土壤有机质对交换性酸测定结果的影响

为探讨土壤有机质对两种常用的土壤交换性酸测定方法(BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法)结果的影响,选取了85个不同有机质质量分数的酸性土壤并采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法测定其交换性酸含量.结果表明,BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量远大于KCl淋溶法的测定结果.KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的负相关性极有统计学意义(r=-0.79**),而BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的相关性无统计学意义(r=-0.08).但BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量却与土壤有机质质量分数间的正相关性极有统计学意义(r=0.94**).此外,由KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸进一步计算得到的盐基饱和度与土壤pH值间的相关性(r=0.69**)也大于BaCl_2-TEA提取法(r=0.25*).通常土壤酸化越严重,土壤pH值越低,交换性酸含量越高,盐基饱和度越低.可以得出,土壤有机质会使BaCl_2-TEA提取法的测定结果产生较大的正误差,而对KCl淋溶法的影响较小.由于土壤有机质中的腐殖酸会与BaCl_2-TEA提取法中的有机弱碱TEA发生反应,增加TEA用量,从而使计算得到的土壤交换性酸的结果偏高.因此,对于高有机质质量分数的酸性土壤,不宜采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法测定其交换性酸含量.但在KCl淋溶法中,由于K~+对Al~(3+)的交换能力较弱,使得该方法测得的土壤交换性酸含量偏低.因此,可乘以1.5左右的校正系数,以便能真实地反映出土壤交换性酸含量.     

耕作措施对东北黑土微生物呼吸的影响

【目的】利用东北黑土13年保护性耕作定位试验,研究耕作措施（免耕和秋翻处理）对土壤微生物的影响,从土壤微生物角度分析免耕是否有利于土壤有机碳（SOC）的固定,为合理评价农田黑土碳“源”与“汇”功能提供科学依据。【方法】以连作玉米为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,耕作处理包括免耕和秋翻。免耕除播种外不扰动土壤,秸秆覆盖地表。秋翻处理的田间管理包括人工除草、中耕起垄和秋翻,秋翻时将秸秆翻于地表之下。土壤微生物呼吸速率通过PVC环在野外采用动态气室法（Li-Cor8100）直接测定（去除植物根系）,定期监测土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节变化,并在土壤微生物呼吸速率最高的季节取样分析不同处理土壤微生物量碳和数量特征。【结果】生长季节内免耕和秋翻处理下土壤微生物呼吸速率分别为0.42-3.35和0.48-3.24 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,两处理平均值差异不显著（8.8%）,但土壤累积CO₂-C释放量免耕比秋翻高10.0%（2012）和4.3%（2013）（P＜0.05）。免耕显著地增加0-5 cm表层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,分别比秋翻高125.7%、112.4%和53.3%;还显著地增加了其他土层的真菌数量,分别为105.3%（5-10 cm）,159.4%（10-20 cm）和114.7%（20-30 cm）。耕作处理影响土壤温度,主要体现在春季,秋翻（0-5 cm,5-10 cm）春季（6月）土壤温度比免耕分别高2.8%和5.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率表现出显著的季节变化规律,与土壤温度具有相似的动态变化,夏季（7、8月份）最高,秋季较低。尽管耕作处理没有明显地影响土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节动态格局,但秋翻的土壤微生物呼吸最高值比免耕晚半个月。土壤微生物呼吸速率随土壤温度（5 cm和10 cm）呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm。耕作处理只改变了5 cm的Q₁₀值,免耕比秋翻高10.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率与土壤温度、水分混合回归模型能更好地反应其变化规律,解释土壤微生物呼吸速率变异的65%（秋翻）和81%（免耕）。【结论】免耕增加了表层（0-5 cm）的SOC含量,从而使得该土层的土壤微生物量碳和活性增加,但是由于免耕处理增加0-30 cm 土层SOC含量的加权平均值,因此相对于传统的耕作措施（秋翻）,免耕有利于SOC含量的增加。     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度(DPS,degree of P saturation)增加速率(每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量)的影响。结果表明:连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl_2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.608,P=0.029)、0.003 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.528,P=0.066)和0.036%(r=0.863,P=0.002),分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl_2-P含量增加1mg P·kg~(-1)所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林土壤呼吸的研究

