黑土生态系统氮循环研究进展

黑土是我国重要的土地资源,近年来黑土肥力日益退化,而黑土肥力的退化必然影响土壤氮循环。文章根据黑土区生态系统氮素输入、转化与输出及其影响因素,分析氮循环模式通过降水、人工施用含氮化肥、作物根及秸杆还田输入黑土生态系统氮素,土壤中氨化作用、硝化作用对黑土生态系统氮素转化,以及反硝化作用、淋失、作物产出等氮素输出阐述黑土区生态系统氮循环特点。     

有机氮替代部分无机氮下减氮对宝岛蕉苗期生长及肥料氮素去向的影响

[目的]模拟大田淋溶,探讨有机氮替代部分无机氮下减氮对宝岛蕉苗期生长及肥料氮素去向的影响,为宝岛蕉苗期氮肥科学施用提供参考依据.[方法]采用盆栽试验,在有机氮替代30%无机氮条件下,设减氮比例为0(CO)、10%(CO-10)、20%(CO-20)和30%(CO-30)4个减氮处理,同时设不减氮纯化肥处理(CF)及不施氮肥对照处理(CK),测定比较不同处理宝岛蕉苗期生长指标、物质累积量和肥料氮素去向的差异.[结果]与CF处理相比,有机氮替代30%无机氮条件下,减氮30%以内以有机无机复混肥施用能平均提高茎围13.27%和新生叶总面积20.81%,平均提高整株干物质累积量26.50%和壮苗指数46.05%;增加氮素在作物吸收和土壤残留中的分配比例,从而降低氮素损失.其中,CO处理能显著增加宝岛蕉苗期叶绿素含量10.20%和整株吸氮量14.77%(P<0.05,下同);CO-20处理对叶绿素含量和整株氮吸收量无显著影响(P>0.05),CO-30处理则显著降低叶绿素含量和氮素吸收量.与CO处理相比,CO-10、CO-20和CO-30处理均显著降低叶绿素含量和氮素淋溶损失率,平均降低15.26%和20.06%;且减氮20%以内施用不影响宝岛蕉苗期生长、干物质累积及氮素在作物吸收和土壤残留中的分配比例.[结论]在宝岛蕉苗期种植中,就香蕉生长和肥料氮素去向而言,有机氮替代30%无机氮下减氮20%施用是较适宜的有机无机配施方法.     

农田土壤氮素循环及其对土壤氮流失的影响

分析了土壤氮素循环及其对土壤氮流失的影响,提出了加强氮肥管理、重视平衡施肥、提高作物氮素吸收能力、优化耕作制度及灌溉方式等降低我国农田土壤氮素流失的主要对策.     

光照和氮对不同氮效率玉米品种生长及氮素吸收的影响

本文用溶液培养的方法,研究了光照(200μmol/m2.s、400μmol/m2.s)及N浓度(0.4mmol/L、4 mmol/L)对不同氮效率玉米自交系(478、Baici)生长及N素吸收的影响。结果表明:提高光照强度有助于光合产物向根系的运输,表现为根冠比、平均根轴长、根体积、根系吸氮量显著增加,光照与N水平对根系的生长及氮素吸收的影响存在着正的交互作用。高光强高N水平对茎叶生长的促进作用大于根系,而高光强低N水平对根系生长的促进作用大于茎叶。从品种的变化来看,在N素胁迫下,提高光照强度能够显著促进氮高效品种478根系的生长,提高了该品种对氮素胁迫的适应能力,能够在低氮下获取更多的氮素,而高光强高N下,两个品种对氮素吸收的差异变小。     

土壤有效氮和不同氮肥施用量对小麦产量的影响

综述土壤有效氮的不同形态,分析了土壤氮素与小麦产量的关系,探讨了不同氮肥施用量对作物产量的影响,认为在一定范围内作物的产量随施氮量的增加而增加。     

对一种测定土壤潜在可矿化氮的化学浸取方法的评价

用全氮、有机质、pH、碳氮比及质地不同的12种土壤进行了大麦、燕麦和黑麦等3种作物的盆栽试验,并以KCl煮沸法测定了其可矿化的氮素,以估计土壤潜在的有效氮素。试验表明,KCl浓度及浸取时间长短对NO_3~--N浸出量无明显影响,用1 mol/L KCl煮沸浸取1h之后,NH_4~--N亦增加不多。1 mol/L KCl煮沸1h所释放的氮素与3种作物吸氮量密切相关,证明了这种水解方法能较好地预报盆栽试验条件下不同土壤释放作物可利用氮素的相对能力。一旦包括土壤特性,温、湿度在内的氮素释放模式形成之后,KCl煮沸法有可能用来很好地预报大田条件下作物生长期间转变成有效态氮素的数量。     

