Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay ＋ silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay ＋ silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12％-41％ and 14％-43％ of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay ＋ silt content explained 47％-65％ and 46％-70％.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay ＋ silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.     

农牧交错带不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

在我国北方农牧交错带,研究了不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响.结果表明,天然草地和过牧草地土壤全氮、总有机碳和全磷含量整体高于耕地和林间草地,退耕地种草后土壤全氮、总有机碳含量增加,全磷含量无显著变化.耕地和过牧草地土壤速效磷含量高于其他土地利用方式.天然草地、过牧草地和耕地土壤pH值显著高于林间草地和人工草地,而土壤电导率均为过牧草地显著高于天然草地,天然草地显著高于林间草地、人工草地和耕地.林间草地和过牧草地土壤容重显著高于天然草地和耕地,而天然草地土壤含水量显著高于其它土地利用方式,林间草地土壤舍水量最低.

Abstract：

The effect of land use conversion on soil qualities was studied in the agro-pastoral transitional zone in North China.The results showed that the contents of total nitrogen,total organic carbon and total Dhosphorus in soil of natural steppes and over-grazed steppes were higher than those of cultivated land and grassland openings.Land use conversion from cultivated land to perennial artificial grassland increased soil total nitrogen and total organic carbon but had no marked influence on total phosphorus.Available phosphorus in soils of cultivated land and over-grazed steppes was higher than that of other land uses.Compared with grassland openings and artificial grassland,nature steppe and over-grazed steppe had higher pH values and soil EC,while the cuhivated land had higher pH value and lower soil EC.Soil bulk density of grassland openings and over-grazed steppes was higher than that of nature steppes and cultivated land,while water content was the highest in natural steppes and the lowest in grassland openings.     

The Heterogeneity and Its Influencing Factors of Soil Nutrients in Peak-Cluster Depression Areas of Karst Region

By selecting a typical peak-cluster depression area of karst region in Southwest China, we evaluated the effect of land use types and topographic factors on soil nutrients. Grid and line sampling methods were used to sample soil in depression and slope lands respectively, and classical statistical tools were applied to analyze the spatial variability character of soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, total potassium （TK）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, pH, and C/N. It was found that land use type was the dominant factor that effected the spatial heterogeneity of SOC, TN, TP, TK, AN, and AP. The content of SOC, TN, and AN decreased with the increase of land use intensity. Due to high fertilizer input, TP and AP in tillage fields were higher than those in the other land use types. TK had no obvious change trend among various land use types. Topographic factors had a significant effect on SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, AK, and pH. Habitat factor was the dominant factor that effected AK. Altitude factor was the dominant factor for pH. However, all of these factors had no significant effect on C/N. Tillage practice had important effect on soil nutrients loss and soil degradation in the fragile karst ecosystem, and the input of organic manure should be increased in this region.     

A Fractal Method of Estimating Soil Structure Changes Under Different Vegetations on Ziwuling Mountains of the Loess Plateau, China

Fractal method is a new method to estimate soil structure. It has been shown to be a useful tool in studies related to physical properties of soil as well as erosion and other hydrological processes. Fractal dimension was used to study the soil structure in soil at different stages of vegetative succession on the Ziwuling Mountains. The land use and vegetation types included cultivated land, abandoned land, grassland, two types of shrub land, and three types of forests. The grassland, shrub land, and forested areas represented a continuum in vegetative succession that had occurred naturally, as the land was abandoned in 1862. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from ten vegetation types from depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm on the Ziwuling Mountains, at a site with an elevation of about 1 500 m. Particle size distribution was determined by the pipette method and aggregate size distribution was determined by wet sieving. The results were used to calculate the particle and aggregate fractal dimension. The results showed that particle and aggregate fractal dimensions varied between vegetation types. There was a positive correlation between the particle fractal dimension and the weight of particles with diameter 〈 0.001 mm, but no relationship between particle fractal dimension and the other particle size classes. Particle fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared to cropland and there was no consistent relationship between fractal dimension and vegetation type. Aggregate fractal dimension was positively correlated with the weight of 〉 0.25 mm aggregates. Aggregate fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared with cropland. In contrast to particle fractal dimension, aggregate fractal dimension described changes in soil structure associated with vegetative succession. The results of this study indicate that aggregate fractal dimension is more effective in describing soil structure and function compared with particle fractal dimension.     