利用静态箱气相色谱法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林的土壤呼吸速率的季节变化和昼夜变化，进行了为期1年的野外观测研究. 自然状态下土壤呼吸速率的年平均值为(400±29)mg(CO2)/(m2·h), 其中由凋落物分解释放的CO2占土壤总呼吸的年平均比例为42%；土壤呼吸速率与林内气温、地表温度、地下5、10、15和20 cm土壤温度都呈显著指数相关, 用土壤呼吸速率与温度间的指数模型得出对应于以上各温度的Q10值变动在1.92～2.81之间；土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量的关系依观测点土壤水分状况不同而有一定差异；土壤呼吸速率的日变化模式在雨季和旱季有明显区别, 相对于温带陆地生态系统而言, 该林型土壤呼吸速率的日较差较小.      

旱地土壤有机碳氮和供氮能力对长期不同氮肥用量的响应

【目的】揭示旱地土壤有机碳氮、氮素矿化对长期不同氮肥用量的响应及有机碳氮与氮素矿化的关系,进而评价土壤供氮能力,为旱地土壤氮素管理提供参考。【方法】在陕西杨凌2004年开始的旱地小麦氮肥长期定位试验基础上,采集不同氮肥用量(0(N0)、160(N160)、320(N320)kg N·hm~(-2))试验的土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、有机氮,微生物量碳、氮含量,并采用间歇淋洗好气培养法测定土壤的氮素矿化。【结果】与对照N0相比,施用氮肥(N160、N320)增加了0—10、10—20、20—40、0—40 cm土层有机碳含量,且在小麦播前期和收获期表现不一致;施氮(N160和N320)处理均显著提高了0—10 cm土层有机氮含量,但仅N320处理显著提高了0—40 cm土层土壤有机氮含量;施用氮肥(N160、N320)未改变0—10、10—20 cm土层土壤微生物量氮和微生物量碳含量,仅N320处理显著提高了20—40、0—40 cm土层微生物量氮和微生物量碳含量。0—10 cm土层,土壤氮素矿化量、矿化势(N_0)与施氮量、有机氮含量呈显著正相关,氮素矿化速率常数(k)则与其呈显著负相关。10—20 cm土层,施氮处理(N160、N320)土壤的氮素矿化量均显著高于不施氮处理(N0),增幅分别为27.3%和35.2%,且与施氮量、有机碳、有机氮含量呈显著正相关;氮素矿化势(N_0)随着有机碳增加而显著增加,矿化速率常数(k)则降低。20—40 cm土层,N320能提高氮素矿化量,并与有机氮、微生物量碳呈显著正相关。【结论】合理施氮肥能明显促进旱地0—10和10—20 cm土壤有机碳、有机氮积累,提高土壤氮素矿化能力,降低氮素矿化速率,是提高旱地土壤有机氮、有机碳含量和土壤供氮能力的有效途径。     

Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

Effect of Daily Soil Temperature Fluctuations on Soil Electrical Conductivity as Measured with the Geonics® EM-38

Soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by electromagnetic induction (EM) using the EM-38 has shown promise as a soil survey tool. Soil temperature influences EC_a readings, and temperature can fluctuate considerably in the upper 10cm of the soil during a day. EC_a readings were taken in the horizontal and vertical dipole orientations once an hour from 8a.m. to 8p.m. at four sites on three separate days to determine if EC_a values were influenced by diurnal temperature variations. Soil temperature readings were taken at the same times at four depths. EM-38 readings remained steady at all four sites all 3days. Linear regression analysis when temperature in the upper 10cm was plotted against EC_a yielded low r ² values and slopes, indicating no correlation between soil temperature in the upper 10cm and EC_a values. Diurnal changes in soil temperature do not significantly influence soil EC_a readings obtained with the EM-38 under the conditions encountered during the study.     

