铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾幼虾的急性致毒及相互关系

在恒温(25±1℃)和充气条件下,研究了铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的急性致毒效用,得到了铜、镉、敌敌畏、甲胺磷对幼虾的24hLC50、48hLC50、72hLC50、96hLC50,四种毒物的安全浓度分别为0.008、0.001、7.6×10-4、7.8×10-4mg/L,四种毒物的毒性大小顺序为甲胺磷＞敌敌畏＞Cd2+＞Cu2+.铜与敌敌畏、甲胺磷对南美白对虾幼虾的联合毒性作用为相加作用,镉与敌敌畏、甲胺磷的联合毒性作用为拮抗作用.     

南美白对虾对东北碱性水域的适应性研究

以虾塘水添加天然碱泡水为实验用水,通过室内急性毒性实验法,研究水环境碱度和pH对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的毒性效应;并对幼虾进行天然碱性水域生存能力实验,以期探讨东北地区碱性水域养殖南美白对虾的可能性。结果表明,水环境pH为7.33~7.41、盐度3.62‰~3.56‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24hEC50值为2.78mmol/L。水环境pH为7.41~7.62、盐度3.56‰~3.45‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24h、48h及96hLC50值分别为12.94、11.89及11.65mmol/L,SC值为3.10mmol/L。水环境盐度在3.87‰~6.07‰条件下,碱度为5.37~19.71mmol/L时,pH对幼虾毒性效应的24h、48hLpH50值分别为9.26~8.54和9.14~8.47;碱度在5.37~14.66mmol/L时,pH对幼虾的24h、48h、72h及96hLpH50值分别为9.26~8.98、9.14~8.86、9.10~8.80和9.00~8.80。水环境碱度分别为5.37、10.72、14.66及19.71mmol/L时,幼虾的SpH值分别为8.42、8.23、8.14和7.85。当水环境碱度在25.33~36.42mmol/L时,碱度和pH已先于盐度限制幼虾生存。幼虾在碱度为38.78mmol/L、盐度3.29‰、pH9.41的天然碱性水域可生存5~9h。幼虾对碱度和pH的适应能力不如鲢、鳙、草鱼等淡水鱼类,尚无法适应东北地区高碱度、高pH的碱性水域。     

保幼激素拮抗物kk-42对南美白对虾的促生长作用

利用浓度为1.95×10-4mol/L的KK-42处理体长0.6～0.8cm南美白对虾幼40秒,按正常方法饲养,定期采样,测量虾的体重。结果显示:KK-42对其体重的增长具有明显的促进作用,处理后第90天处理组平均体重显著高于对照组42.5%。     

内陆碳酸盐型盐碱水域移殖对虾的可能性试验

通过碱度对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的急性毒性试验和对虾在天然盐碱泡水域的生存能力观察,探讨内陆碳酸盐型盐碱水域移殖对虾的可能性。结果表明：碱度对淡化南美白对虾幼虾毒性作用的半有效浓度（EC50）为2．78mmol／L,24,48,96h的半致死浓度（屿）分别为12．94,11．89,11．65mmol／L,安全浓度（SC）为3．10mmol／L。淡化南美白对虾幼虾和中国对虾成虾在天然盐碱泡水域可分别存活5．5h和3h。盐度不是内陆碳酸盐型盐碱水域移殖对虾的限制因素,高碱度、高pH、主要离子组成及其比例不适和水质类型差别则是不可逾越的障碍。     

甲胺磷,杀草丹乳油,敌草胺,复方胶悬剂对罗氏沼虾的毒性作用

本试验探讨了甲胺磷、杀草丹乳油、敌草胺，复方胶悬剂四种常用农药对罗氏沼虾幼虾的急性毒性作用以及甲胺磷对幼虾的亚急性毒性作用，给出了四种农药对罗氏沼虾幼虾２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ、９６ｈ的半致死浓度和安全浓度认为四种农药对幼虾的毒性由强至弱依次为：甲胺磷〉杀草丹乳油〉敌草胺〉复方胶县剂。幼虾在各浓度甲胺磷试液中经过１５天的亚急性中毒试验，体长，体重的增长以及蜕皮次数均小于对照组，且随甲胺磷浓度的增加而     

