植物硒形态分析的研究综述

硒是生物体必须的微量元素,人或动物摄入的硒都直接或间接来自于植物体。综合近年来植物硒形态分析方面有关文献,从植物硒形态种类及代谢途径,植物硒形态的样品处理技术、分离技术、检测技术等方面进行阐述。得出植物体中硒主要以有机硒形式存在,超声微波结合酶提取法是提取植物硒形态有效的方法,高效液相色谱?鄄电感耦合等离子体质谱（HPLC-ICP-MS）联用是有效分离检测植物硒形态的方法之一。此外,植物硒标准品的获取和硒蛋白的深入研究至关重要,电喷雾质谱（ES-MS）,电喷雾串联质谱（ES-MS-MS）,二维凝胶色谱分离结合激光解吸飞行质谱（MALDI-TOF）等新技术在鉴定未知硒化合物结构,同位素稀释分析法（IDA）在植物硒化合物转化和大分子硒化合物结构方面的应用是未来研究的主要方向。图1表3参39     

Voltage-independent calcium release in heart muscle

The Ca2+ that activates contraction in heart muscle is regulated as in skeletal muscle by processes that depend on voltage and intracellular Ca2+ and involve a positive feedback system. How the initial electrical signal is amplified in heart muscle has remained controversial, however. Analogous protein structures from skeletal muscle and heart muscle have been identified physiologically and sequenced; these include the Ca2+ channel of the sarcolemma and the Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although the parallels found in cardiac and skeletal muscles have provoked valuable experiments in both tissues, separation of the effects of voltage and intracellular Ca2+ on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in heart muscle has been imperfect. With the use of caged Ca2+ and flash photolysis in voltage-clamped heart myocytes, effects of membrane potential in heart muscle cells on Ca2+ release from intracellular stores have been studied. Unlike the response in skeletal muscle, voltage across the sarcolemma of heart muscle does not affect the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that other regulatory processes are needed to control Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release.     

原核生物硒蛋白的生物合成

硒是包括哺乳动物在内许多生物的必需微量元素,与人类健康密切相关。硒分布的不平衡导致所在地食物中硒含量差异较大,且高硒地区的人易发生硒中毒,而低硒地区的人易硒缺乏。胞内硒酸盐经还原及硒磷酸合成酶的活化,在硒代半胱氨酸合酶(SelA)催化下利用Ser-tRNAUGAsec合成硒代半胱氨酸(selenocysteine,Sec),Sec经tRNAUGAsec特异性的类EF-TU延伸因子SelB整合入蛋白质形成硒蛋白。文中主要概述了原核生物硒酸盐的还原代谢和硒代半胱氨酸的插入机制,并提出了利用硒蛋白的合成机制作为检测硒酸盐含量的思路。     

Effects of DHRS3 in C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Injury

Myoblast differentiation is an essential process during skeletal muscle development. C2 C12 myoblast is a commonly used experimental model to study muscle cell differentiation in vitro. Dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family) member 3(DHRS3) is a highly conserved member in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of retinol. Previous experimental results showed that the expression of DHRS3 increased significantly during the differentiation of myoblasts differentiation. However, the effect of DHRS3 on mouse muscle cell differentiation was unclear. The objective of current study was to determine if DHRS3 affected muscle cell differentiation, and if DHRS3 was involved in muscle regeneration. Protein expression was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The activation and inhibition of DHRS3 increased and decreased C2 C12 myoblast differentiation respectively, which indicated that DHRS3 could affect C2 C12 myoblast differentiation. DHRS3 expression was significantly changed during muscle regeneration, with the regeneration of muscle injury, the expression of DHRS3 tended to increase first and then decrease. It suggested that DHRS3 might be involved in muscle regeneration. In summary, this study confirmed the involvement of DHRS3 in C2 C12 myoblast differentiation and mouse skeletal muscle regeneration and provided a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of muscle development.     