秸秆还田深度对春玉米农田土壤有机碳、氮含量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究秸秆还田旋耕深度对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响,明确不同秸秆还田深度条件下土壤理化性质与酶活性的关系,在3年（2016—2018年）田间微区定位试验条件下,研究秸秆旋耕还田10 cm（S₁D₁）、20 cm（S₁D₂）、30 cm（S₁D₃）和秸秆移除旋耕10 cm（S₂D₁）、20 cm（S₂D₂）、30 cm（S₂D₃） 6个处理对东北春玉米农田土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明：旋耕深度（D）及其与秸秆处理（S）交互作用（S×D）显著影响土壤有机碳（SOC）含量,0~20 cm土层S₁D₁、S₁D₂处理SOC含量较S₁D₃处理高1.2%~16.0%,而20~40 cm土层S₂D₃处理SOC含量最高。旋耕深度、秸秆处理及两者交互作用对土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响显著。在0~40 cm土层,D₁、D₂旋耕深度下秸秆还田处理NO₃^--N含量比秸秆移除处理平均提高46.9%和34.9%,NH₄⁺-N含量平均降低31.6%和4.4%。在各旋耕深度下,S₁处理0~20 cm土层蔗糖酶和脲酶活性高于S₂处理,20~30 cm土层过氧化氢酶活性低于S₂处理。相关性分析表明,SOC、土壤全氮（TN）与NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与pH、土壤含水量（SWC）呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,与S₁D₁相比,S₁D₂对0~20土层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和0~40 cm土层SOC、TN含量影响更明显。综上所述,秸秆旋耕还田20 cm可改善0~40 cm土层养分水平,提高土壤酶活性,推荐为东北春玉米产区农田土壤培肥的合理秸秆还田方式。     

Soil moisture estimation from inverse modeling using multiple criteria functions

Soil hydraulic parameters are essential inputs to agricultural and hydrologic models for simulating soil moisture. These parameters however are difficult to obtain especially when the application is aimed at the regional scale. Laboratory and field methods have been used for quantifying soil hydraulic parameters but they are proved to be laborious and expensive. An emerging alternative of estimating soil hydraulic parameters is soil moisture model inversion using remote sensing (RS) data. Although soil hydraulic parameters could not be derived directly from remote sensing, they could be quantified by the inverse modeling of RS data. In this study, we conducted a multi-criteria inverse modeling approach to estimate the rootzone soil hydraulic parameters in a rainfed rice field at depths 3, 12, 28 and 60 cm, respectively. The conditioning data used in the inverse modeling are leaf area index (LAI) and actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) from satellite imageries, and soil moisture (SM) data from in situ measurements. The performances of all the model inversion experiments were evaluated against observed soil moisture in the field, and measured LAI during the growing season. The results showed that using remotely sensed LAI and ET_a in the inverse modeling provided a good matching between observed and simulated soil moisture down to 28 cm depth from the soil surface. With the addition of soil moisture information from the site, the model inversion significantly improved the soil moisture simulation up to a depth of 60 cm.     

秸秆和植被覆盖对江苏滨海盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

研究秸秆覆盖和植被（田菁）覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg^-1的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量（27.58%）显著高于田菁覆盖（26.70%）和裸地（26.61%）,后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程（EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系）可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae^bx（P<0.01）。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。     

Interpreting Soil Electrical Conductivity and Terrain Attribute Variability with Soil Surveys

Utilizing soil electrical conductivity (EC) measurements and terrain attributes for precision management will require secondary soil information for adequate interpretation. The objective of this study was to determine whether readily available second-order soil surveys were of adequate quality to aid with interpreting soil EC and terrain data. For three locations in Kentucky, USA, first-order soil surveys were created, second-order surveys reports were obtained, elevation was measured and used to calculate terrain attributes (slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature), and bulk soil electrical conductivity was measured. Three analytical methods (an ordinary least squares analysis and two random field analyses), visual map assessment, and examination of least-squares means were used to assess the relationships between soil EC measurements, terrain attributes and first- and second-order soil surveys. The OLS and random field analyses were problematic. However, the ranking of the OLS F-statistics appeared to reflect the general relationship between landscape variables and first-order soil surveys. The landscape variables related particularly well with soil properties that had been impacted by past soil erosion. Unfortunately, however, second-order soil surveys in this study were not created at suitable scales to adequately interpret EC and terrain data regarding erosion history or other attributes. While these surveys may provide some useful information, field measurements, sampling, and observations will likely be required to develop high quality interpretations of soil EC and terrain attribute data.     

