甜玉米生育特性与栽培技术分析

正一、玉米的生育特性(一)甜玉米种子的特点甜玉米的种子秕瘪皱缩,重量比普通玉米轻。普通甜玉米种子的千粒重相当于普通玉米的50%～70%,超甜玉米种子的千粒重则相当于普通玉米的40%～50%,加强甜玉米种子的千粒重略低于普通甜玉米,但显著高于超甜玉米。遗传研究表明,即使同一胚乳突变基因,不同品种的种子重量也有很大差异,而粒重较高的品     

甜玉米种苗转化中的生理特性研究

以甜玉米为试材,以普通玉米为对照,对比分析甜玉米种苗转化过程中的生理特性.结果表明,在种苗转化过程中,两类型玉米胚乳淀粉含量和盾片脂肪含量(除0～2天外)呈下降趋势;甜玉米胚乳淀粉含量显著低于普通玉米.淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性均呈单峰曲线变化,脂肪水解酶活性逐渐降低;种苗转化前期,甜玉米淀粉酶、蛋白酶及脂肪水解酶活性均低于普通玉米,后期差异不大.因此,贮存物质和种苗转化前期的酶活性是限制甜玉米种苗转化的两个重要因素.     

甜玉米杂交种生产技术

甜玉米根据控制基因的不同,可分为普通甜玉米、超甜玉米和加强甜玉米。甜玉米杂交种的生产与普通玉米比较,普遍存在制种产量低、种子纯度差异大的状况,致使种子生产成本高、风险大,种子价格整体偏高。如何提高制种产量,降低制种成本,是种子生产者必须解决的问题。     

水稻糊粉层液泡化进程对种子萌发过程细胞程序性死亡的影响

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Ⅱ优128种子为材料,利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术及荧光标记等手段,解析萌发水稻种子糊粉层细胞程序性死亡(Programmed Cell Death,PCD)中液泡的形态变化,揭示液泡化对PCD进程的影响.结果表明:糊粉层细胞PCD过程液泡的形态结构会发生一系列变化,由最初较小的蛋白贮藏液泡,逐渐相互融合成为大的液泡,之后液泡破裂消失;液泡化现象是糊粉层PCD的显著特征,且其进程会直接影响到糊粉层PCD的进程;抑制液泡融合阻缓了糊粉层PCD进程,从而影响水稻种子的萌发.     

甜玉米高产栽培法

<正>甜玉米高产栽培包括品种选择与种子处理、选地整地、适时播种、田间管理、肥水管理、病虫害防治、适时采收等现将栽培方法介绍如下。1品种选择甜玉米分为普通甜玉米、超甜玉米和加强型甜玉米三大类型,依据生产目的选择对路品种类型。以幼嫩果穗作水果蔬菜上市为主的,选用超甜玉米品种;以做罐头制品为主的,选用普通甜玉米品种。2种子处理甜玉米糖分含量高,种子在土壤中易遭地下害虫取食危害,造成缺苗。最好采取催芽播种。精选饱满健壮的种子,     

北方甜玉米种植技术

<正>甜玉米分为普通甜玉米、超甜玉米和加强型甜玉米三大类型,依据生产目的选择对路品种类型。以幼嫩果穗作水果蔬菜上市为主的,选用超甜玉米品种;以做罐头制品为主的,选用普通甜玉米品种。此外,还应注意早、中、晚熟品种搭配种植,陆续上市,从而提高经济效益。1.种子处理甜玉米糖分含量高,种子在土壤中易遭地下害虫取食危害,造成缺苗。最好采取催芽播种。精选饱满健壮的种子,先用清水浸泡24h,再用50%多菌灵或75%甲基托布津500     

甜玉米优质高产栽培和加工利用

甜玉米与普通玉米相比，其种子秕瘦皱缩，普甜玉米千粒重相当于普通玉米的60％～70％，超甜玉米相当于普通玉米的40％-50％，加甜与普甜玉米相近。因为贮藏养分少，导致发芽率和发芽势弱，苗期长势弱。     

水果型甜玉米种植技术研究

甜玉米和普通玉米间的种子有着不同之处。甜玉米种子的顶土力之所以不是很好,是因为在种子胚乳中的淀粉含量较少,不能使种子在发芽期间及三叶期在营养上的需求得到满足,使玉米苗比较弱小,在播种时想要一次全苗是很难做到的,无法达到玉米苗均匀和壮实。所以,这就要求在水果型甜玉米的种植上保证其质量。     

优质甜玉米栽培技术

<正>1甜玉米的类型1.1普通甜玉米。普通甜玉米籽粒含糖量达到10%左右,比普通玉米高1倍。普通甜玉米籽粒中能积累大量的水溶性多糖,其分子量比较小,可溶于水并具有糯性,也易于被人体吸收,     