植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制

阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。     

骨骼肌肌纤维形成机制的研究进展

骨骼肌是动物躯体最重要的组成部分,占到产肉动物躯体的40%,肌纤维作为骨骼肌组织的主要成分,其类型的差异是影响产肉动物肌肉品质的重要因素之一。因此,骨骼肌的生长发育与产肉动物肉的产量有着密切的联系,而其生理生化特性的差异也将会直接影响到产肉动物屠宰之后肉品的质量。一般而言,动物骨骼肌肌纤维数目在胚胎发育期间基本上就已固定,出生之后,由于肌纤维的肥大,动物躯体肌肉块才表现出增大增粗。另外,动物肌肉块在生长发育过程中,其肌纤维组成类型并不是完全固定的,它们会随着骨骼肌对代谢与功能需求的改变而发生转变。骨骼肌的生长发育,以及骨骼肌肌纤维类型的发生与发展是一个非常复杂的生物学过程,受到许多信号通路与因子的调控。随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,各种先进技术相继被应用于生物学现象的研究中,利用这些分子生物学技术很好的阐明了许多复杂生物学现象形成的分子机制。目前,骨骼肌生长发育的分子遗传调控机制取得了长足的进展,许多与骨骼肌形成发育相关的关键因子已被鉴定出来。然而,在早期研究中,人们对于骨骼肌肌纤维的研究主要集中在类型的鉴定,以及不同肌纤维类型生理生化特性的分析,对于骨骼肌肌纤维形成的具体分子遗传调控机制的研究相对较少。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,骨骼肌肌纤维形成的分子遗传调控机制也取得了突破性的进展。因此,有必要进一步对骨骼肌肌纤维类型的特性,骨骼肌肌纤维类型形成的分子机制,以及肌纤维类型与肌肉品质的关系进行全面的综述。本文首先对肌纤维的类型、特性进行了综述;进一步分别对慢型肌纤维与快型肌纤维形成的分子调控机制的研究进展进行了回顾;最后对肌纤维类型与肉品质的关系进行了讨论。总之,本综述的撰写将有助于对骨骼肌肌纤维类型形成的遗传机制的进一步了解,为将来进一步的深入研究肌纤维形成的分子机制提供参考;同时也将有助于揭示肌肉品质形成的分子遗传调控机制,为利用分子生物学技术培育高品质新品种或新品系产肉动物提供分子理论依据。     

应激过程中骨骼肌内热休克蛋白(HSPs)的变化及其调控机制

在应激反应时,细胞可快速产生一系列蛋白质,这些蛋白质即被称为热休克蛋白(HSP)。人们认为HSPs是一种分子伴侣,在保持细胞稳态当中起着十分广泛的作用。骨骼肌中所表达的HSPs包括小分子HSP家族(泛素、alpha B-晶体蛋白、HSP20、HSP27),HSP70、HSP60、HSP90等。骨骼肌是一个非常复杂的系统,其中的收缩蛋白是由各种不同的肌肉纤维类型所组成,每一种肌纤维均具有其各自的生化组成和功能特征。HSPs 的表达与肌纤维的类型有关。在肌病或体育锻炼过程中HSPs有明显的变化,然而HSP的诱导及调控的分子机制以及它在维持肌肉功能方面的作用尚未完全明了。本文主要阐述了骨骼肌中HSP的变化及其调控的分子生物学机制。     

Regulation of calcium release is gated by calcium current, not gating charge, in cardiac myocytes

In skeletal muscle, intramembrane charge movement initiates the processes that lead to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In cardiac muscle, in contrast, the similarity of the voltage dependence of developed tension and intracellular calcium transients to that of calcium current suggests that the calcium current may gate the release of calcium. Nevertheless, a mechanism similar to that of skeletal muscle continues to be postulated for cardiac muscle. By using rapid exchange (20 to 50 milliseconds) of the extracellular solutions in rat ventricular myocytes in which the intracellular calcium transients or cell shortening were measured, it has now been shown that the influx of calcium through the calcium channel is a mandatory link in the processes that couple membrane depolarization to the release of calcium. Thus, intramembrane charge movement does not contribute to the release of calcium in heart muscle.     

Deficit of spinal cord glycine/strychnine receptors in inherited myoclonus of Poll Hereford calves

Inherited myoclonus of Poll Hereford calves is characterized by hyperesthesia and myoclonic jerks of the skeletal musculature, which occur spontaneously and in response to sensory stimuli. The disease shows autosomal recessive inheritance, and significant proportions of the Poll Hereford herds in many countries are thought to be carriers of the mutant gene. Studies revealed a specific and marked (90 to 95 percent) deficit in [3H]strychnine binding sites in spinal cord membranes from myoclonic animals compared to controls, reflecting a loss of, or defect in, glycine/strychnine receptors. Spinal cord synaptosomes prepared from affected animals showed a significantly increased ability to accumulate [3H]glycine, indicating an increased capacity of the high-affinity neuronal uptake system for glycine. In contrast, stimulus-induced glycine release and spinal cord glycine concentrations were unaltered.     