石漠化生态恢复过程中土壤磷含量的比较研究(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to study change law of phosphorus content of soil in karst rocky desertification region(KRD) during eco-restoration process such as Northwest Guangxi Province.[Method] The soil samples were collected from typical KRD in Pingguo County and Yizhou City.The determining quotas of different soil samples such as soil total phosphorus content and available phosphorus content were detected,in addition the soil total phosphorus content,available phosphorus content, urease activity, catalase activity and organic matter content in different soil samples were analyzed comparatively.[Result] Aspect,vegetation type and recovery time generated obviously influences on phosphorus contents in different soil samples.The concrete influence order was listed as follow: phosphorus content in soil of south slope was higher than that in soil of north slope;phosphorus content in soil where Zenia insignis Chun was planted was higher than that in soil of closed forest and that of soil where Dendrocalamus minor Var. amoen was planted,additionally,phosphorus increased with recovery time. Urease activity could be used as a monitoring index of soil fertility because it is related to the change of phosphorus content.[Conclusion] The soil of karst rocky desertification region in Northwest Guangxi Province could be recovered gradually if excessive human disturbance was stopped.If proper natural method of recovery promoted by human was taken,the recovery would reach a better result.     

Soil Monitoring System as a Basic Tool for Protection of Soils and Sustainable Land Use in Slovakia

The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.     

Effects of land use change on the spatiotemporal variability of soil organic carbon in an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China

Understanding the effects of land use changes on the spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon（SOC）can provide guidance for low carbon and sustainable agriculture.In this paper,based on the large-scale datasets of soil surveys in 1982 and 2009 for Pinggu District—an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China,the effects of land use and land use changes on both temporal variation and spatial variation of SOC were analyzed.Results showed that from 1982 to 2009in Pinggu District,the following land use change mainly occurred:Grain cropland converted to orchard or vegetable land,and grassland converted to forestland.The SOC content decreased in region where the land use type changed to grain cropland(e.g.,vegetable land to grain cropland decreased by 0.7 g kg^-1;orchard to grain cropland decreased by 0.2 g kg^-1).In contrast,the SOC content increased in region where the land use type changed to either orchard（excluding forestland）or forestland(e.g.,grain cropland to orchard and forestland increased by 2.7 and 2.4 g kg^-1,respectively;grassland to orchard and forestland increased by 4.8 and 4.9 g kg^-1,respectively).The organic carbon accumulation capacity per unit mass of the soil increased in the following order:grain cropland soikvegetable land/grassland soikorchard soikforestland soil.Therefore,to both secure supply of agricultural products and develop low carbon agriculture in a modern city,orchard has proven to be a good choice for land using.     

Effects of land use change on the spatiotemporal variability of soil organic carbon in an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China

Understanding the effects of land use changes on the spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon(SOC)can provide guidance for low carbon and sustainable agriculture.In this paper,based on the large-scale datasets of soil surveys in 1982 and 2009 for Pinggu District—an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China,the effects of land use and land use changes on both temporal variation and spatial variation of SOC were analyzed.Results showed that from 1982 to 2009in Pinggu District,the following land use change mainly occurred:Grain cropland converted to orchard or vegetable land,and grassland converted to forestland.The SOC content decreased in region where the land use type changed to grain cropland(e.g.,vegetable land to grain cropland decreased by 0.7 g kg~(-1);orchard to grain cropland decreased by 0.2 g kg~(-1)).In contrast,the SOC content increased in region where the land use type changed to either orchard(excluding forestland)or forestland(e.g.,grain cropland to orchard and forestland increased by 2.7 and 2.4 g kg~(-1),respectively;grassland to orchard and forestland increased by 4.8 and 4.9 g kg~(-1),respectively).The organic carbon accumulation capacity per unit mass of the soil increased in the following order:grain cropland soikvegetable land/grassland soikorchard soikforestland soil.Therefore,to both secure supply of agricultural products and develop low carbon agriculture in a modern city,orchard has proven to be a good choice for land using.     