甲胺磷,杀草丹乳油,敌草胺,复方胶悬剂对罗氏沼虾的毒性作用

本试验探讨了甲胺磷、杀草丹乳油、敌草胺，复方胶悬剂四种常用农药对罗氏沼虾幼虾的急性毒性作用以及甲胺磷对幼虾的亚急性毒性作用，给出了四种农药对罗氏沼虾幼虾２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ、９６ｈ的半致死浓度和安全浓度认为四种农药对幼虾的毒性由强至弱依次为：甲胺磷〉杀草丹乳油〉敌草胺〉复方胶县剂。幼虾在各浓度甲胺磷试液中经过１５天的亚急性中毒试验，体长，体重的增长以及蜕皮次数均小于对照组，且随甲胺磷浓度的增加而     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了铜、锌、镉三种金属对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用和积累作用.得到了Cu2+、Cd2+对罗氏沼虾幼虾(L=0.88±0.12cm,W=8.7mg)的24h、48h、72h、96h LC50及安全浓度,两者对罗氏沼虾的毒性Cd2+＞Cu2+.当0.01mg/L≤Cu2+≤0.10mg/L、0.002mg/L≤Cd2+≤0.008mg/L、0.05mg/L Zn2+≤0.85mg/L时,幼虾处在各重金属的各浓度试液中经过20d(Cu2+、Cd2+)和14d(Zn2+)的饲养,均遭受了程度不等的毒性作用,幼虾体长、体重增长率与成活率均不同程度的降低,试验虾体内的Cu2+绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加,Zn2+≤0.45mg/L时,幼虾对其绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加.受试幼虾对三种重金属积累倍数随着浓度的上升而下降.     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了铜、锌、镉三种金属对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用和积累作用.得到了Cu2+、Cd2+对罗氏沼虾幼虾(L=0.88±0.12cm,W=8.7mg)的24h、48h、72h、96h LC50及安全浓度,两者对罗氏沼虾的毒性Cd2+＞Cu2+.当0.01mg/L≤Cu2+≤0.10mg/L、0.002mg/L≤Cd2+≤0.008mg/L、0.05mg/L Zn2+≤0.85mg/L时,幼虾处在各重金属的各浓度试液中经过20d(Cu2+、Cd2+)和14d(Zn2+)的饲养,均遭受了程度不等的毒性作用,幼虾体长、体重增长率与成活率均不同程度的降低,试验虾体内的Cu2+绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加,Zn2+≤0.45mg/L时,幼虾对其绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加.受试幼虾对三种重金属积累倍数随着浓度的上升而下降.     

保幼激素拮抗物KK-42对南美白对虾Y-器官发育的影响

采用1.95×10-4mol.L-1的KK-42溶液浸润处理南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)幼虾(体长为4.2~5.0cm),从组织细胞学水平对分泌蜕皮激素的Y-器官结构进行初步研究,观察KK-42处理后幼虾Y-器官的形态结构变化。结果表明,伴随动物的生长,Y-器官腺细胞条索变粗,腺细胞核增大。KK-42处理后腺细胞核的结构、大小未见显著变化,腺细胞索的宽度明显高于同一时期对照组。     

氨和亚硝酸盐对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的毒性影响

凡纳滨对虾(Penaeusvannamei),俗称南美白对虾,因其生长迅速、抗病力强、肉味鲜美和出肉率高而成为目前国内外广泛养殖的优良品种之一,在我国沿海地区养殖范围较广。本文研究了养殖水体中氨、亚硝酸盐对南美白对虾幼虾的毒性作用,同时探讨了较高浓度硝酸盐对南美白对虾生长     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.