A glycine-dependent riboswitch that uses cooperative binding to control gene expression

We identified a previously unknown riboswitch class in bacteria that is selectively triggered by glycine. A representative of these glycine-sensing RNAs from Bacillus subtilis operates as a rare genetic on switch for the gcvT operon, which codes for proteins that form the glycine cleavage system. Most glycine riboswitches integrate two ligand-binding domains that function cooperatively to more closely approximate a two-state genetic switch. This advanced form of riboswitch may have evolved to ensure that excess glycine is efficiently used to provide carbon flux through the citric acid cycle and maintain adequate amounts of the amino acid for protein synthesis. Thus, riboswitches perform key regulatory roles and exhibit complex performance characteristics that previously had been observed only with protein factors.     

叶面施硒对青花菜含硒量及产量与品质的影响

采用不同浓度的Na2SeO3进行青花菜叶面喷施田间试验,研究青花菜对硒的吸收、转化特点,以及硒对青花菜产量、品质等的影响。结果表明,叶面施硒可显著提高青花菜的含硒量;青花菜总硒、有机硒、无机硒含量与施硒浓度呈正相关,同时随施硒量的增加,青花菜中有机硒的转化率不断提高,但至最高浓度(100 mg／kg)时转化率又有所降低。除硒浓度为0．1 mg／kg外,硒浓度对青花菜产量均呈负效应;另外,低浓度硒使青花菜中维生素C含量有所增加,并且一定硒浓度可提高青花菜的部分矿质营养水平。综合各因素,青花菜施硒量以不超过1．0 mg／kg为宜。     

植物硒转运蛋白的研究进展

硒是哺乳动物、细菌等许多生物的必需微量元素,也是植物生长发育的有益元素。植物主要吸收土壤中的硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐,经进一步代谢成为人类所需硒的直接或间接来源。研究表明,植物主要利用硫酸盐转运蛋白吸收硒酸盐,而吸收亚硒酸盐的方式还不太清楚。最近的研究结果发现,水孔蛋白及阴离子通道蛋白等参与亚硒酸盐的吸收,且受到多种因素调控,如呼吸抑制剂、代谢抑制剂、pH值、硝酸盐、磷酸盐及谷胱甘肽等。对近几年植物硒转运蛋白的研究结果进行了总结,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Molecular biology of osmoregulation

The drought of 1983 resulted in some 10 billion dollars in agricultural losses and has focused attention on the vulnerability of our major crops to this devastating form of environmental stress. This article is concerned with the molecular biology of a new class of genes, called osm (osmotic tolerance) genes, that protect bacteria like Escherichia coli against osmotic stress and may work in a similar manner in plants and animals. Osm genes govern the production of a class of molecules, such as betaine and proline, that protect the cell and its constituents against dehydration. These osmoprotectant molecules have been known for many years to accumulate in plants but have only recently been shown to have potent antistress activity for bacteria.     

实验性猪缺硒病的病理形态学观察

用低硒地区所产饲料作为基础日粮，以妊娠母猪和初生仔猪为实验猪，通过肉眼观察和组织学变化得知，硒缺乏病病理变化具有规律性。其中初生仔猪的骨骼肌具有全身肌肉群呈弥散性变性变化，主要特点是肌肉苍白呈鱼肉样。哺乳仔猪的骨骼肌，病变出现的肌群广泛，受害面积大，可为某一肌群的全部或某一肌群的某块肌肉出现灰白色条纹状病变。病变出现的范围不同，可能是不同月份的个体与硒的耐受力有关。     

Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin

Mice and cattle with genetic deficiencies in myostatin exhibit dramatic increases in skeletal muscle mass, suggesting that myostatin normally suppresses muscle growth. Whether this increased muscling results from prenatal or postnatal lack of myostatin activity is unknown. Here we show that myostatin circulates in the blood of adult mice in a latent form that can be activated by acid treatment. Systemic overexpression of myostatin in adult mice was found to induce profound muscle and fat loss analogous to that seen in human cachexia syndromes. These data indicate that myostatin acts systemically in adult animals and may be a useful pharmacologic target in clinical settings such as cachexia, where muscle growth is desired.     

骨骼肌兴奋收缩偶联潜伏期肌浆网内Ca~(2 )变化的研究——细胞化学法及X-射线能量色散谱微区分析

报道了采用红外探测－计算机控制的超低温快速冷冻固定技术、Ｘ－射线能量色散谱微区定量分析及Ｃａ２＋细胞化学技术对骨骼肌收缩潜伏期时肌浆网内的Ｃａ２＋进行了分析,从超微结构形态学的角度对骨骼肌兴奋－收缩偶联发生时,肌浆网内Ｃａ２＋的作用进行了研究,这对揭示骨骼肌兴奋－收缩偶联时,肌浆网内Ｃａ２＋的释放机理研究有重要意义。     

