甘薯微孔淀粉的制备技术及吸附性能的研究

用淀粉糖化酶、α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶水解甘薯淀粉制备一种具有吸附功能的微孔淀粉载体.研究表明,淀粉糖化酶对生甘薯淀粉作用力最强;淀粉糖化酶水解制备甘薯微孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件是:温度45℃,pH值4,酶用量为1%,时间24 h,水解率为51.52%.微孔淀粉对色素、水溶性维生素、油脂的吸附能力远远高于原淀粉.通过交联反应能明显提高微孔淀粉的结构性能和吸附性能.     

甘薯微孔淀粉的制备技术及吸附性能的研究

用淀粉糖化酶、α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶水解甘薯淀粉制备一种具有吸附功能的微孔淀粉载体。研究表明,淀粉糖化酶对生甘薯淀粉作用力最强;淀粉糖化酶水解制备甘薯微孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件是：温度45℃,pH值4,酶用量为1％,时间24h,水解率为51．52%。微孔淀粉对色素、水溶性维生素、油脂的吸附能力远远高于原淀粉。通过交联反应能明显提高微孔淀粉的结构性能和吸附性能。     

酶法制备微孔淀粉的研究进展

微孔淀粉吸附能力强,兼有无毒、环保、可食等优点,目前已在食品、医药等包装上有较广泛的应用。为进一步扩大微孔淀粉在食品中的应用范围,对微孔淀粉的微孔形成机理、性能以及制备进行深入的了解就显得尤为重要。本文对微孔淀粉原料的选取、预处理,微孔淀粉的制备方法和微孔淀粉的微孔形成机理进行了较详细的综述,并对目前我国微孔淀粉存在的不足进行了简要的总结及微孔淀粉的发展提出了展望。     

荞麦微孔淀粉的酶法制备工艺条件研究

为了掌握荞麦微孔淀粉的制备条件及吸附性能,在对荞麦生淀粉水解适用酶进行筛选的基础上,系统研究了影响荞麦微孔淀粉吸附性能的主要因素,确定了荞麦微孔淀粉的酶法制备工艺条件。结果表明,真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉的酶活力强,与中温α-淀粉酶无明显的协同作用;真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉颗粒的致孔率较高,孔径较为一致;在反应温度为40℃、pH6.2、反应时间14 h、真菌α-淀粉酶用量为20 g/kg条件下制备荞麦微孔淀粉,其吸附性能最佳。通过控制反应温度、pH值、反应时间及酶用量,可以制备吸附性能良好的荞麦微孔淀粉。     

复合酶法制备马铃薯微孔淀粉的工艺研究

[目的]研究糖化酶与α-淀粉酶制备马铃薯微孔淀粉的工艺。[方法]以马铃薯淀粉为原料,淀粉水解率和油脂吸附率为评价指标,考察反应温度、酶配比[糖化酶∶α-淀粉酶(W/W)]、加酶量、底物量浓度[淀粉∶溶液(W/V)]、缓冲液pH和反应时间6个因素对马铃薯淀粉微孔化的影响。[结果]马铃薯微孔淀粉的最佳制备工艺条件为反应温度45℃,酶配比6∶1,加酶量1.0%,底物量浓度0.14g/ml,缓冲液pH 4,反应时间8 h;在该条件下制得的微孔淀粉的油脂吸附率为70.2%,淀粉水解率为34.16%。[结论]该研究为微孔淀粉的开发和利用提供了依据。     

食物中抗性淀粉的研究进展

抗性淀粉是一种新型的膳食纤维资源,具有良好的加工特性和保健功能。概述抗性淀粉的分类情况,分析其理化性质、生理学特性及功能,介绍并对比抗性淀粉的几种制备方法,综述抗性淀粉作为食品添加剂在食品工业中的应用,展望抗性淀粉的研究前景。     

复合酶法制备微孔淀粉工艺条件的优化

[目的]以马铃薯淀粉为原料,研究复合酶法制备微孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以淀粉油脂吸附率作为试验指标,选取酶解温度、酶配比、加酶量、底物量浓度、缓冲液pH和酶解时间为影响因素进行正交试验。[结果]通过正交试验得出最佳工艺参数为:酶解温度50℃,酶配比4∶1,加酶量2.0%,底物量浓度0.14 g/ml,缓冲液pH=4,反应时间9 h,油脂的吸附率高达83.2%。[结论]得出了复合酶法制备马铃薯微孔淀粉的最佳工艺参数,为马铃薯微孔淀粉的工业化生产提供了参考数据。     

活性炭在水处理中的应用研究

一、活性炭特点活性炭是一种经特殊处理的炭,具有无数细小孔隙,发达的微孔构造合巨大的比表面积。它包括许多种具有吸附能力的碳基物质,能够将许多化学物质吸附在其表面上,每克活性炭的表面积为500—1500平方米,而且还具有解毒作用。解毒作用就是利用了其巨大的面积,将毒物吸附在活性炭的微孔中,     