Effects of Land Use on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Sources Analysis

Heavy metal accumulation and its influential factors were studied in the different land use soils, which would provide a theoretical basis for controlling the content of heavy metals in soils. To identify the effects of land use on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, 148 soil samples were collected from four land use patterns including greenhouse field, uncovered vegetable field, maize field, and forest field in Siping area of Jilin Province, China, and Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn contents of those samples were determined with ICP and ICP-Mass. The result showed that there was a rather large difference in effects of the accumulation of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Zn in soils under different land use patterns, except Pb. Based on the assessment which compared with background concentrations in soil, the higher accumulation of heavy metals was found in greenhouse and uncovered vegetable field, much less in maize field and forest field. The mean contents of heavy metals in soils from high to low were arranged in order of greenhouse field, uncovered vegetable field, maize field, and forest field. Cd and Cu had relatively serious accumulation in soils compared to Cr, Ni, As, and Zn. The mean content of Cd in greenhouse field was 0.467 mg kg-x,which exceeded the grade II of the Chinese Soil Quality Criterion GB15618-1995 （6.5 〈pH〈7.5） for Cd standard of 0.3 mg kg^-1, while it was 5.2 times of Cd standard in the forest fields. The mean contents ofCr, Ni, Cu, As, Pb, and Zn in soils under four land use patterns were lower than the grade II of the Chinese Soil Quality Criterion. Compared with the soil cultivated years, the agricultural chemical compounds and manures application, especially the quality and quantity of applied fertilizer was one of the main reasons for leading to different accumulation of heavy metals in soils under the studied land use patterns. The accumulation of heavy metals, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Zn in soils was significantly affected by land use patterns, among them the accumulation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils was higher than others. It is suggested that the application of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and pesticides with high contents of heavy metals should be avoided to prevent the accumulation of heavy metal and keep high quality soils for sustainable use.     

Study on the Method of Soil Productivity Assessment in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The objective of this paper is to investigate a simple and practical method for soil productivity assessment in the black soil region of Northeast China. Firstly, eight kinds of physicochemical properties for each of 120 soil samples collected from 25 black soil profiles were analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis. Subsequently, parameter indices were calculated using physicochemical properties. Finally, a modified productivity index （MPI） model were developed and validated. The results showed that the suitable parameters for soil productivity assessment in black soil region of Northeast China were soil available water, soil pH, clay content, and organic matter content. Compared with original productivity index （PI） model, MPI model added clay content and organic matter content in parameters while omitted bulk density. Simulation results of original PI model and MPI model were compared using crop yield of land block where investigated soil profiles were located. MPI model was proven to perform better with a higher significant correlation with maize yield. The correlation equation between MPI and yield was： Y= 3.2002Ln（MP/）＋ 10.056, R^2 = 0.7564. The results showed that MPI model was an effective and practical method to assess soil productivity in the research area.     

基于GIS的三江源地区土壤侵蚀综合分析

以通用土壤侵蚀模型为基本思路,选择三江源地区作为研究对象,采用GIS方法对该地区不同土壤侵蚀类型的程度进行了半定量评价.评价结果表明,三江源地区水力侵蚀主要集中在东南和南部的玉树、囊谦、班玛、久治等地区的高山和极高山地区,其侵蚀程度和地形、降水、河流和人类活动等因素分布相关;冻融侵蚀主要分布在三江源区的西北大部分地区,全区中等侵蚀程度以上的地区约占全区面积的1/2以上. Abstract： In this paper,based on the common soil erosion model,the Three-River Headwaters region was select for study object.GIS methods are applied to conduct Semi-quantitative assessment for different types of soil erosion,and some results are concluded.The water erosion occurs in High Mountain and extra-high mountain of Yushu,Nangqian,Banma and Jiuzhi County in the southeast and south of the Three-River Headwaters region.The degree of erosion is prone to topography,precipitation,river and human activity.The freeze-thaw erosion mainly distributes in the northwest of the Three-River Headwaters region.The area of middle and above middle erosion degree accounts for roughly 50%.     