Myostatin基因及其与动物双肌性状间关系的研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）又称生长分化因子8（growth differentiation factor 8,GDF-8）,属于转化生长因子β（transforming growth factor β,TGF-β）超家族成员,由McPherron等在1997年筛选小鼠肌肉cDNA文库时首次发现。目前已研究过的不同哺乳物种间的MSTN基因结构均含３个外显子和２个内含子,且成熟肽氨基酸序列的差异均在3个以内。MSTN在多个组织中表达,包括心肌、脂肪、胎盘、乳腺、子宫、嗅觉神经细胞、肝、脾、肺和肾等,主要在骨骼肌中高水平表达。MSTN的成熟包括由信号肽酶、前蛋白转化酶Furin和金属蛋白酶BMP-1/tolloid家族的酶解和加工,成熟的MSTN为同质二聚体化。MSTN的最显著作用是作为骨骼肌的强有力的负调控因子,可通过自分泌或旁分泌的方式激活TGF-β、p38 MAPK、ERK1/2、和JNK等信号途径及抑制IGF-AKT和Wnt信号途径,协同抑制成肌细胞的增殖和分化。MSTN基因敲除小鼠的肌肉重量显著增加而表现为双肌性状,并可通过增强肌肉再生和降低纤维化的方式提高肌肉愈伤能力;糖的消耗和糖摄入加强,且对胰岛素的敏感性加强;心脏增大且压力应激增强;脂肪重量减轻,脂肪发生受到抑制,且白色脂肪组织的黄化加强而能够促进生热作用;骨密度和骨矿物质含量增强,并可增加骨折骨痂的尺寸和强度而促进骨折的愈合。MSTN还可通过调控胎盘的建立和葡萄糖的摄入、调控子宫平滑肌细胞和内膜上皮细胞的增殖及乳腺的发育,参与雌性哺乳动物的生殖调控。自然发生的MSTN基因功能缺失型纯合突变也能够引起动物表现双肌性状,已知的这些突变包括牛的p.D273RfsX13(也称nt821(del11))、p.C313Y、p.F140X(也称nt419(del7ins10))、p.Q204X、p.E226X和p.E291X突变, 绵羊的c.960delG(也称p.K320NfsX39)和c.120insA（也称p.N40MfsX9）突变,狗的c.939-940delTG突变和人类的c.373+5G＞A突变;此外在绵羊中还存在一个靶向MSTN基因的miRNA功能获得型纯合突变c.2360G＞A(也称g.6223G＞A)也可引起双肌性状。双肌动物在19世纪初就已记载,不仅表现有更多的肌肉,而且有更少的骨骼和脂肪,然而双肌性状也会带来一些缺点,包括产奶率下降、雌性繁殖力下降、难产增加和幼畜死亡率增加,因此运用基因工程技术合理优化MSTN功能的发挥且又降低双肌性状副作用的方法来培育优质肉用家畜品种一直是研究热点。在牛中还存１个保守性错义突变p.F94L,并不会改变MSTN的功能,所以不会发生双肌表型的副作用,但可引起肌肉重量增加,并降低肌内和肌外的脂肪含量,且不会影响肉嫩度,因此目前p.F94L突变已较理想地用于肉牛的分子标记育种。本文综述了哺乳动物MSTN基因的结构、表达、信号转导、生理功能、突变体、双肌表型和在家畜育种中的最新研究进展,旨在为更深入理解哺乳动物MSTN作用机理及为肉用家畜品种的培育提供参考。     

3-acetylpyridine: effects in vitro related to teratogenic activity in chicken embryos

Production of skeletal muscle hypoplasia by 3-acetylpyridine and its complete reversal by nicotinamide in developing chicken embryos have been confirmed. Cultures of developing embryonic chicken muscle show degenerative effects produced by 3-acetylpyridine; these effects are reversed by nicotinamide. Cartilage production in cultured chondrogenic cells is potentiated by 3-acetylpyridine; this potentiation is completely reversed by nicotinamide. It is suggested that nicotinamide-or pyridine-nucleotide-dependent reactions influence normal differentiation of limb mesoderm cells by inhibiting chondrogenic-cell and potentiating muscle-cell expression or proliferation.     

土壤硒的荧光法测定

为了测定土壤中不同形态的硒,研究了土壤中不同形态硒的提取、荧光法测定的方法和条件．结果表明：淹水土壤有效态硒的最佳提取剂是KH2PO4,土壤样品的最佳消化液是HNO3-HClO4,建立了土壤不同形态硒的荧光系统分析方法,应用本法测定淹水土壤不同形态硒。