABA和ZR显著高于笋肉,笋肉中ABA显著低于潜伏芽。新竹长成后,竹枝和竹叶中内源激素质量分数表现为ABA > IAA > ZR > GA₃,而竹秆和蔸根中则为IAA > ABA > ZR > GA₃。孕笋成竹过程中,不同内源激素及其比值的动态变化不同,其中孕笋过程中IAA,ABA和GA₃,ZR/IAA,ZR/GA₃和GA₃/IAA变化显著,成竹过程中IAA,ABA,ZR/ABA,ZR/IAA,GA₃/IAA和ZR/GA₃变化显著。内源激素的种类、质量分数及相互间的协调或拮抗作用对厚竹的孕笋成竹具有重要的促进或调控功能。     

控释氮肥对水稻叶片内源激素含量及平衡的影响

以杂交水稻为试验材料,探讨了控释氮肥对水稻叶片中吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉酸(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)等内源激素含量的影响,并研究了不同处理水稻叶片中4种内源激素间的平衡关系.结果表明,与尿素相比较,控释氮肥能够显著提高早、晚稻各时期叶片中IAA,ZR和GA3等内源激素的含量,降低ABA含量.控释氮肥提高IAA,ZR和GA3含量效果最显著的时期是在孕穗至孕穗后第16天,而降低ABA含量效果最显著的时期是在孕穗后16～32d.控释氮肥处理早、晚稻各时期叶片中的IAA/(IAA ABA ZR GA3)值均显著高于尿素处理,ABA/(IAA ABA ZR GA3)值均低于尿素处理,两处理间的ZR/(IAA ABA ZR GA3),GA3/(IAA ABA ZR GA3)值差异不明显.由于水稻叶片中内源激素含量及平衡与水稻产量密切相关,因此,控释氮肥通过对水稻叶片中内源激素含量及平衡的调控,较施用尿素可以增产9.5%(早稻)和6.9%(晚稻).     

干旱胁迫对苗期木薯内源激素含量的影响

以SC124、KU50、C4和SC8四个木薯品种为试验材料,运用酶联免疫吸附测定法,研究了盆栽条件下干旱胁迫对苗期木薯根系与叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA）和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量以及四种激素间平衡关系的影响。结果表明：随着干旱程度的加强,四种激素的含量在不同木薯品种内呈现不同的变化趋势。干旱至第10天时,ABA含量在苗期木薯叶片内增加,在根系内含量也增加（KU50除外）;IAA在叶片中含量下降,根系内含量因品种不同,变化趋势相差明显,其中SC124和KU50中IAA含量显著下降,而在SC8和C4中含量上升;GA含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片GA含量在C4和KU50中略有下降而在SC124和SC8中上升;ZR含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片中ZR含量在C4中上升,SC8中下降,而在KU50和SC124中无明显变化。IAA/ABA,ZR/ABA在根系中比值下降,SC124降幅最大,SC8降幅最小,KU50、C4降幅居中,说明IAA/ABA,ZR/ABA与木薯的抗旱能力具有一定相关性。该研究结果解释了苗期木薯根系和叶片内源激素对干旱胁迫的适应性反应,为筛选不同木薯抗旱品种提供了理论依据。