铅镉复合污染对水稻生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨铅镉复合污染对水稻生长、产量及品质的伤害及机理.采用盆栽试验,研究了不同程度的铅镉复合污染对水稻生长发育及产量品质的影响.[结果]铅镉低浓度胁迫能够促进水稻生长,高浓度抑制水稻的株高;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻的分蘖数,随着胁迫浓度增加,分蘖数下降幅度增大;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻每盆穗数、结实率、千粒重和产量,低浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著增加,高浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著降低;铅镉低浓度胁迫下糙米绿和精米率显著增加,高浓度胁迫下糙米率和精米率显著降低,整精米率随处理浓度的增加而显著下降;水稻籽粒中铅镉含量与土壤中铅镉浓度成显著正相关,土壤铅镉含量达到中高浓度时,水稻籽粒铅镉含量严重超标,铅镉最高超标达333%和122%.[结论]该研究为污染地区水稻栽培技术体系的建立提供依据. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to study the damage and the mechanism of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on rice growth,yield and quality of rice.[Method]Effects of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on the growth and yield of rice were studied by pot experiment with cultivating rice. [Result] Pb and Cd could promote dce growth at low concentration while inhibit plant height at high concentration;Pb and Cd stress reduced the number of rice tillers significantly,with the increasing of stress concentration,the decrease amplitude of the number of tillers was greater;the panicle per pot,seed setting rate,1000-grain weight and yield of rice were reduced significantly by Pb and Cd stress,the grain number per panicle decreased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd but increased significantly under high concentration;the brown rice rate and milled rice rate increased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd while at high concentration of Pb and Cd,the both two reduced significantly,the head milled rice rate reduced significantly with the decreasing of concentration;The Pb and Cd content of grains were significantly positively related to the concentrations of Pb and Cd content in soil,it had excessively exceeded hygienic standard when the concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil were medium-high and the unqualified rate reached 333% and 122%.[Condusion]The study had provided basis for the establishment of rice cultivation system in pollution areas.     

土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳库去向的影响

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中最重要的碳库。土壤侵蚀是导致陆地碳库衰减的主要动力之一,也是陆地碳汇与海洋碳汇相互作用的重要过程。从不同角度阐述了物理和人为因素对侵蚀区域土壤有机碳迁移蓄积过程的影响,尤其关注了侵蚀过程碳的重新再分配,这一点是准确预测土壤有机碳循环对碳源/汇贡献及准确评估碳收支的关键。针对土壤有机碳循环的特点,提出亟待解决的问题。     

橡胶园土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

对海南省儋州市24个有代表性的橡胶园样地土壤酶活性与土壤肥力进行了研究。结果表明,不同胶园土壤酶活性存在很大不同,过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮和水解氮含量呈正相关关系,有的甚至达到极显著正相关;而多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质,氮、磷、钾的有效性呈负相关。     

不同植被土壤有机碳、微生物及土壤呼吸的变化特征

通过时不同植被土壤有机碳、微生物及土壤呼吸的变化规律分析得出：不同植被间土壤有机碳含量差异显著（p〈0．05）。且种植高丹草更有利于增加土壤的有机碳;不同植被闻土壤细茼数量差异显著（p〈0．05）,土壤细菌数量平均值比较为：玉米〉高丹草〉苜蓿〉裸地;不同植被土壤CO2排放通量的峰值均出现在7月份,峰值大小表现为：高丹草〉苜蓿〉玉米〉裸地,不同植被间土壤CO2排放通量差异显著（p〈0．05）。     

广西北海红树林土壤放线菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]鉴定广西北海红树林土壤放线菌的物种多样性.[方法]从广西北海红树林土壤中分离、筛选10株典型放线菌菌株,提取基因组DNA,进行16S rDNA PCR扩增与测序,并构建进化树.[结果]通过Blast比对,10株放线菌属于2个属,其中8株为链霉菌属(80%),2株为拟诺卡氏菌属(20%).[结论]广西北海红树林土壤蕴减着种类丰富的放线菌. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to identify the species diversity of Actinomycetes from Mangrove forest in Beihai,Guangxi Province.[Method]10 strains of typical Actinomycetes were isolated from Mangrove forest soil,and the Actinomycetes genomic DNA was successful extracted.16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced by Sanger dideoxy sequencing method.[Rcsult]All the sequences were blasted in genbank,eight strains belonged to the genus of Streptomyces (80%),and two strains belonged to the genus of Nocardiopsis (20%).[Coacluslon]There are many different Actinomycetes species in Mangrove forest soil samples in Beihai,Guangxi Province.     

