淀粉加工专用型马铃薯农艺性状与生理生化特性研究

通过对10个马铃薯品种进行农艺性状及生理生化特性方面比较试验,以期筛选出适宜宁南山区大面积推广种植的淀粉加工专用型马铃薯新品种,从而助推当地马铃薯产业提质增效。结果表明：陇薯6号、陇薯8号、陇薯11号、庄薯3号4个品种,可以作为淀粉加工专用型品种在宁南山区大面积推广种植;陇薯3号,可以作为淀粉加工型补充品种进行推广种植。     

干旱半干旱地区适宜马铃薯主粮化战略新品种筛选试验

随着国家马铃薯主粮化战略的实施,筛选各生态区域适宜马铃薯主粮化战略的新品种意义重大。因此,2015年在干旱半干旱地区甘肃定西以陇薯3号为对照,引进了18个马铃薯新品种(系)进行适宜马铃薯主粮化品种的筛选试验,通过对各个品种(系)的生物学性状和品质指标的综合比较分析,筛选出了适宜主粮化的7个新品种陇薯14号、陇薯11号、陇薯10号、陇薯9号、陇薯7号、青薯9号、中薯19号和2个品系L0527-2、LY08104-12,宜在西北干旱半干旱地区作为主粮化品种推广种植。     

河西地区高淀粉加工型马铃薯品种比较试验

为筛选出适宜于河西地区种植的高淀粉加工型马铃薯品种,满足马铃薯加工企业及种植户需求,笔者对引进的11个马铃薯品种开展田间比较试验,生长期调查各参试品种物候期、农艺性状、产量及品质。结果表明：‘陇薯9’号和‘青薯10号’2个品种的综合性状表现较好,‘陇薯9号’平均单株结薯数5.7个,单株产量1308.5 g,商品薯率93.9%;‘青薯10号’平均单株结薯数5.4个,单株产量1278.7 g,商品薯率92.5%。在园艺村和花寨村2个试验区,陇薯9号产量分别达到66919.2 kg/hm²和 70555.6 kg/hm²,淀粉含量分别为18.89%和19.17%;‘青薯10号’分别达到62626.3 kg/hm²和62676.8 kg/hm²,淀粉含量分别为19.12%和18.80%。试验初步筛选出‘陇薯9号’和‘青薯10号’可作为河西沿山冷凉灌区淀粉加工型马铃薯品种推广种植。     

沿祁连山干旱半干旱地区马铃薯品种比较试验

通过对干旱半干旱地区几个马铃薯品种的生育期、农艺性状的观测和叶绿素含量及产量分析,陇薯3号原种、陇薯6号原种丰产性好,结薯集中,商品薯率高,生育期适中,抗逆抗病性强,经济效益显著,适宜于干旱半干旱地区种植和推广。     

五个马铃薯品种在湖南冬闲田种植的适应性

通过对5个马铃薯品种的品质、产量、抗病性、经济产出等特性的比较试验,筛选适合湖南冬闲田栽培推广的马铃薯新品种。结果表明:在相同的栽培条件下,陇薯7号和LK99相对于费乌瑞它(Favorita)分别增产41.28%和29.80%。综合看来,陇薯7号和LK99产量、抗病性和综合性状较好,适合在湖南冬闲田推广。紫色马铃薯黑金刚产量偏低,但该品种富含花青素,营养价值高,干物质含量高。费乌瑞它作为湖南冬闲田传统品种,生育期短,上市早,产量高,干物质含量高,但是抗病性差,建议今后适度发展。     

渭源县北部山区马铃薯适宜品种及主要栽培技术模式

通过2年的马铃薯新品种引进与栽培模式试验及生产实践,渭源县北部山区除了大面积种植的陇薯10号、陇薯7号外,晚熟品种青薯9号、定薯3号、陇薯14号、定薯4号、陇薯9号、青薯10号、陇薯15号、L1036-34(拟登记陇薯22号)适宜该区域种植;熟性偏早的冀张薯12号、L12141-6(拟登记陇薯20号)可作为错峰收获品种应用。栽培模式采用机械覆膜垄作放苗、机械覆膜人工点播、机械播种膜上覆土、机械露地起垄播种等种植技术。     