等氮条件下有机无机配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

试验研究了在等氮条件下,有机与无机(氮素)配合施肥对土壤性状、作物产量、氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:有机与无机配合施肥有利于改善土壤理化性状,促进玉米根系发育、利于植株地上部氮素吸收,提高作物产量及氮肥利用率。     

南京紫金山坡地、草地、茶园土壤有机质与全氮的关系

土壤氮素供应状况对作物生长至关重要,开展了南京紫金山土壤有机质与全氮相关关系的研究.结果表明,土壤全氮与有机质含量呈密切正相关关系,土壤中有机质含量的高低影响土壤氮素供应水平.     

基于遥感光谱的作物氮含量估算研究进展

氮是作物生长不可或缺的营养物质之一,氮的亏缺或富余会严重影响作物的产量和经济效益,及时、准确和无损的作物氮素水平监测对作物的增产、合理施肥以及减少环境污染等具有重要意义。阐述了作物氮含量遥感估算的原理及国内外估算方法与研究进展,并在此基础上分析了基于遥感光谱数据的作物氮含量估算存在的问题,提出了未来研究的重点:模型普适性的提高、多源遥感数据的使用、多因素影响下作物氮含量的监测等。     

关于土壤氮素矿化势作为有效氮指标的研究

以2种作物,12个质地、有机质、全氮及碳氮比不同的土壤进行的盆栽和培养试验表明,利用土壤氮素矿化势计算得出作物生长期间的矿化氮量与作物吸收氮量有密切关系,且两者间有稳定比值。根据土壤氮素矿化势计算作物生长期间可利用的氮素有较为合理的依据,值得重视。用KCl煮沸法所浸取的氮素与短期培养所矿化的氮素是高度正相关,且回归系数接近1,说明二者在表示土壤供氮能力方面有同样价值。     

华北平原不同施氮量与施肥模式对作物产量与氮肥利用率的影响

合理施肥是保证作物高产、减少面源污染的重要措施，以华北平原为研究区域，基于7个长期施肥试验，探讨不同施氮量及施肥模式（不施肥CK、化肥NPK、有机肥M、有机无机配施NPKM）对作物产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，作物产量与施肥量之间整体呈抛物线趋势，作物产量最高值均出现在NPKM处理。不同施肥模式对作物产量有一定影响，NPKM与NPK处理小麦产量无显著差异，且显著高于M、CK处理；NPKM、NPK、M处理玉米产量无显著差异，均显著高于CK处理。氮肥利用率随着施氮量增加呈下降趋势，不同施肥模式对氮肥利用率有一定影响，小麦季NPKM与NPK处理氮肥利用率无显著差异，且高于M处理，玉米季NPKM、NPK、M处理之间氮肥利用率均无显著差异。综合分析施氮量与有机肥替代率两因素对小麦产量的影响，在华北平原，利用有机肥替代化肥潜力可观，且不会显著降低作物产量，甚至增产，但为避免显著减产，在考虑提高有机肥替代率时，需要满足总施氮量的需求。     

Increasing soil microbial biomass nitrogen in crop rotation systems by improving nitrogen resources under nitrogen application

Soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contains the largest proportion of biologically active nitrogen (N) in soil, and is considered as a crucial participant in soil N cycling. Agronomic management practices such as crop rotation and mono-cropping systems, dramatically affect MBN in agroecosystems. However, the influence of crop rotation and mono-cropping in agroecosystems on MBN remains unclear. A meta-analysis based on 203 published studies was conducted to quantify the effect of crop rotation and mono-cropping systems on MBN under synthetic N fertilizer application. The analysis showed that crop rotation significantly stimulated the response ratio (RR) of MBN to N fertilization and this parameter reached the highest levels in upland-fallow rotations. Upland mono-cropping did not change the RR of MBN to N application, however, the RR of MBN to N application in paddy mono-cropping increased. The difference between crop rotation and mono-cropping systems appeared to be due to the various cropping management scenarios, and the pattern, rate and duration of N addition. Crop rotation systems led to a more positive effect on soil total N (TN) and a smaller reduction in soil pH than mono-cropping systems. The RR of MBN to N application was positively correlated with the RR of mineral N only in crop rotation systems and with the RR of soil pH only in mono-cropping systems. Combining the results of Random Forest (RF) model and structural equation model showed that the predominant driving factors of MBN changes in crop rotation systems were soil mineral N and TN, while in mono-cropping systems the main driving factor was soil pH. Overall, our study indicates that crop rotation can be an effective way to enhance MBN by improving soil N resources, which promote the resistance of MBN to low pH induced by intensive synthetic N fertilizer application.     