Effects of Agricultural Practices on Soil Organic Nitrogen Fractions in an Inceptisol of a Cocoa Plantation

The effect of agricultural practices on soil organic nitrogen （N） fractions in a cocoa plantation has not been much revealed till now. Despite the fact that soil organic N has been long admitted for its importance to maintain soil fertility. Presented field experiment was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute （ICCRI）, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, to investigate the effect of cocoa farm management, namely fertilization, weeding and soil tillage on the content of soil organic N fractions. The design of experiment was arranged in a split-split plot with two levels of weeding as main plots, two levels of soil tillage as subplot and three different fertilizer treatments as sub-sub plot. The analysis of soil N including total N and soil organic N fractions, namely, total hydrolized N, ammonium N, amino sugar N and amino acid N, were performed. The result showed that the effect of fertilization treatment was significant to the content of total N, ammonium N, amino sugar N and amino acid N. No-tillage treatment resulted in total N and amino sugar-N content increasing by 8% and 24%, respectively, over tillage treatment. Slashing treatment caused increase of the total N by 3% from herbicide treatment, whilst decrease of ammonium N and amino sugar N by 7% and 24%, respectively.     

生物炭及有机肥对苹果园土壤有机碳组分及果树生长的影响

为研究生物炭与有机肥配施对渭北旱地苹果园土壤有机碳各组分及苹果树生长、产量的影响。试验设对照(CK)、单施生物炭(B)、单施有机肥(OF)和生物炭与有机肥配施(B+OF)4个处理。通过3a野外果园定位施肥试验,分层采集0~100cm土层的土样,研究不同处理下土壤有机碳组分的变化。结果表明:单施生物炭或生物炭与有机肥配施均可显著增加0~40cm土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻质有机碳(LFOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量分数。在0~20cm表层土壤中,与CK相比,B、B+OF处理ROC质量分数分别增加35%和58%。B+OF、B及OF处理0~20cm土层中,土壤颗粒POC质量分数分别较CK增加0.44、0.24和0.138g·kg~(-1)。B+OF、B及OF处理耕层土壤TOC质量分数分别较CK提高60.1%、38%和6.5%。土壤pH由7.49(CK)增至7.89(B)和7.79(B+OF)。各处理的株高、茎粗和1a生枝条长度均显著高于CK,B+OF、B及OF处理的株高分别较CK提高26.4%、19.4%和15.7%,主干直径分别比CK增大49.5%、12.9%和5%。施肥处理均有利于苹果树成花,其中生物炭与有机肥配施处理的成花量最高。与CK相比,B+OF、OF和B处理的单株产量分别提高43.3%、33.6%和20.4%。生物炭和有机肥显著提高土壤有机碳各组分的质量分数,有助于苹果植株生长及产量提高,其中黄土高原地区苹果园生物炭与有机肥混施效果更好。     

基于遥感数据的孝义市土壤有机碳空间格局

土壤有机碳是土壤肥力与土壤质量的核心指标之一,定量化了解其空间分布格局对促进精准农业的发展和科学施肥具有重要意义。运用遥感数据研究了山西省孝义市土壤有机碳的空间格局,分析并确定表层土壤有机碳含量与各波段及其变量组间的相关关系。结果表明,土壤有机碳与遥感影像的第一、第三波段以及NDVI指数存在显著的相关性,并建立土壤有机碳含量的光谱预测模型(r2=0.38,p<0.05,n=100)。通过地统计学方法证明了遥感数据在估算土壤有机碳分布方面具有准确性较高、快速与低成本的特点。