不同马铃薯品种产量和营养品质的稳定性分析

为了筛选出适宜山西北部地区种植的优良马铃薯品种，从国内收集了14个品种进行一点三年的品种比较试验。分析其生育期、植株性状、块茎商品性以及产量稳定性，并利用隶属函数法评价块茎营养品质。结果表明，中薯19号’和‘冀张薯12号’植株长势强，产量高，商品薯率高，稳定性好，适合作鲜食品种，‘同薯23号’‘、同薯20号’和‘中薯19号’淀粉含量在18%以上，营养品质平均隶属函数值高，适合用作淀粉加工。本试验结果为山西北部马铃薯品种选择提供参考依据，也为当地马铃薯种质资源的利用和育种工作奠定了基础。     

海南冬种马铃薯品种比较试验

为筛选适合海南冬季种植的马铃薯新品种,促进海南马铃薯产业的发展。试验对引进的5个马铃薯品种进行田间比较试验,调查各参试品种的物候期、农艺性状、产量及抗病性等。试验结果表明：‘紫洋’和‘红云’2个品种的综合性状表现较好,其产量分别为17778.15 kg/hm2和20086.95 kg/hm2,分别较对照减产1.98%和增产10.75%。其余品种表现一般,还需继续试验观察。‘紫洋’和‘红云’2个紫色马铃薯品种在品质、产量、抗病性和生育期等方面均表现较好,适合海南冬季种植,可进行示范推广。     

马铃薯新品种(系)比较试验初报

为筛选出适宜万州区种植的优质高产抗逆性强的马铃薯品种,从四川、重庆、湖北恩施州等地的农科院引进10个马铃薯新品种(系)进行试验,对品种物候期、生物性状、晚疫病抗性、块茎结薯习性及产量等进行调查分析。结果表明,鄂薯14号、鄂薯16号的丰产性较好且抗病性强尤其是晚疫病抗性强,可进行大面积示范;丽薯6号、合23M-2的产量较高,但中度感晚疫病,推广应用时要注重晚疫病防控;渝薯3号和渝薯6号产量、抗病性等表现较优但有空心等生理缺陷,可续试,其余品种产量低适应性差予以淘汰。     

马铃薯新品种引种试验

通过对湟中县引进的4个马铃薯新品种与大面积推广种植的青薯2号进行品比试验,筛选出适合本县种植的马铃薯新品种,试验结果表明：每667m2陇薯5号产量为2703.4kg,增产13.1%,庄薯3号产量为2473.5kg,增产3.5%,2个品种可以作为搭配品种示范推广。青05-11-16产量为2143.4kg,减产10.3%, LX-22产量为1433.4kg,减产40.0%,这2个品种不宜示范推广。     

冬种马铃薯新品种‘闽薯1号’高产栽培试验

以 ‘闽薯1号’为试验材料,采用裂区设计,探讨不同品种和栽培方式对冬种马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：（1）6种不同处理间商品薯产量差异均达极显著水平。其中,以‘闽薯1号’稻草包芯+地膜覆盖栽培的鲜薯产量为39.39 t/hm2,增产44.23%,大中薯率高达95.2%,生育期缩短5天,每公顷可增加纯收入1.66万元,增产增效最为显著。其次是‘闽薯1号’地膜覆盖栽培,‘紫花851’常规栽培处理最低。（2）同一品种不同栽培方式的产量、大中薯率和商品率表现依次为稻草包芯+地膜覆盖>地膜覆盖>常规栽培。（3）同一栽培方式不同品种的产量差异显著,表现依次为‘闽薯1号’>‘紫花851’。稻草包芯+地膜覆盖栽培具有增产增效显著、增温保墒、保水防旱、抑制杂草、减轻病虫害和防霜冻害等优点。马铃薯新品种‘闽薯1号’采用稻草包芯+地膜覆盖配套栽培技术,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