甜玉米栽培技术

1品种选择与种子处理 甜玉米分为普通甜玉米、超甜玉米和加强型甜玉米三大类型。以幼嫩果穗作水果蔬菜上市为主的．选用超甜玉米品种：以做罐头制品为主的,选用普通甜玉米品种。此外应注意早、中、晚熟品种搭配种植,陆续上市．从而提高经济效益。目前北方地区种植较多的甜玉米品种主要有沈农甜单一号、甜单8号、甜玉2号、中甜2号、科甜110等。甜玉米糖分含量高．种子在土壤中易遭地下害虫取食危害。造成缺苗。     

不同含水量甜玉米种子抗老化作用及其机理

采用人工老化法研究了不同含水量甜玉米种子在老化过程中的活力变化及生理特性,检测了含水量为39.5～104.0g/kg老化甜玉米种子的发芽率、种子脱氢酶和淀粉酶活性以及丙二醛含量等指标。结果表明,不同含水量的甜玉米种子抗老化劣变的能力不同。甜玉米种子含水量降至39.5g/kg,能显著提高抗老化劣变的能力。另外,不同含水量的甜玉米种子POD同工酶谱不同。     

卫福200FF种衣剂防治甜玉米苗期病害的效果

为了明确卫福200FF种衣剂对甜玉米苗期病害的防治效果和安全性。田间试验设卫福200FF种衣剂 200、250、300ml∕100kg种子,对照药剂50%福美双WP 500g/100kg种子及空白对照5个处理。结果用该制剂200ml～300ml/100kg拌种,防治效果达76.94%～82.12%,增产11.91%～14.93%,且未见玉米苗出现药害现象。试验表明卫福200FF种衣剂对甜玉米苗期病害有较好的防病增产作用和安全性,可作为防治甜玉米苗期病害的药剂在生产上推广应用。     

甜玉米种子携带真菌与种子活力关系分析

【目的】明确甜玉米种子携带真菌种类，探讨真菌与种子活力的相关性。【方法】采用洗涤检测法和PDA平板法对市售7个甜玉米品种和2个普通玉米品种进行种子携带真菌检测，同时以滤纸卷法对种子活力进行测定。【结果】供试种子外部带菌量差异显著，主要菌群为镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）、青霉属 ( Penicillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)和枝孢属(Cladosporium sp.)；种子内部带菌率在品种间差异显著，以甜玉米442最高，达到99.3%，普通玉米农大108最低，仅为4.4%；甜玉米种子内部寄藏优势菌群为镰刀菌属、青霉属、曲霉属、链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)、平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris spp.)和黑孢属(Nigrospora sp.)，其中甜玉米种子内部寄藏平脐蠕孢属真菌为首次报道。除甜单22外，其余6个品种的甜玉米种子内部总体带菌率和带镰刀菌率均显著高于普通玉米品种。甜玉米种子多项活力指标显著低于普通玉米种子。【结论】种子内部带镰刀菌率与种子活力相关性分析表明，种子内部寄藏镰刀菌是影响甜玉米种子活力的重要因素之一。     

Seed Health Status of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) from Five Areas in China and Effect on Field Seedling Emergence

The health status of 18 sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) hybrids classified to two types, collected from five areas in China, was examined by PDA method, and factors influencing seed health and relationships between seed health and field seedling emergence were studied. Seventeen fungal genera were isolated and Fusarium was the most frequently isolated. There were significant differences both in incidence of Fusarium and in percentage of infected seeds among 18hybrids. Research also showed that significant and consistent differences both in seed-borne fungal taxa and in percentage of infected seeds existed between two types of sweet corn. Sugar enhanced corn is more slightly infected than super sweet corn both in fungal taxa (13 and 16, respectively) and in percentage of infected seeds (62.0 and 79.2%, respectively).There were also significant differences both in seed-borne fungal taxa and in percentage of infected seeds among five areas. Seeds from South China were most severely infected, for there were 14 fungal genera detected and the percentage of infected seeds was highly 99.1% while those from Northwest China were slightly infected, for there were 10 fungal genera detected and the percentage of infected seeds was only 14.3%. Further research showed that there were significant negative correlations both between incidence of Fusarium and percentage of field seedling emergence and between percentage of infected seeds and percentage of field seedling emergence. Percentage of field seedling emergence could be estimated by regression equations built by regression analysis.     