Using data on soil ECa,soil water properties,and response of tree root system for spatial water balancing in an apple orchard

The study aims at spatial analysis of water deficit of fruit trees under semi-humid climate conditions. Differences of soil, root, and their relation with the spatial variability of crop evapotranspiration (ET_a) were analyzed. Measurements took place in a six hectare apple orchard (Malus x domestica ‘Gala’) located in fruit production area of Brandenburg (latitude: 52.606°N, longitude: 13.817°E). Data of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) in 25 cm were used for guided sampling of soil texture, bulk density, rooting depth, root water potential, and volumetric water content. Soil ECa showed high correlation with root depth. The readily available soil water content (RAW) was calculated considering three cases utilizing (i) uniform root depth of 1 m, (ii) measured values of root depth, and (iii) root water potential measured during full bloom, fruit cell division stage, at harvest. The RAW set the thresholds for irrigation. The ET_a was calculated based on data from a weather station in the field and RAW cases in high, medium and low ECa conditions. ET_a values obtained were utilized to quantify how fruit trees cope with spatial soil variability. The RAW-based irrigation thresholds for locations of low and high ECa value differed. The implementation of plant parameters (rooting depth, root water potential) in the water balance provided a more representative figure of water needs of fruit trees Consequently, the precise adjustment of irrigation including plant data can optimize the water use.

     

Estimation of the Biological Methods of Assessing Soil N-Supplying Capacity in Calcareous Soil

Although many biological methods are used to determine soil nitrogen supplying capacity, there are certain differences in the results for different types of soils and various ways of measurement due to the complexity of soil N conformation, the high variance of soil and microorganism, and the difference of environment. Therefore, it is not clear about which biologic incubation method is better for calcareous soil. In this study, pot experiments were performed by using 25 different calcareous surface soil samples on the Loess Plateau and taking the N uptake of wheat and corn with leaching soil initial nitrate and without leaching in pot experiments as the control to investigate the difference of eight biological incubation methods for reflecting soil nitrogen supply capacity. The eight biological methods are waterlogged incubation, aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks, long-term alternate leaching aerobic incubation (and N mineralization potential, N^o), short-term leaching aerobic incubation, microbial biomass carbon (B_c), and microbial biomass nitrogen (B_N) method, respectively. Among these methods, the dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation and aerobic incubation for 4 weeks were the modification of the method of aerobic incubation for 2 weeks according to the actual farmland moisture. The results showed that the correlation coefficients between these methods and crop uptake N w with leaching soil initial nitrate were 0.530, 0.700, 0.777, 0.768, 0.764 (and 0.790, N₀), 0.650, 0.555, and 0.465, respectively (r_0.05 = 0.369, r_0.01 = 0.505). While without leaching soil initial nitrate, their coefficients were 0.351, 0.963, 0.962, 0.959, 0.825 (and 0.812, N₀), 0.963, 0.289, and 0.095, respectively (r_0.05 = 0.369, r_0.01=0.505). In conclusion, excluding the soil initial nitrate, the correlation coefficients between the eight methods and crop uptake N were, from high to low, N₀, aerobic incubation for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks, and long-term alternate leaching aerobic incubation, while including the soil initial nitrate the correlation coefficients between them increased significantly and the values were all beyond 0.950 for these four methods, including aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and short-term leaching aerobic incubation. The waterlogged incubation method, B_C and B_N in the calcareous soil, had lower correlation coefficient with crop uptake nitrogen compared with other methods. Thus, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks was a better index for evaluating calcareous soil N supply capacity due to some other methods having disadvantages and not suitable for the actual farmland characteristics.     