抗褐变马铃薯品种(系)鉴定与筛选

马铃薯块茎易受到损伤引发褐变,褐变会对其营养、感官品质和安全性造成影响。不同马铃薯品种材料抗褐变能力存在差异,本研究拟测定27份不同马铃薯种质材料的多酚氧化酶活性、褐变强度、褐变指数和煮后褐变4个褐变相关指标,综合分析以实现对不同马铃薯品种(系)抗褐变能力的鉴定与筛选。结果表明, 27份材料可分为4种类型,第1类高抗褐变,包括09306-82和13041-52,它们4项指标均能满足抗褐变材料的要求;第2类抗褐变材料,包括延薯4号、Q8、12-1、春薯3号、19-1、14018-142、大西洋、龙薯12号、威芋5号、丽薯6号、春薯5号和早大白,它们的褐变相关指标存在个别明显不足;第3类中度褐变材料,包括09001-136、中薯5号、龙薯4号、东农310、青薯9号、15-1、云薯505、BF006、闽薯1号和黔芋8号,其抗褐变能力弱;第4类是易褐变材料,包括春薯6号和费乌瑞它,它们不具有抗褐变能力或抗褐变能力非常差。筛选的高抗褐变和抗褐变品种(系)可以作为鲜食抗褐变马铃薯育种材料,为马铃薯净菜加工提供品种支撑,易褐变材料可用于马铃薯褐变机制的基础性研究。     

Trial heterogeneity and variance models in the genetic evaluation of potato tuber yield

Genetic evaluation aims to identify genotypes with high empirical breeding values (EBVs) for selection as parents. In this study, 2157 potato genotypes were evaluated for tuber yield using 8 years of early‐stage trial data collected from a potato breeding programme. Using linear mixed models, spatial parameters to target greater control of localised spatial heterogeneity within trials were estimated and variance models to account for across‐trial genetic heterogeneity were tested. When spatial components improved model fit, correlations of errors were mostly small and negative for marketable tuber yield (MTY) and total tuber yield (TTY), suggesting the presence of interplot competition in some years. For the analysis of multi‐environment trials, a variance model with a simple correlation structure (with heterogeneous variances) was the most favourable variance structure fitted for TTY and PTY (per cent marketable yield). There was very little difference in model fit when comparing a factor analytic structure of order 2 (FA2) with either FA1 or simple correlation structures for MTY, indicating that simple variance models may be preferable for early‐stage genetic evaluation of potato yield.     

Effects of Early and Late Harvest on Agronomic Performance and Stability of Late Blight Resistant (R-gene Free) Potato Genotypes

Late blight is an important constraint to potato production and genotype resistance is an effective disease control mesure. Ten late blight resistant potato genotypes (R-gene free) were assessed for yield performance and stability at early (90 days) and late harvest (120 days) at two locations in Kenya during two years. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) were detected among potato genotypes. Resistant genotypes free of R-genes had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher yield at late than early harvest, perhaps due to increased tuber bulking period. The rank of genotypes for AUDPC, late blight resistance, and tuber yield varied across seasons and locations (environment). Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of tuber yield and late blight resistance resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E). The proportion of genotypic variance was larger than the environmental variance and the G × E interactions. For tuber yield, the G, E, and G × E interactions accounted for 42.9, 39.6 and 17.5%; and 53.4, 29.7, and 16.9% at early and late harvests, respectively. For AUDPC, G, E, and G × E accounted for 80.2, 5.0, and 14.8%; as well as 82.3, 4.6, and 13% for early and late harvests, respectively. The resistance of potato genotypes without R-genes varied. Selective deployment of resistant genotypes can improve potato tuber yield.     

江西省南昌县马铃薯品种对比试验初报

为了筛选适宜昌南地区生态环境的马铃薯品种,江西现代农业科研协同创新专项“薯类作物新品种新技术研究集成与示范”专项课题组引进了马铃薯品种11个在江西省蚕桑茶叶研究所开展试验。2018年春进行了马铃薯品种对比试验,并开展了物候期、植株性状、块茎性状、抗病性、产量等调查。结果表明：早熟品种以‘中薯5号’为优(2403kg/667 m2),中晚熟品种以 ‘兴佳2号’为优(2365.29 kg/667 m2),彩色品种以‘华彩1号’和‘NFJ5’较好。为后续进行品种示范做了基础。2018年春进行了马铃薯品种对比试验,并开展了物候期、植株性状、块茎性状、抗病性、产量等调查。结果表明：早熟品种以中薯5号为优,中晚熟品种以兴佳2号为优,彩色品种以华彩1号和NFJ5较好。     