微波前处理酶法制备微孔淀粉研究

［目的］提高微孔淀粉的吸附性能,缩短其生产时间。［方法］以玉米原淀粉为材料,对其施加40 W/g的超声波处理10 min,然后用α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶的pH缓冲液制备微孔淀粉,研究各因素对微孔淀粉吸油率的影响。［结果］其他因素固定不变,当反应温度为30 ℃时,微孔淀粉的吸油率最低,反应温度在50-55 ℃时,微孔淀粉的吸油率较高;缓冲液pH值在5.0-5.5时,微孔淀粉的吸油率较高,缓冲液pH值高于5.5时,微孔淀粉的吸油率急剧下降;当缓冲液pH值为5.0,反应温度为50 ℃,反应时间为12 h,α-淀粉酶用量为75 U/g,葡萄糖苷酶用量为46 U/g时,微孔淀粉的吸油率最高,达132.8%。［结论］微波预处理可提高微孔淀粉的吸油率。     

疏水改性淀粉的制备及其性能研究

【目的】提出一种制备疏水改性淀粉的新方法,为淀粉的进一步开发和综合利用提供理论依据。【方法】以玉米淀粉为原料,用高锰酸钾作氧化剂,制得氧化淀粉;通过离子交换反应,用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)对氧化淀粉进行疏水改性;研究了疏水改性淀粉对苯酚的吸附特性。【结果】氧化淀粉与CTMAB的离子交换反应符合一级反应。疏水改性淀粉的黏度随改性时间的延长呈先缓慢增加后急剧上升最后趋于稳定的变化趋势,说明交换量小时发生了分子内疏水性缔合作用,交换量大时发生了分子间疏水性缔合作用。与玉米淀粉和氧化淀粉相比,疏水改性淀粉的透光率明显下降,说明氧化淀粉疏水改性后分子变大。疏水改性淀粉对苯酚的吸附量随着CTMAB离子交换量的增加而增大,交换反应8 h时吸附量最大,表明分子间缔合增加了改性淀粉的疏水性,并相应地增加了其对有机物的吸附能力。【结论】获得了制备疏水改性淀粉的新方法,用该方法制备的疏水改性淀粉对水体中的有机污染物具有一定的吸附能力。     

Microstructured magnetic materials for RF flux guides in magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy systems use coils, either singly or as arrays, to intercept radio-frequency (RF) magnetic flux from regions of interest, often deep within the body. Here, we show that a new magnetic material offers novel possibilities for guiding RF flux to the receiver coil, permitting a clear image to be obtained where none might otherwise be detectable. The new material contains microstructure designed according to concepts taken from the field of photonic band gap materials. In the RF range, it has a magnetic permeability that can be produced to specification while exhibiting negligible direct-current magnetism. The latter property is vital to avoid perturbing the static and audio-frequency magnetic fields needed to obtain image and spectral data. The concept offers a new paradigm for the manipulation of RF flux in all nuclear magnetic resonance systems.     

Blood velocity measurements in intact subjects

Venous blood velocities in intact human forearms can be measured by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. In essence, two separated coils are placed over the vein, and the arm is held in a magnetic field. Radio-frequency energy in one coil "flips" over the protons in the blood stream, and the second coil detects the arrival of the "flipped" protons. Human blood in vivo and in vitro has a nominal nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time of 0.4 second.     

不同干燥方法对杉木吸湿及尺寸稳定性的影响

为明确不同干燥方法对人工林杉木吸湿及尺寸稳定性的影响，以40 mm杉木锯材为研究对象，通过高温干燥、常规干燥和气干3种方法进行干燥处理，采用双室温、湿度控制法和GAB等温吸附模型拟合系统研究了干燥方法对平衡含水率、尺寸稳定性、等温吸附线型等的影响规律，并采用低温核磁共振分析测定不同干燥方法试样的细胞壁最大吸着水含量。结果表明：相较于气干及常规干燥，高温干燥可较为显著的降低试样吸湿平衡含水率及弦向线性湿胀率；不同干燥方法试样的等温吸附曲线均可由GAB模型拟合，拟合度均高于0.91，且呈现第二类等温吸附曲线特征；高温干燥试样细胞壁吸着水最大含量明显低于气干和常规干燥材，与高温干燥对平衡含水率影响规律相似。     

Cadmium-113 magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Cadmium-113 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used in studies of the structure and dynamics of inorganic and bioinorganic molecules. Chemical dynamics play an important role in the analysis of relaxation and chemical shift data. Na?ve interpretations of relaxation data can be checked by performing these experiments at a variety of temperatures and magnetic field strengths. A combination of solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements can provide the user with unambiguous data on chemical shielding. These data can be used to characterize zinc and calcium ion binding sites in metalloproteins.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance technology for medical studies

Nuclear magnetic resonance proton imaging provides anatomical definition of normal and abnormal tissues with a contrast and detection sensitivity superior to those of x-ray computed tomography in the human head and pelvis and parts of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Recent improvements in technology should lead to advances in diagnostic imaging of the breast and regions of the abdomen. Selected-region nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of protons, carbon-13, and phosphorus-31 has developed into a basic science tool for in vivo studies on man and a unique tool for clinical diagnoses of metabolic disorders. At present, nuclear magnetic resonance is considered safe if access to the magnet environment is controlled. Technological advances employing field strengths over 2 teslas will require biophysical studies of heating and static field effects.     