土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】土壤肥力是红壤性稻田水稻丰产的基础。明确不同肥力对红壤性水稻土作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,为红壤性稻田土壤培肥和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】选取质地相似的不同肥力水平的红壤性水稻土进行盆栽试验(以土壤有机质的高低代表土壤肥力的高低),利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术研究不同肥力水平(F_L、F_M和F_H分别代表低肥力、中肥力和高肥力,其低、中、高肥力土壤的有机质含量分别为19.9、29.6、38.9 g·kg~(-1))和氮肥水平(N_0、N_(150)和N_(225)分别代表施氮量为0、150和225 kg·hm~(-2),共9个试验处理,分别为F_LN_0、F_LN_(150)、F_LN_(225)、F_MN_0、F_MN_(150)、F_MN_(225)、F_HN_0、F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225))对水稻产量及其构成、氮肥吸收及其去向的影响。【结果】提升土壤肥力和施氮均能显著提高水稻的有效穗数、产量和总吸氮量。与N_0相比,F_L、F_M和F_H在N_(150)处理下的增产率分别为63%、40%、17%,而在N_(225)处理下的增产率分别为89%、55%和23%。在中、低肥力土壤上,增施氮肥能显著提高水稻产量,而F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225)处理之间产量无显著差异。~(15)N示踪结果表明,相同施氮量条件下,水稻植株对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量均随土壤肥力的提高而增加。但是,水稻植株总吸氮量中来自土壤氮素的比例随土壤肥力的提高而增加,而来自肥料氮素的比例则随之降低。增施氮肥会增加水稻吸收肥料氮素的比例,降低其吸收土壤氮素的比例。F_L、F_M和F_H土壤水稻的平均氮肥回收率分别为42%、48%和52%,平均氮肥残留率分别为20%、23%和28%,平均氮肥损失率分别为38%、29%和20%。F_LN_(225)氮肥回收率显著高于F_LN_(150),F_M两个施氮量氮肥回收率无显著差异,而F_HN_(225)的氮肥回收率显著低于F_HN_(150)。提升土壤肥力能显著提高土壤微生物量氮、铵态氮和固定态铵的含量。【结论】提升土壤肥力能显著提高红壤性水稻土的水稻产量以及化肥氮的回收率和残留率,而降低氮肥损失率。在低肥力土壤上适当增加施氮量有利于增加产量和氮肥回收率;而在高肥力土壤上适当降低施氮量在保证较高水稻产量的同时,能够提高氮肥回收率、降低氮肥损失。     

北京平原地区不同造林树种林下土壤化学计量特征

土壤有机碳、氮和磷浓度及其比例对林木的生长发育具有重要影响,探究树种-土壤养分之间的关系,可为平原地区人工林规划和管理以及土壤肥力恢复提供科学指导。以北京市大兴区平原造林区域5种人工纯林（国槐、毛白杨、银杏、油松和榆树）为研究对象,对林下0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷浓度,以及生态化学计量特征和相关性进行研究。结果表明：（1）在0 ~ 20 cm,树种对土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷浓度均存在显著影响（P＜0.05）;在20 ~ 40 cm,树种对土壤全氮浓度影响显著。随土层加深,各树种林下土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷总体上呈下降趋势。研究区土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷浓度均低于全国平均值,尤其以缺氮最为严重。（2）在0 ~ 20 cm,不同树种之间土壤C:N、C:P和N:P均存在显著差异。榆树林土壤C:N显著大于毛白杨林、油松林和银杏林,银杏林土壤C:P显著高于毛白杨林和榆树林,而银杏林土壤N:P显著高于国槐林和榆树林。随着土层加深,土壤C:N、C:P和N:P变化各异。土壤C:P和N:P均远低于全国土壤均值。（3）相关分析表明,土壤全氮主要影响C:N和N:P,土壤有机碳主要影响C:P。国槐林和油松林在改善土壤养分方面有较好的效果。北京市平原造林区域的氮可能是影响林木生长的主要限制性元素,建议在后期的抚育管理过程中施用适量的氮肥,为造林树种提供良好的生长环境。     