作物氮素诊断技术的研究综述

氮素是作物生长发育和产量品质形成所必需的营养元素.本文在简述研究背景和作物氮素营养监测与诊断技术需求的基础上,介绍了作物氮素营养监测技术的发展历程及发展趋势,综述了作物氮素营养诊断技术的国内外研究进展,指出快速、无损、准确地监测作物氮素状况,对于农业生产可持续发展和生态环境保护具有重要意义.     

氮肥施用下蚯蚓活动对农田氮转化影响的Meta分析

蚯蚓在自然土壤中既能促进植物氮(N)素利用、增加土壤N固持,也会导致土壤N素气逸和淋溶损失,但农田土壤中持续的N肥施用如何影响蚯蚓的这些作用却并不清楚。因此,本研究提取了52篇文献中的202对数据,利用Meta分析从N肥类型、施肥量和施肥方式3个方面进行研究,评估N肥施用下蚯蚓活动对农田N转化的影响。总体结果表明,N肥施用下蚯蚓活动显著增加了作物生物量(地上部、地下部分别增加了12.00%、19.30%)及作物总氮(TN)含量(地上部、地下部分别增加了20.35%、21.06%),显著增加了土壤可利用N(9.16%)、微生物生物量氮(MBN,23.19%)及脲酶活性(23.73%),但与此同时也导致土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放和N淋溶增加了16.41%和16.15%。蚯蚓活动对不同肥料类型、施肥量及施肥方式下土壤N转化过程的影响不同。有机-无机N肥配施时,蚯蚓活动对作物生物量和TN含量均有显著的促进作用(地上部、地下部生物量分别增加了17.90%、18.03%;地上部、地下部TN含量分别增加了37.62%、25.76%);无论N肥施用量为多少,蚯蚓活动均显著增加了作...     

轮作体系下麦/油减量施氮与水稻氮肥运筹对作物产量和氮素吸收的影响

为了研究麦/油-稻轮作体系麦/油减量施氮与水稻氮肥运筹对作物产量、氮素吸收和氮肥偏生产力的影响,于2017—2018年开展麦-稻轮作和油-稻轮作的田间试验,在麦/油季设置常规施氮(小麦,N 150 kg·hm^-2;油菜,N 180 kg·hm^-2)、减量施氮(小麦,N 120 kg·hm^-2;油菜,N 150 kg·hm^-2)2个处理,在水稻季N 150 kg·hm^-2用量基础上设置3个运筹M1~M3,基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的用量比分别为2∶2∶6、3∶3∶4和4∶4∶2。结果表明:在麦-稻轮作体系下,小麦季减量施氮小麦产量、地上部生物量和地上部氮素吸收量分别显著(P<0.05)降低15.36%、14.21%和17.14%,小麦氮肥偏生产力显著(P<0.05)增加5.79%。小麦季常规施肥处理下,M3运筹的水稻产量最高,而减量施氮处理下,M2运筹的水稻产量、地上部氮素吸收量和氮肥偏生产力最高。在油-稻轮作体系下,油菜季减量施氮显著(P<0.05)降低了油菜的产量和地上部氮素吸收量,降幅分别为14.28%和16.76%。无论油菜季减氮与否,M3运筹的水稻产量、地上部生物量和氮肥偏生产力均最高。     

氮磷减量对棉花—油菜轮作系统作物产量及氮、磷流失的影响

长期不合理施用化肥导致土壤酸化、大气污染等一系列环境问题,化肥合理减施将有利于提高肥料利用率、促进耕地健康发展。本试验采用田间试验,以常规施肥（棉花季N：390 kg/hm2,P2O5：105 kg/hm2;油菜季N：180 kg/hm2,P2O5：54 kg/hm2）为对照,研究洞庭湖区域旱地棉花—油菜轮作下氮磷肥减量（10%、20%、30%）对作物产量及氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥相比,氮磷肥减量10%、20%对作物产量影响不显著,但明显提高肥料利用率,显著减少旱地氮磷径流损失;养分流失以棉花季为主,且棉花花铃期为关键时期。氮磷肥减量20%处理氮、磷肥利用率较常规施肥处理分别提高了5.41、12.23个百分点（棉花季）和10.91、11.91个百分点（油菜季）;氮磷肥减量处理总氮、总磷流失量分别为0.69～5.48 kg/hm2、0.08～0.24 kg/hm2（棉花季）和0.17～0.34 kg/hm2、0.05～0.11 kg/hm2（油菜季）,较常规施肥处理分别降低了5.94%～31.20%、12.80%～44.02%（棉花季）和18.88%～37.61%、10.18%～24.85%（油菜季）。综上,在本研究所设肥料减量范围内,氮磷肥减量20%处理能稳定作物产量、提高肥料利用率,降低氮磷流失。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中氮肥效应的研究