Observation of 239Pu nuclear magnetic resonance

In principle, the spin-? plutonium-239 ((239)Pu) nucleus should be active in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, its signal has eluded detection for the past 50 years. Here, we report observation of a (239)Pu resonance from a solid sample of plutonium dioxide (PuO(2)) subjected to a wide scan of external magnetic field values (3 to 8 tesla) at a temperature of 4 kelvin. By mapping the external field dependence of the measured resonance frequency, we determined the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio (239)γ(n)(PuO(2))/2π to be 2.856 ± 0.001 megahertz per tesla (MHz/T). Assuming a free-ion value for the Pu(4+) hyperfine coupling constant, we estimated a bare (239)γ(n)/2π value of ~2.29 MHz/T, corresponding to a nuclear magnetic moment of μ(n) ≈ 0.15μ(N) (where μ(N) is the nuclear magneton).     

磁性海藻酸钠复合凝胶球的制备及对铅离子的吸附性能

  目的  磁性凝胶微球是新型吸附剂，其高效去除污染物的功能和重复利用性能受到热切关注，因此制备1种新型的磁性凝胶球极有必要。  方法  将离子共沉淀法制备的磁性粒子(MNP)用作载体进行硅烷化反应以合成具有氨基末端的磁性纳米颗粒(AM)。静电作用将海藻酸钠(SA)包覆在磁性颗粒表面，制备了1种富含氨基、羟基和羧基多官能团的新型磁性复合凝胶球(SA@AM)。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、元素分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描/透射电子显微镜(SEM/TEM)、振动样品磁力计(VSM)表征产物，并开展产物对重金属离子吸附性能研究。  结果  成功制备的目标功能复合凝胶球(SA@AM)呈顺磁性磁铁矿晶型，SA@AM凝胶球的尺寸为1.5~2.0 mm；MNP、AM、SA@AM的磁化值分别为13.8、13.4和6.85 A·m2·kg?1。吸附实验显示:SA@AM对重金属铅离子(Pb2+)表现出高效吸附能力，对Pb2+的最大吸附量为105.82 mg·g?1，吸附机理更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。重复吸附-解吸实验表明:SA@AM对Pb2+的去除率≥76%。  结论  新型海藻酸钠磁性复合凝胶球对重金属Pb2+有着优异的吸附能力，同时磁性凝胶球有着良好的再生性能。图10表1参25     

Optical atomic coherence at the 1-second time scale

Highest-resolution laser spectroscopy has generally been limited to single trapped ion systems because of the rapid decoherence that plagues neutral atom ensembles. Precision spectroscopy of ultracold neutral atoms confined in a trapping potential now shows superior optical coherence without any deleterious effects from motional degrees of freedom, revealing optical resonance linewidths at the hertz level with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The resonance quality factor of 2.4 x 10(14) is the highest ever recovered in any form of coherent spectroscopy. The spectral resolution permits direct observation of the breaking of nuclear spin degeneracy for the 1S0 and 3P0 optical clock states of 87Sr under a small magnetic bias field. This optical approach for excitation of nuclear spin states allows an accurate measurement of the differential Landé g factor between 1S0 and 3P0. The optical atomic coherence demonstrated for collective excitation of a large number of atoms will have a strong impact on quantum measurement and precision frequency metrology.     

Force detection of nuclear magnetic resonance

Micromechanical sensing of magnetic force was used to detect nuclear magnetic resonance with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution. With a 900 angstrom thick silicon nitride cantilever capable of detecting subfemtonewton forces, a single shot sensitivity of 1.6 x 10(13) protons was achieved for an ammonium nitrate sample mounted on the cantilever. A nearby millimeter-size iron particle produced a 600 tesla per meter magnetic field gradient, resulting in a spatial resolution of 2.6 micrometers in one dimension. These results suggest that magnetic force sensing is a viable approach for enhancing the sensitivity and spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging.     

High-resolution NMR spectroscopy with a portable single-sided sensor

We report construction of a portable nuclear magnetic resonance sensor with a single-sided open probe design. The resulting magnetic field inhomogeneity is compensated by a pulse sequence that takes advantage of parallel inhomogeneity in the applied radio frequency field. We can thereby acquire fluorine-19 spectra of liquid fluorocarbons with 8 parts per million resolution, surmounting the long-standing obstacle of obtaining chemical shift information with open probe instruments.