红壤幼龄桔园套种豆科牧草后土壤酸度变化特征

基于2010—2011年开展的幼龄桔园套种豆科牧草对土壤酸度影响试验,以当地常规管理模式为对照,分析了种植圆叶决明和罗顿豆对土壤pH、交换性酸、铝的影响,及其与土壤养分含量的关系,并结合室内培养试验分析豆科牧草影响红壤酸度的主要因素。结果表明,与试验之初相比,套种圆叶决明处理0~20 cm土壤pH升高了0.19个单位,而罗顿豆处理土壤pH无显著变化。与常规模式相比,套种圆叶决明处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤pH分别升高了0.26个和0.39个单位,而0~20 cm土壤交换性酸、铝含量分别降低了1.25 cmol(+)·kg~(-1)和1.35 cmol(+)·kg~(-1),20~40 cm土壤交换性酸、铝均降低了1.07 cmol(+)·kg~(-1)。土壤交换性铝含量与土壤全氮呈显著负相关(P0.05),而土壤全氮与土壤有机质和有效磷均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。室内培养试验表明,豆科牧草的灰化碱含量和还田量是影响其改良红壤酸度的两个主要因素。可见,在酸性红壤上套种圆叶决明和罗顿豆未加剧表层(0~40cm)土壤酸化,相反套种圆叶决明对红壤酸度具有一定的缓解效果。     

干湿季节下基于遥感和电磁感应技术的塔里木盆地北缘绿洲土壤盐分的空间变异性

土壤盐渍化问题是制约干旱半干旱区植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,也是影响绿洲农业生产的障碍性问题。而将遥感与近感技术相结合,是当前评价、监测及预报土壤盐渍化程度的先进方法。以新疆塔里木盆地北缘的渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,以遥感数据和解译后的电磁感应数据为基础数据源,利用解译后的数据结合GIS和地统计学知识以及野外实测所得到的土壤电导率和盐分资料,分别采用泛克里格(Universal Kriging)、光谱指数回归(Spectral Index Regression)和回归残差泛克里格(Regression-Universal Kriging)3种方法研究了该地区两个关键季节(干季和湿季)土壤盐分的空间变异特征。研究结果表明:研究区的土壤浸提液电导率EC_1:5和土壤盐分呈现显著相关,可以用EC_1:5来代替土壤的全盐量进行分析;电磁感应仪(EM38)所测各季节土壤表观电导率与EC_1:5的相关系数均达到1%显著水平,以表观电导率垂直读数(EM_V) 和水平读数(EM_H)为自变量的多元回归模型拟合效果较好;研究区各季节的表层土壤电导率的空间分布均表现为强相关性,说明土壤采样点间的内部结构性良好,采用能够充分考虑到干旱区表层土壤电导率空间变异的尺度依赖性的球状套合模型,能够更好的拟合土壤表观电导率的空间结构;经过精度比较,回归残差泛克里格法为最优预测方法,这表明将遥感和电磁感应技术相结合,能够有效的提高预测与评估土壤盐分空间分布的精度,为精确地进行土壤盐分预测以及土壤次生盐渍化的防控提供了一定的依据。     