Discrimination of individual seed viability by using the oxygen consumption technique and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry

Identifying and selecting high-quality seeds is crucial for improving crop yield.  The purpose of this study was to improve the selection of crop seeds based on separating vital seeds from dead seeds, by predicting the potential germination ability of each seed, and thus improving seed quality.  The methods of oxygen consumption (Q) of seeds and the headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were evaluated for identifying the viability of individual seeds.  Firstly, the oxygen consumption technique showed clear differences among the values related to respiratory characteristics for seeds that were either vital or not, and the discrimination ability of final oxygen consumption (Q₁₂₀) was achieved not only in sweet corn seeds but also in pepper and wheat seeds.  Besides, Q_t was established as a new variable to shorten the measuring process in the Q2 (oxygen sensor) procedure, which was significantly related to the viability of individual seeds.  To minimize seed damage during measurement, the timing for viability evaluation was pinpointed at the 12, 6 and 9 h for pepper, sweet corn, and wheat seeds based on the new variables concerning oxygen consumption (i.e., Q₁₂, Q₆ and Q₉, respectively).  The accuracies of viability prediction were 91.9, 97.7 and 96.2%, respectively.  Dead seeds were identified and hence discarded, leading to an enhancement in the quality of the seed lot as indicated by an increase in germination percentage, from 86.6, 90.9, and 53.8% to all at 100%.  We then used the HS-GC-IMS to determine the viability of individual sweet corn seeds, noting that corn seed has a heavier weight so the volatile gas components are more likely to be detected.  A total of 48 chromatographic peaks were identified, among which 38 target compounds were characterized, including alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters.  However, there were no significant differences between the vital and dead seeds, due to the trace amount volatile composition differences among the individual seeds.  Furthermore, a PCA based on the signal intensities of the target volatile compounds obtained was found to lose its effectiveness, as it was unable to distinguish those two types of sweet corn seeds.  These strategies can provide a reference for the rapid detection of single seed viability.     

普通玉米种植甜玉米抵御白星花金龟为害的初步尝试

2007—2009年,采用在普通玉米田(先玉335)中混种少量甜玉米(吉甜6号)作为诱虫植物并于灌浆期对其不处理或定期(07-25,08-09,08-23)于穗上喷施辛硫磷乳剂(40％,15 mL)等措施,抵御白星花金龟为害。试验结果表明：未用化学药剂处理的混种田内,普通玉米平均穗损失值(0.39)低于对照田普通玉米(1.03),甜玉米平均穗损失值(1.63)高于对照田甜玉米(1.50)。以14 d为间隔期,喷施辛硫磷于甜玉米穗上,混作田内的普通玉米平均穗损失值进一步降低。据此得出初步结论:用甜玉米作为诱虫植物,抵御白星花金龟对普通玉米的为害切实可行。     

甜玉米种子活力差异近等基因系植株生育后期源库关系初探

为探明甜玉米种子活力差异近等基因系植株生育后期源库关系,进一步阐明甜玉米种子活力形成的生理基础,以2组种子活力差异的近等基因系材料hv1与lv1、hv2与lv2为试材,研究其生育后期叶"源"和籽粒"库"的生理生化特性。结果表明:种子活力高的近等基因系材料(hv1和hv2)籽粒的可溶性糖含量较低,而可溶性蛋白含量较高;吐丝后,种子活力高的近等基因系材料(hv1和hv2)叶片的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量均较高。研究还表明:籽粒可溶性糖含量与叶片可溶性糖含量、光合生理特性(除叶绿素b含量外)呈一定的负相关关系,而籽粒可溶性蛋白含量与吐丝后30 d叶片可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a含量和总叶绿素含量均显著正相关。因此,适度较强的叶片光合生理,保证光合产物的高效积累,降低籽粒可溶性糖含量,提高籽粒可溶性蛋白含量,是提高甜玉米种子活力的生理基础。     

超甜1号玉米适宜采收期的确定及采后保鲜技术研究

通过测定甜玉米鲜果穗水分及糖分含量,探讨甜玉米适采期及采后保鲜技术。结果表明:甜玉米的适采期为授粉后18～21d,包装方式和贮藏温度对鲜棒采后品质影响很大,最好采用真空包装后低温贮藏,以延长保鲜时间。     

不同土壤质地及播种深度对甜玉米出苗潜势的影响

研究了加强甜、超甜玉米品种在砂土、壤土、粘土3种不同质地土壤以及1~3 cm,3~5 cm和5cm以上3种不同播种深度的条件下,不同品种发芽率的变化。结果表明:相同条件下,砂土中甜玉米的发芽率最高,郑甜X61、郑甜2号、郑甜3号的发芽率分别为93.7%,83.3%和86.3%,明显高于壤土和粘土中的发芽率;3种不同播种深度中,3~5cm的发芽率及幼苗整齐度均优于1~3 cm和5 cm以上播种深度。