以太湖地区的常熟市为试验区,选择不同土壤类型的农田,设置不同氮肥水平田间小区试验与微区试验,对稻麦轮作下作物产量的氮肥效应及田间适宜施氮量进行了研究.结果表明,无论是水稻,还是小麦,随施氮苗增加,作物氮肥农学利用效率均下降.2年多点田间试验结果显示,该地区水稻的区域平均适宜施氮量为(176±24.2) kg·hm-2,小麦为(228±27.1) kg·hm-2.研究结果还表明,在该地区大义黄泥士上,水稻(晶种4007) 兼顾生产、生态和经济效益比较合理的施氮苗为171～204 kg·hm-2.     

Optimized nitrogen application methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency and nodule nitrogen fixation in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system

In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen(N) fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency(NUE), wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enhance crop yield and improve resource use efficiency, especially in Southwest China. To optimize N utilization and increase grain yield, we conducted a two-year field experiment with single-factor randomized block designs of a maize-soybean intercropping system(IMS). Three N rates, NN(no nitrogen application), LN(lower N application: 270 kg N ha–1), and CN(conventional N application: 330 kg N ha–1), and three topdressing distances of LN(LND), e.g., 15 cm(LND1), 30 cm(LND2) and 45 cm(LND3) from maize rows were evaluated. At the beginning seed stage(R5), the leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity of LND3 were 1.86 mg plant–1 and 0.14 m L h–1 plant–1, and those of LND1 and LND2 were increased by 31.4 and 24.5%, 6.4 and 32.9% compared with LND3, respectively. The ureide content and N accumulation of soybean organs in LND1 and LND2 were higher than those of LND3. The N uptake, NUE and N agronomy efficiency(NAE) of IMS under CN were 308.3 kg ha–1, 28.5%, and 5.7 kg grain kg–1 N, respectively; however, those of LN were significantly increased by 12.4, 72.5, and 51.6% compared with CN, respectively. The total yield in LND1 and LND2 was increased by 12.3 and 8.3% compared with CN, respectively. Those results suggested that LN with distances of 15–30 cm from the topdressing strip to the maize row was optimal in maize-soybean intercropping. Lower N input with an optimized fertilization location for IMS increased N fixation and N use efficiency without decreasing grain yield.     

Apparent variations in nitrogen runoff and its uptake in paddy rice under straw incorporation

Straw incorporation is a widespread practice to promote agricultural sustainability. However, the potential effects of straw incorporation with the prolonged time on nitrogen (N) runoff loss from paddy fields are not well studied. The current study addresses the knowledge gap by assessing the effects of straw incorporation on the processes influencing N runoff patterns and its impacts on crop yield, N uptake, total N (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM). We conducted field experiments with rice (Oryzasativa L.)–wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) rotation, rice–tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) rotation, and double-rice cropping in subtropical China from 2008 to 2012. Each rotation had three N treatments: zero N fertilization (CK), chemical N fertilization (CF), and chemical N fertilization combined with straw incorporation (CFS). The treatment effects were assessed on TN runoff loss, crop yield, N uptake, soil TN stock, and SOM. Results showed that TN runoff was reduced by substituting part of the chemical N fertilizer with straw N in the double rice rotation, while crop N uptake was significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to the lower bioavailability of straw N. In contrast, in both rice–wheat and rice–tobacco rotations, TN runoff in CFS was increased by 0.9–20.2% in the short term when straw N was applied in addition to chemical N, compared to CF. However, TN runoff was reduced by 2.3–19.3% after three years of straw incorporation, suggesting the long-term benefits of straw incorporation on TN loss reduction. Meanwhile, crop N uptake was increased by 0.8–37.3% in the CFS of both rotations. This study demonstrates the challenges in reducing N runoff loss while improving soil fertility by straw incorporation over the short term but highlights the potential of long-term straw incorporation to reduce N loss and improve soil productivity.     

农田水分与土壤氮素矿化的试验研究

水肥是影响农业生产的重要因素。在室内及田间试验的基础上，依据氮素矿化机理，分析了农田水分对土壤氮素矿化的影响关系；考虑温度和水分因素。建立了农田单氮源矿化模型，田间试验与模型结果相吻合，为制定农业节水灌溉与科学施肥提供了依据。