氮肥用量对小麦开花后根际土壤特性和产量的影响

【目的】明确小麦开花后根际土壤特性动态特征及其与产量和籽粒氮素积累量之间的关系,能够为生产上合理施肥、提高氮肥利用效率和减轻环境污染提供理论依据。【方法】2014—2015和2015—2016年在小麦季设置4个氮肥水平(0,CK;150 kg N·hm~(-2),N150;240 kg N·hm~(-2),N240和300 kg N·hm~(-2),N300)并于小麦开花期、灌浆中期和成熟期分层(0—20 cm和20—40 cm)测定小麦根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶,同时测定根、茎、叶和穗生物量及其氮素含量;重点分析根际土壤特性与小麦籽粒产量和氮素积累量之间的关系。【结果】(1)与CK相比,N150、N240和N300处理2年小麦籽粒产量的平均值分别增加99%、130%和107%,且处理之间差异显著。随施氮量的增加小麦根、茎、叶、穗生物量和地上部氮素积累量均呈增加趋势;氮肥回收率呈下降趋势,且处理之间差异显著。(2)从开花到成熟期,0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层小麦根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量、土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶(0—20 cm除外)活性均呈下降趋势。处理CK、N150、N240和N300根际土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著低于非根际土壤。4个处理2年0—20 cm根际土壤铵态氮含量平均值比非根际土壤降低29%,硝态氮含量降低22%;20—40 cm根际土壤铵态氮含量比非根际土降低34%,硝态氮含量降低14%。而根际土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著高于非根际土。4个处理2年0—20 cm根际土壤蔗糖酶活性比非根际土壤提高29%,脲酶活性提高15%;20—40 cm根际土壤蔗糖酶活性比非根际土壤提高33%,脲酶活性提高13%。(3)相关分析结果表明,小麦籽粒产量和籽粒氮素积累量均与0—20 cm和20—40 cm根际和非根际土壤无机氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)、脲酶和蔗糖酶(2016年籽粒氮素积累量除外)呈显著正相关。【结论】小麦根际土壤可利用性氮素含量小于非根际土壤,而酶活性高于非根际土;根际和非根际土壤与籽粒产量和籽粒氮素积累量呈显著正相关。根际和非根际土壤特性显著影响小麦籽粒产量。     

香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种在‘巴西蕉’植株及根际土壤中的时空分布

目的 香蕉Musa spp.是我国重要的经济作物之一,由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) 引起的香蕉枯萎病蔓延快、根治难,严重阻碍了我国香蕉产业发展。由于Foc菌量和空间分布与其侵染和致病作用直接相关,探索Foc在‘巴西蕉’Musa acuminate L. AAA group, cv. Brazilian植株和土壤中的时空分布具有重要意义。方法 采用伤根接种法对‘巴西蕉’苗分别接种香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种(Foc1)和4号生理小种(Foc4),通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测接种后不同时间、不同香蕉组织及根际土壤中的菌量,分析了香蕉枯萎病菌在植株和土壤中的时空分布。结果 温室中接种Foc后2~21 d内,‘巴西蕉’根部和球茎中Foc1和Foc4菌量随时间延长而逐渐增加,但Foc4菌量始终大于Foc1;在‘巴西蕉’球茎中,Foc1和Foc4分别在接种后21和14 d菌量达到最大。田间接种Foc后30 d,离‘巴西蕉’植株地面半径(r)5 cm、地下深度25~30 cm土壤中的Foc1和Foc4菌量最大;而r为15和30 cm时,地下深度10~15 cm土壤中的Foc菌量大于0~5和25~30 cm的菌量;在相同r和地下深度的‘巴西蕉’根际土壤中,一般Foc4菌量大于Foc1。结论 Foc1和Foc4菌量在‘巴西蕉’植株和根际土壤中具有明显不同的时空分布,同一空间中Foc4菌量大于Foc1菌量,研究结果可为香蕉枯萎病的发生流行、预测预报和防控提供一定的理论指导。     

干旱区滴灌棉田冻融季土壤水热盐分布规律研究

[目的]研究滴灌棉田冻融期及其前后水热盐分布规律.[方法]实验以野外实测和室内试验数据为基础,分析水热盐在干旱区滴灌棉田冻融季土壤各层中分布特征.[结果]表层土壤11月下旬开始冻结,到翌年2月上旬达到最大冻结深度,4月上旬土壤完全融通,冻融期5 cm深处土壤温度变幅为19.95℃,170 cm深处变幅为10.25℃;0～60 cm土层2009年11月29日～2010年2月11日含水量和含盐量冻结过程中都呈上升趋势,2010年2月11日～4月21日为融化期,土壤垂直含水量和含盐量分布表现出复杂的变化方式,60～200 cm土壤水盐垂直分布变化不大;土壤水分与盐分时间变异特征表现为:冻融期土壤表层变异性大于底层,0～80cm水分变异程度大于盐分,80～200 cm水盐变异系数差异不大,变异性低.[结论]为冻融季土壤水热盐分布进一步研究提供参考,对盐渍土的改良、农业灌溉等相关问题的研究有一定参考价值.