MS培养基不同成分对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

为了探索马铃薯脱毒苗高效低成本快繁培养基,以‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯20号’试管苗为试材,测定不同培养基上试管苗的株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜干重和叶绿素含量。以除去有机的MS培养基为对照,在仅缺钙的培养基上,两品种都能正常生长,但‘陇薯20号’的株高显著低于对照;仅缺乏微量元素或同时缺乏钙盐和微量元素时,‘陇薯7号’与对照无显著差异,但‘陇薯20号’的株高显著低于对照;缺铁使‘陇薯7号’新芽失绿,生长受阻,但对‘陇薯20号’没有产生不利影响,且铁和钙盐同时缺乏有利于‘陇薯20号’的生长;在只含MS大量元素的培养基培养时,两品种前期均出现茎叶微黄的现象,但随培养时间的延长,黄色逐渐消失,且‘陇薯7号’的各指标显著高于对照。由此可见,不同品种对营养元素的需求差异较大,‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯20号’分别可以在只含大量元素和大量元素+微量元素的MS培养基上高效快繁。     

Impact of high temperatures on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of potato

A rapid warming of 2.8–5.3 °C by the end of this century is expected in South Korea. Considering the current temperature during the spring potato growing season (emergence to harvest; ca. 18 °C), which is near the upper limit of the optimum temperature for potato yield, the anticipated warming will adversely affect potato production in South Korea. The present study assessed the impact of high temperature on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of cv. Superior (which makes up 71% of the annual potato production in South Korea) in four temperature-controlled plastic houses and an outdoor field (37.27°N, 126.99°E) during 2015–2016. The target temperatures of the four plastic houses were set to ambient (AT), AT+1.5 °C, AT+3.0 °C, and AT+5.0 °C. The marketable tuber yield was significantly reduced by 11% per 1 °C increase over a temperature range of 19.1–27.7 °C. The negative impact of high temperature was associated not only with the yield loss of total tubers, which was mostly explained by the slower tuber bulking rate, but also the reduced marketable tuber ratio under temperatures above 23 °C, which was mainly attributed to the reduced number of marketable tubers (r = 0.79***). Under moderate temperatures below 23 °C, the source limited the number of marketable tubers without reducing the marketable tuber ratio. In contrast, the number of marketable tubers was limited by the marketable tuber set at the early growth stage rather than the source under the higher temperatures, which resulted in the reduction in the marketable tuber ratio below 56%. These results suggest that the objectives of breeding and agronomic management for adapting to the rapid warming in South Korea should include maintaining the ability to form tubers at the early growth stage under high temperatures, as well as the photosynthetic capacity and sink strength of the tubers.     

马铃薯品种（系）淀粉与产量表现稳定性分析

为选育高淀粉加工型马铃薯品种（系）,以21份马铃薯品系和黑龙江垦区2个主栽品种垦薯1号、大西洋为试验材料,测定马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量。结果表明,马铃薯的块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量存在着环境与基因型极显著的互作关系（P<0.01）,但基因型影响效应大于环境因素（P>0.05）;参试品种（系）的产量为17 552~49 639kg/hm²,淀粉含量13.17%~19.66%,淀粉产量2428.17~8792.31kg/hm²,直链淀粉含量13.21%~21.30%;通过与对照品种比较,从21份马铃薯品系中筛选出高产、稳产、高淀粉含量和高淀粉产量的品系4份。结果为选育高淀粉含量、稳定性强的马铃薯品种提供科学依据。     

几种新型马铃薯抑芽剂效果评价

为了减少人工合成抑芽剂的使用,开发安全低毒的新型马铃薯抑芽剂,以‘陇薯3号’马铃薯为材料,通过测定萘乙酸、肉桂醛、乙醛和乙烯利4种新型抑芽剂处理后贮藏期间块茎的发芽率、幼芽的生长和失重率,以评价4种抑芽剂的作用效果。结果表明,10 mmol/L萘乙酸,500 mg/kg肉桂醛,250 mg/kg乙醛和50 mg/kg乙烯利能有效控制马铃薯的发芽,其发芽率分别为对照的61%、65%、78%和79%。10 mmol/L萘乙酸和50 mg/kg乙烯利还能有效延缓马铃薯幼芽的生长。同时与对照相比各新型抑芽剂对马铃薯块茎贮藏期间失重率影响不大。可见4种新型抑芽剂在马铃薯抑芽和保鲜方面具有潜在的应用价值。